0372-飛行模擬轉(zhuǎn)臺設(shè)計【全套4張CAD圖】,全套4張CAD圖,飛行,模擬,摹擬,轉(zhuǎn)臺,設(shè)計,全套,cad 一、選題的依據(jù)及意義 隨著飛機和導(dǎo)彈的快速發(fā)展，要求其具有更高的性能和穩(wěn)定性,這就要我們通過對他們的性能參數(shù)進行測量評估進而進行改進，但一架真正的飛機或一枚導(dǎo)彈的成本太高,我們不可能也沒有必要用一架真正的飛機或?qū)梺磉M行實驗采集數(shù)據(jù),這就要求我們采用一些比較合理的實驗裝置來實現(xiàn)飛機或?qū)椀娘w行狀態(tài)，這樣飛行模擬實驗轉(zhuǎn)臺得以發(fā)展。該轉(zhuǎn)臺可以將重物放在其上面也可以用來對飛行員進行培訓(xùn)，因為它可以模擬飛機在空中飛行的各種姿態(tài)。該裝置的出現(xiàn)既達到了對飛機或?qū)椥阅軈?shù)的采集，進而改進，在成本上遠遠低于一架飛機或?qū)椀膬r格，對飛機和導(dǎo)彈的發(fā)展具有不可估量的價值。 飛行模擬轉(zhuǎn)臺是具有重大經(jīng)濟價值和國防戰(zhàn)略意義的高精尖實驗設(shè)備，它是在實驗室條件下模擬飛行器或?qū)椩诳罩酗w行姿態(tài)半實物仿真的有力工具，它和目標發(fā)生裝置組合在一起模擬導(dǎo)彈跟蹤目標的過程，可以真實地模擬出導(dǎo)彈等飛行器在空間的各種姿態(tài)和動力學(xué)特性，從而對其傳感器件、控制系統(tǒng)和執(zhí)行機構(gòu)等硬件設(shè)備的性能加以測試和評價，為飛行器的研制、改進和再設(shè)計提供各種參考依據(jù)。它的性能指標直接關(guān)系到飛行仿真結(jié)果的逼真度。隨著當前國際形勢的日益嚴峻和我國現(xiàn)代軍事技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展，對模擬轉(zhuǎn)臺的精度要求不斷提高。作為一種高精度的運動仿真設(shè)備，其臺體動態(tài)特性直接影響到轉(zhuǎn)臺動態(tài)仿真的可靠程度。在設(shè)計階段對機械臺體進行動態(tài)特性分析和優(yōu)化設(shè)計，尤其是對框架等結(jié)構(gòu)支撐部件的動態(tài)特性研究和結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化設(shè)計十分重要。 二、國內(nèi)外研究概況及發(fā)展趨勢 目前,大部分飛行模擬轉(zhuǎn)臺采用串聯(lián)式機構(gòu),而本設(shè)計則采用并聯(lián)式機械機構(gòu)來實現(xiàn)的。采用并聯(lián)機構(gòu)的優(yōu)點在于其承載能力大,機構(gòu)簡單。本機構(gòu)由上下兩個工作平臺,下平臺固定在地面上,上平臺用來放待實驗的物品,在上下平臺之間采用三個液壓缸連接,通過液壓缸上升高度的不同,來實現(xiàn)上平臺的傾斜,而上平臺可由電動機帶動旋轉(zhuǎn)從而達到模擬飛機在飛行過程中的各種狀態(tài)。 飛行模擬器研制及應(yīng)用被認為是飛行模擬技術(shù)發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)性工程和關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)，一直受到世界各國尤其是發(fā)達國家的高度重視。美國是世界上最早開展飛行模擬器研究和應(yīng)用的國家，在技術(shù)和數(shù)量上一直居領(lǐng)先地位。據(jù)統(tǒng)計，美國的飛行模擬器研制和采辦費用每年增長一倍，僅1995年～2000年的費用就高達36億美元。俄羅斯同樣是世界上的飛行模擬大國和強國，他們的所有飛機都配備有相應(yīng)的飛行模擬器，僅空中飛行模擬器就有20余種，其中包括先進的空地綜合飛行模擬系統(tǒng)。值得提出的是俄羅斯在飛行模擬器的基礎(chǔ)理論研究，特別是人-機工效學(xué)和飛行員建模與仿真等方面都名列前茅。英、德、法等國的飛行模擬器研制及應(yīng)用也始終處于世界先進行列。 我國在飛行模擬器研制及應(yīng)用方面雖然起步比美、俄、英法等國較晚，但仍是世界上發(fā)展飛行模擬器較早的國家。于20世紀60年代開始使用射擊練習(xí)器和儀表飛行練習(xí)器，并建立了研究用飛機控制系統(tǒng)模擬試驗臺、航空發(fā)動機模擬試驗臺。20世紀80年代發(fā)展更快，先后研制成功了一系列研制用飛行模擬器和工程用飛行模擬器，并普及設(shè)計、制造和使用了各個機種的飛行模擬訓(xùn)練器。出此，我國還是世界上少數(shù)能夠設(shè)計和建造空中飛行模擬器的國家之一，所以可堪稱為“飛行模擬器大國”。[1] 1 單片機控制系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展概況 單片機，就是單片微型計算機的簡稱，又稱微控制器。[2]自上世紀70年代面世以來不過短短30余年的歷史，但因嵌入式應(yīng)用而得到迅猛的發(fā)展，各種新穎的單片機層出不窮，令人目不暇接。它具有因體積小、成本低、控制能力強等優(yōu)點，又由于現(xiàn)在開發(fā)環(huán)境的不斷改善，正在以空前的速度迅速取代經(jīng)典電子系統(tǒng)，廣泛的應(yīng)用于家用電器、機器人、工業(yè)控制單元、儀器儀表、汽車電子系統(tǒng)、金融電子系統(tǒng)、通訊系統(tǒng)等嵌入式產(chǎn)品中。 目前單片機的種類繁多，世界各國廠商已研制出大約50個系列、30多個品種的單片機產(chǎn)品。與早期經(jīng)典的8位單片機MCS－51相比，無論是頻率、字寬、尋址范圍、集成度等方面都有了巨大的突破?，F(xiàn)代科技的發(fā)展使得單片機的功能正日漸完善: 1、單片機集成越來越多資源，內(nèi)部存儲資源日益豐富，用戶不需要擴充資源就可以完成項目開發(fā)，不僅是開發(fā)簡單，產(chǎn)品小巧美觀，同時系統(tǒng)也更加穩(wěn)定，目前該方向即是發(fā)展為SOC(片上系統(tǒng))。 2、單片機抗干擾能力加強，使的它更加適合工業(yè)控制領(lǐng)域，具有更加廣闊的市場前景。 3、單片機提供在線編程能力，加速了產(chǎn)品的開發(fā)進程，為企業(yè)產(chǎn)品上市贏得寶貴時間。 4、在線仿真變的容易。用戶一旦開發(fā)一個比較大的系統(tǒng)，開發(fā)調(diào)試變的非常復(fù)雜，同時由于單片機資源有限，不能象PC一樣直接調(diào)試自己的軟件，于是出現(xiàn)了品種繁多的專業(yè)仿真器，為用戶的開發(fā)提供了強大功能，加速了開發(fā)進程，降低了開發(fā)難度。目前還已經(jīng)有公司推出了可以在線調(diào)試的單片機，使得單片機系統(tǒng)的調(diào)試與開發(fā)變得更加方便、快速。 隨著單片機的發(fā)展，人們對事物的要求越來越高，單片機的應(yīng)用軟件技術(shù)也發(fā)生了巨大的變化，從最初的匯編語言，開始演變到C語言開發(fā)，不但增加了語言的可讀性，結(jié)構(gòu)性，而且對于跨平臺的移植也提供了方便，另外一些復(fù)雜的系統(tǒng)開始在單片機上采用操作系統(tǒng)，一些小的嵌入式實時操作系統(tǒng)（RTOS）等，一方面加速了開發(fā)人員的開發(fā)速度，節(jié)約開發(fā)成本，另外也為更復(fù)雜的實現(xiàn)提供了可能。當前比較流行的RTOS有:WINCE，uClinux，Linux，uC/OS等等。 本次設(shè)計的飛行模擬實驗轉(zhuǎn)臺在選擇控制系統(tǒng)時在綜合考慮了微機、單片機和可編程控制器的成本、控制的難易程度和結(jié)構(gòu)化布線等因素后，也擬定采用單片機進行控制。 2 PID控制算法的發(fā)展概況 PID（Proportional-Integral-Derivative）即比例、積分、微分，指的是一項流行的線性控制策略。由于在工業(yè)生產(chǎn)過程的實際控制中，總是存在外界的干擾和系統(tǒng)中各個參數(shù)的變化，它們將會使系統(tǒng)性能變差。為了改善系統(tǒng)的性能，提高控制質(zhì)量，通常在控制中引入比例（Proportional）環(huán)節(jié)來提高系統(tǒng)的快速性；為了消除靜態(tài)誤差，提高精度，加強系統(tǒng)對參數(shù)變化的適應(yīng)能力，引入積分(Integral)環(huán)節(jié)；為了提高系統(tǒng)對動態(tài)過程的預(yù)知能力，克服慣性的影響，引入微分(Derivative)環(huán)節(jié)。這就是通常所說的PID控制。[3] 按照偏差的比例、積分、微分進行控制（PID控制）是連續(xù)系統(tǒng)控制理論中技術(shù)最成熟、應(yīng)用最為廣泛的一種控制技術(shù)。它結(jié)構(gòu)簡單、參數(shù)易于調(diào)整、穩(wěn)定性能好、可靠性高，使它在控制理論和技術(shù)飛速發(fā)展的今天仍然具有強大的生命力，在長期應(yīng)用中已經(jīng)積累了豐富的經(jīng)驗。特別是工業(yè)過程控制中，在決定系統(tǒng)參數(shù)的時候往往要借助現(xiàn)場調(diào)試和經(jīng)驗，在這種情況下，PID控制就更顯示它的威力。其應(yīng)用經(jīng)久不衰，應(yīng)用范圍越來越廣泛，改進方法也越來越多。二十世紀60年代發(fā)展、成熟起來的現(xiàn)代控制理論和近幾年發(fā)展的智能控制理論仍在大量的PID控制的方法和思想。按照偏差的比例、積分和微分進行控制是過程控制中應(yīng)用最為廣泛的一種控制規(guī)律。實際運行經(jīng)驗和理論分析都充分證明，這種控制規(guī)律在相當多的工業(yè)對象的控制中是可以得到較滿意的控制效果的，在計算機控制系統(tǒng)里首先采用的控制算式也是PID。 三、設(shè)計要求及工作內(nèi)容 1 .采用并聯(lián)機構(gòu)，由三個液壓缸聯(lián)接上下兩個平臺，下平臺固定，上平臺的位姿通過液壓缸的伸縮調(diào)整。同時上平臺上安裝可以繞軸旋轉(zhuǎn)機構(gòu)，從而實現(xiàn)飛行姿態(tài)模擬。 2.由微機（單片機）控制液壓缸的伸縮，從而調(diào)整上平臺的位姿。 3.設(shè)計液壓飛行模擬轉(zhuǎn)臺的機械結(jié)構(gòu)。 4.設(shè)計液壓缸的液壓系統(tǒng)。 5.設(shè)計單片機控制系統(tǒng)的電路。 6.設(shè)計相關(guān)控制算法。 四、目標、主要特色及工作進度 目標：設(shè)計一個三由于液壓缸支撐并通過液壓缸上升高度的不同來實現(xiàn)一個傾斜角度,單片機控制，使用PID控制算法的飛行模擬實驗轉(zhuǎn)臺。 主要特色：該系統(tǒng)具有位置檢測和速度檢測功能，可通過改變液壓缸上升的高度不同使工作臺與水平面的夾角變化,實現(xiàn)飛機飛行時的各種傾斜狀態(tài),從而達到模擬飛機的作用. 畢 業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)工作內(nèi)容及完成時間： 1. 搜集資料寫開題報告，英文翻譯。 第1周～第2周 2. 模擬轉(zhuǎn)臺的機械結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計。 第3周～第5周 3. 繪制零件圖和裝配圖。 第6周～第8周 4. 設(shè)計液壓缸的液壓回路。 第9周～第10周 5.對系統(tǒng)進行三維建模。 第11周～第14周 6. 撰寫畢業(yè)論文。 第15周～第16周 7. 答辯準備及畢業(yè)答辯 第17周 五 、主 要參考資料： [1].趙佩華．單片機接口技術(shù)及應(yīng)用．北京：機械工業(yè)出版社，2003． [2].陳康寧等．機械工程控制基礎(chǔ)．西安：西安交通大學(xué)出版社，1997． [3].何克忠，李偉．計算機控制系統(tǒng)．北京：清華大學(xué)出版社，1998． [4].成大先等．機械設(shè)計手冊（液壓傳動）．北京：化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社，2004． [5].機械設(shè)計手冊編委會．機械設(shè)計手冊．北京：機械工業(yè)出版社，2004． [6].YUICHI SASAKI. Development of a computer-aided process planning system Based on a knowledge base. Marine science and technology(2003)7:175-179. [7].Yu.?I.?Begichev, L.?M.?Koziorov, V.?Yu.?Lukanichev. Computer-Aided Flight Simulators: A Design Concept. Automation and Remote Control, 2001,7:1049-1056. Comment on medicines and chemical reagents package machinery conceptual design In recent years, Carry out GMP (medicines and chemical reagents produces specifications of quality) attestation system because of sustained our country economic situation rise and country to pharmacy industry mandatory. Medicines and chemical reagents package machinery has got quite great progress. The new product increases by gradually. Engineering level has had very big improvement. But be returning very big gaps back to existence compared with international standards. Level being close to 60%'s product cannot to reach upper developed country century eighties. Large-scale advanced equipment is dependent on entrance mainly. Low our country medicines and chemical reagents package machinery engineering level is that the design designing personnel low level from our country enterprise arouses to a great extent. One, our country medicines and chemical reagents package machinery current situation analyses Our country medicines and chemical reagents package machinery still has bigger gap compared with advanced international level. What time is insufficient on domestic medicines and chemical reagents package machinery design under main existence 1) Backward domestic mechanical performance medicines and chemical reagents package machinery mostly, accuracy low velocity, is slow, stationarity dispatches package machinery travel process to contain large amount of dyadic complicated intermittence motion. Come to come true mainly from the cam, the connecting rod. But, many design that the personnel is unable to require that the independence designs the parameter calculating cam bar linkage kinematics and dynamics according to job cycle picture and accuracy. Be only the surveying and mapping carrying out a piecemeal that the abroad model machine cam connecting rod part is dismantled down simplely. Bring about actuating mechanism error is very big. That domestic medicines and chemical reagents package machinery runs speed mostly is more general than hanging down according to cutting frequency if the aluminium moulds bubble cover packer's for 100 one 300 mins, full-automatic medicine box packer dress box speed 50- 200 boxes/ ms in. But, on the international, the advanced aluminium moulds rushing steeping cover packer cutting frequency be able to reach 600 mins. Full-automatic medicine box packer dress box speed is able to reach 600 ~ 800 box/ mins. Not only working speed of domestic medicines and chemical reagents package machinery is slow. And, the partner has bigger noise. 2) Is under the control of horizontal backward. Domestic medicines and chemical reagents package machinery controls low, automation of level difference mostly , the malfunction leads height. (Main package machinery finger box dress controls domestic medicines and chemical reagents with drinking wine holding machinery with) adopt PLC to do a scene mostly. But, advanced medicines and chemical reagents package machinery realizes supervisory control abroad mostly from computer system. Under the control of horizontal relatively backward. Great majority domestic medicines and chemical reagents package machinery automation sex is relatively poor. Adopt a single to produce a pattern first commonly. The full-automatic production line is few. Two is that full-automation works cannot to achieve. Require that the manpower feeds in raw material. Hand movement enchases. If in a little paper box packer, Page, paper box all needs medicine board , specifications paper to move charging personally. And require specially-assigned person to pay attention to if specifications, medicine board, paper box already finish using at any time. Happen to avoid bringing about machine racing or bringing about incomplete specifications, medicine board, and medicine box phenomenon. Other, domestic medicines and chemical reagents package mechanic failure rates are higher. Control a component (if the relay, electromagnetic valve, contactor, breaker etc.) etc. are often easy to damage. Halt also to frequently occur the malfunction. 3) Functions are unitary, expansion sex is bad. Medicines and chemical reagents package machinery is that the form designs that specifically for specially appointed package. The general specification range inner in regulation is adjustable. But, a lot of our country medicines and chemical reagents package machinery considers insufficiency when designing that. Be not that reforming going a step further sets apart sufficient space. Cause the machinery designing that to be able to only adapt to the form board in several kinds simplicities. Change not adapting to wrapping material or the form board dimension. Fit in with even. The package finished product mass giving birth to a child is neither nice. 4) Considers deficiency synthetically. Resource does not fully utilize. Our country medicines and chemical reagents there exists the chaos phenomenon in package machinery design. A lot of machinery designs that the personnel drags to the electric motor moving the synchrony technology, the servo drive technology do not knows. The problem simple electrical equipment available is resolved uses complicated mechanism to come to come true but. Some though the control organ works to come having adopt the synchrony electric motor to wait for a device. But choose block of wood ding-dang. The maximum having brought about resource not only wastes this condition. And make machinery function designing that low. 5) Model is inflexible. Model seldom considering machinery time medicines and chemical reagents of our country package machinery design. Many machine molding that the manufacturer produces is not beautiful do not have model even. Give person feeling to rigid, to inflexible, not to have vigor. A few medicine box packers are middle. The nut all assembles screw on the machine outside board. But, the oil cup and flow nipple that a little lubrication uses also can be seen everywhere. Be stained fully with a greasy dirt easy to use machine everywhere time oiling. Impression is rough to person. No beautiful. Two, medicines and chemical reagents package machinery conceptual design content People long-term study passes. Define conceptual design being: "Have been ascertaining the mission queen. Pass abstract-relation. Design the function structure. Explore appropriate effect principle and their combination waiting. Ascertain out basic finding the solution approach. Reach find the solution scheme. This part of the conceptual design designing that the job is called conceptual design is referred to make the queen who designs purpose and now has condition clear. The designer searches for many-sided knowledge. Analysis abstracts the solution on generating dyadic broad frame significance the day after tomorrow. Medicines and chemical reagents package machinery conceptual design demands according to each product life cycle stages. Carrying out the product function creates , the function breaks up as well as the function and son are functional physical design: That conception and systematization carrying out the scheme satisfying the operating principle that the function and structure demand finding the solution and carrying out the operating principle carrier realizing the function structure's design the conceptual design process is that one finds the solution realizing a function's , satisfies the various technology and various there existing in economic target's , possibility scheme well ultimate for sure synthetically optimum scheme process. The conceptual design effect embodies in the product design early phase stage mainly. Chief architect is based on functional need of product but primitive conception and impulsion sprouting out form the product main body frame. And, it responds to every main module and module including. In order to accomplishing overall layout and the exterior, the first step designs that. And then carry out the optimization appraising a sum. Ascertain the overall design plan. Design that the personnel carries out the chief architect design thought going to designing middle concretely again from every part. Detail designs realization. The conceptual design putting medicines and chemical reagents package machinery into practice demands to design that the personnel reinforces the cognition to medicines and chemical reagents package first. Deepen the connotation understanding medicines and chemical reagents packages. Introduce modern package idea. Be in line with the international conventions actively. Modern package is to ensure the product safety not only. Make product transportation convenient. And be getting up propagate, environmental protection, defends against false. Attractive looks waits for the many-sided effect. Wrap up contents additional information. The medicines and chemical reagents package machinery design personnel should show solicitude for development of package system closely. Go deep into the handicraft studying package. Know demand of development of wrapping material and the person to machinery product very well. Only when such ability designs that out satisfy the high tone machinery product that the consumer demands. Medicines and chemical reagents package machinery conceptual design content has mainly: 1) Makes the design mission clear. Be ready for feasibility analysis. The designer designs initial stage working in being in progress. Respond to the feasibility considering a product sufficiently. One aspect is the marketplace thinking. Include the production marketing, product raw material, the fabricating cost thinking: Another aspect is thinking that the product processes. Include thinking now having a working ability, processing handicraft, processing the function and periphery supporting industry. Periphery supporting environment thinking points to the local enterprise working ability mainly processes level, heat treatment handicraft and the infrastructural facilities construction etc. 2) Function design. Great majority our country medicines and chemical reagents package machinery is the same kind model copying to abroad. But peculiar national conditions because of our country existence. Must carry out appropriate reforming on the product. To satisfy request of our country. But fault blindly copy blindly. The machinery designing that is packed in, irrigates the dress function outside except needing to satisfy a box. We must consider the additional function packing machinery. If in package box should add a counting cup. The medicine spoon waits an utensil down. Be put into use with convenience of customers. In machine, kind of aspect developing can design comparatively advanced machinery. If sterile pack machinery, the package machinery retaining freshness etc.Can develop the corollary equipment selling complete sets of equipment and the post-processing at reduced prices in the medicines and chemical reagents package front. 3) Functions decomposition. Medicines and chemical reagents package machinery belongs to the integration of machinery with electronics product. Should consider every function all round time design. Sort Er Yan. The medicines and chemical reagents package machinery function may divide 3 major parts being that organization moves, monitors biography feel, the information processing and controlling a function basically. The function subdivides organization motion according to may not kind with machine , packer may be molding , heat-seal , pressure trace mark, according to cutting 4 big functions if the aluminum moulds bubble cover. But, paper box package machinery may be that the box opens, paper box transfers, breaks tongue , functions such as inserting tongue , flattening and putting a batch number up mark poison board under paper folding, deducing paper feed. Want to consider machinery lubrication, safe functions such as running, packing hygiene of machinery too in the process of design. This demands the technology designing that the personnel considers detecting sufficiently. Brightness, machine, electricity integration technology, computer art. Intersection between the pneumatic technology, the logistics technology connection. 4) Organization is designed. Be to realize the predetermined function. We need to use different organization. This needs the part synthesizing each considering a complete machine among one process. Use the product designing that while satisfying the usage request. Structure is simple, pragmatic. Medicines and chemical reagents package machinery organization designs time. Respond to the principle choosing appropriate organization motion and constituting. Think sufficiently to realize what specially appointed motion needs organization. If cam organization. Bar linkage. Cam bar linkage. Respond to the technology wielding separation drive at the same time. Think that the transmission shaft designs a problem (if castellated shaft and ladder axis etc.) and drive are systematic synthetically. Design that process middle should cut down the effect that the uncertainty factor brings about to the full. Messenger organization operation is stable. Design that machinery carries out kinetic methods of analysis answering now and then. With lifting, machinery runs speed and stationarity. Should think that various packing machinery, adjustable, holds the mistake, but expansion, stationarity as well as beautiful-rization besides. Run after machinery is deft but stable. Design process but consult package machinery design of all kinds strong point. Draw other machinery (if plastic machinery, prints machinery) merit at the same time. Design the outside except carrying out organization. Return approach back to the realization should think that every function is other. If vacuum, electrical equipment waits under the control of. To expect that optimum combination is a product's turn. 5) System under the control of schemes design. In medicines and chemical reagents package machinery, a very important part is that real time detecting is back-off to every organization. To ensure that equipment operation is smooth. Now many machinery products has selected and used large amount of photo electricity switch being the detecting component. Equipment has such as PC detecting bubble cover system on some machinery and the like system. This need all designs that meticulously. And, the general naval company is an integral whole. Three, concluding remarks The thought a concept is designed melts to enter medicines and chemical reagents package machinery design being able to fall off designing a fault. Shorten a design cycle. Accelerate the product exploitation. Make the product designing that more rational, have affinity, more suitable man-machine project more. It is also that the main means costing down and improving enterprise competition is short of passive competition aspect backward for improving medicines and chemical reagents package machinery design at the same time. To adapt to the challenge that "queen GMP times" brings about. Design that the personnel must take product conceptual design seriously. Deepen the significance understanding conceptual design's. 論藥品包裝機械的概念設(shè)計 近年來，由于我國經(jīng)濟形勢的持續(xù)高漲和國家對制藥行業(yè)強制性推行GMP(藥品生產(chǎn)質(zhì)量規(guī)范)認證制度，藥品包裝機械取得了長足的進步。新產(chǎn)品日益增多，技術(shù)水平有了很大的改進。但與國際水平相比還存在著很大的差距，近60%的產(chǎn)品達不到發(fā)達國家上世紀80年代的水平，先進大型的設(shè)備主要依賴進口。我國藥品包裝機械的低技術(shù)水平在很大程度上是由我國企業(yè)設(shè)計人員低水平設(shè)計引起的。 一、我國藥品包裝機械現(xiàn)狀分析 我國藥品包裝機械與國際先進水平相比尚有較大的差距.國產(chǎn)藥品包裝機械設(shè)計上主要存在以下幾點不足： 1) 機械性能落后，國產(chǎn)藥品包裝機械大多精度低、速度慢、平穩(wěn)性差。包裝機械運轉(zhuǎn)過程包含大量復(fù)雜的間歇式運動，主要由凸輪、連桿來實現(xiàn)。然而許多設(shè)計人員不會根據(jù)工作循環(huán)圖和精度要求獨立設(shè)計計算凸輪連桿機構(gòu)的運動學(xué)和動力學(xué)參數(shù)，只是簡單的把國外樣機的凸輪連桿零件拆卸下來進行逐點測繪，造成執(zhí)行機構(gòu)誤差很大。國產(chǎn)藥品包裝機械大多運行速度較低，如鋁塑泡罩包裝機的沖裁頻率一般為100～300個/min，全自動藥盒包裝機的裝盒速度50～200盒/min，而國際上先進的鋁塑泡罩包裝機的沖裁頻率能夠達到600個/min，全自動藥盒包裝機的裝盒速度能夠達到600~ 800盒/min。國產(chǎn)藥品包裝機械不僅運行速度慢，而且還伴有較大的噪音。 2) 控制水平落后。國產(chǎn)藥品包裝機械大多控制水平低、自動性差、故障率高。國產(chǎn)藥品包裝機械(主要指盒裝和灌裝機械)大多采用PLC作現(xiàn)場控制，而國外先進的藥品包裝機械大多由計算機系統(tǒng)實現(xiàn)監(jiān)控，控制水平相對落后。大多數(shù)國產(chǎn)藥品包裝機械自動性較差。一是普遍采用單機生產(chǎn)模式，全自動生產(chǎn)線少。二是做不到全自動運轉(zhuǎn)，需要人工加料，手動裝箱。如一些紙盒包裝機中，藥板、說明書紙頁、紙盒都需要手動加料，且需專人隨時注意說明書、藥板、紙盒是否已經(jīng)用完，以免造成機器空轉(zhuǎn)或造成缺說明書、藥板、藥盒現(xiàn)象的發(fā)生。另外，國產(chǎn)藥品包裝機械故障率較高?？刂圃骷?如繼電器、電磁閥、接觸器、斷路器等)等經(jīng)常容易損壞，死機故障也時有發(fā)生。 3)功能單一、可擴展性差。藥品包裝機械是針對特定的包裝形式設(shè)計的。一般在規(guī)定的規(guī)格范圍內(nèi)可調(diào)。而我國許多藥品包裝機械在設(shè)計時考慮不充分，沒有為進一步的改造留出足夠的空間，致使設(shè)計的機械只能適應(yīng)于幾種簡單的模板，不適應(yīng)包裝材料或模板尺寸的變化，即使適應(yīng)生產(chǎn)的包裝成品質(zhì)量也不佳。 4）綜合考慮不足，資源沒有充分利用。我國藥品包裝機械設(shè)計存在著混亂現(xiàn)象，許多機械設(shè)計人員對電機拖動同步技術(shù)、伺服傳動技術(shù)不了解，可用簡單的電器設(shè)備解決的問題卻用復(fù)雜的機械裝置來實現(xiàn)，有的雖然采用了同步電機等裝置來控制機構(gòu)運行，但選取不當。這些情況不僅造成了資源的極大浪費，而且使設(shè)計的機械的性能低下。 5)造型死板。我國的藥品包裝機械設(shè)計時很少考慮機械的造型，很多廠家生產(chǎn)的機械造型不美觀，甚至沒有造型，給人感覺僵硬、死板、沒有活力。一些藥盒包裝機中，螺釘螺母都安裝在機器的外面板上，而一些潤滑用的油杯和油嘴也隨處可見，加油時容易使機器到處沾滿油污，給人印象粗糙，不美觀。 二、藥品包裝機械概念設(shè)計的內(nèi)容 人們經(jīng)過多年的研究，將概念設(shè)計定義為：“在確定了任務(wù)后，通過抽象化擬定功能結(jié)構(gòu)，尋求適當?shù)淖饔迷砑捌浣M合等，確定出基本求解途徑，得出求解方案。這一部分設(shè)計工作叫做概念設(shè)計”概念設(shè)計指明確設(shè)計目的和現(xiàn)有條件后，設(shè)計者搜索多方面的知識，分析提煉后生成框架式的廣泛意義上的解。藥品包裝機械的概念設(shè)計要求根據(jù)產(chǎn)品生命周期各個階段，進行產(chǎn)品功能創(chuàng)造、功能分解以及功能和子功能的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計，進行滿足功能和結(jié)構(gòu)要求的工作原理求解和進行實現(xiàn)功能結(jié)構(gòu)的工作原理載體方案的構(gòu)思和系統(tǒng)化設(shè)計概念設(shè)計的過程是一個求解實現(xiàn)功能的、滿足各種技術(shù)和經(jīng)濟指標的、可能存在的各種方案并最終確定綜合最優(yōu)方案的過程。概念設(shè)計的作用主要體現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)品設(shè)計的早期階段?？傇O(shè)計師根據(jù)產(chǎn)品功能的需求而萌發(fā)出來的原始構(gòu)思和沖動形成產(chǎn)品的主體框架，及它應(yīng)包括的各主要模塊和組件，以完成整體布局和外型初步設(shè)計。然后進行評估和優(yōu)化，確定整體設(shè)計方案。再由各部分設(shè)計人員把總設(shè)計師的設(shè)計思想落實到具體設(shè)計中去，實現(xiàn)細節(jié)設(shè)計。實施藥品包裝機械的概念設(shè)計首先要求設(shè)計人員加強對藥品包裝的認識，深化理解藥品包裝的內(nèi)涵，引進現(xiàn)代包裝理念，積極與國際接軌?，F(xiàn)代包裝不僅是保障產(chǎn)品的安全，使產(chǎn)品運輸方便，而且起著宣傳、環(huán)保、防偽、美觀等多方面的作用。藥品包裝機械設(shè)計人員應(yīng)密切關(guān)注包裝系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展.深入研究包裝工藝，熟悉包裝材料的發(fā)展和其對機械產(chǎn)品的要求。只有這樣才能設(shè)計出滿足用戶要求的高水平機械產(chǎn)品。藥品包裝機械的概念設(shè)計的內(nèi)容主要有： 1)明確設(shè)計任務(wù)，做好可行性分析。設(shè)計者在進行設(shè)計工作初始階段時應(yīng)充分考慮產(chǎn)品的可行性。一方面是市場的考慮，包括產(chǎn)品銷售、產(chǎn)品原料、制造費用的考慮；另一方面是產(chǎn)品加工的考慮，包括現(xiàn)有加工能力、加工工藝、加工性能及周邊配套行業(yè)的考慮。周邊配套環(huán)境的考慮主要指當?shù)仄髽I(yè)加工能力、加工水平、熱處理工藝及基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的建設(shè)等。 2)功能設(shè)計。我國大多數(shù)藥品包裝機械是對國外同類機型的仿制。但由于我國存在的特殊國情，須對產(chǎn)品進行適當?shù)母脑?，以滿足我國的要求。而不是一味的照抄照搬。設(shè)計的機械除需要滿足盒裝、灌裝功能外，我們還須考慮包裝機械的附加功能，如包裝盒中應(yīng)加入量杯、藥勺等工具，以方便用戶使用。在機種的開發(fā)方面可以設(shè)計較為先進的機械，如無菌包裝機械、保鮮包裝機械等。還可以開發(fā)藥品包裝前處理成套設(shè)備和后處理配套設(shè)備。 3)功能分解。藥品包裝機械屬于機電一體化產(chǎn)品，設(shè)計時應(yīng)全面考慮各功能。一般而言，藥品包裝機械功能大致可分為機構(gòu)運動、監(jiān)測傳感、信息處理及控制功能3大部分。機構(gòu)運動功能按不同機種又可細分，如鋁塑泡罩包裝機可分為成型、熱封、壓痕、沖裁4大功能，而紙盒包裝機械可分為折紙、下紙、藥板推送、紙盒打開、紙盒傳輸、折舌、插舌、壓平和打批號等功能。在設(shè)計過程中還要考慮機械潤滑、機械安全運行、包裝衛(wèi)生等功能。這要求設(shè)計人員充分考慮檢測技術(shù)，光、機、電一體化技術(shù)、計算機技術(shù).氣動技術(shù)、物流技術(shù)之間的交叉聯(lián)系。 4)機構(gòu)設(shè)計。為實現(xiàn)預(yù)定的功能，我們需要使用不同的機構(gòu)。這一過程中需綜合考慮整機的各個部分，使設(shè)計的產(chǎn)品在滿足使用要求的同時，結(jié)構(gòu)簡單、實用。藥品包裝機械機構(gòu)設(shè)計時，應(yīng)選擇和組合適當?shù)臋C構(gòu)運動原理，充分考慮實現(xiàn)特定運動所需機構(gòu)，如凸輪機構(gòu)，連桿機構(gòu)，凸輪連桿機構(gòu)。同時還應(yīng)運用分離傳動技術(shù)，綜合考慮傳動軸(如花鍵軸和階梯軸等)和傳動系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計問題。設(shè)計過程中應(yīng)盡量減少不確定性因素造成的影響，使機構(gòu)運行平穩(wěn)。設(shè)計時還應(yīng)對機械進行動力學(xué)分析，以提升機械運行速度和平穩(wěn)性。另外還應(yīng)考慮包裝機械的多樣、可調(diào)、容錯、可擴展、平穩(wěn)性以及美觀化，追求機械輕巧但穩(wěn)定。設(shè)計過程可參考各類包裝機械設(shè)計的長處，同時借鑒別的機械(如塑料機械、印刷機械)的優(yōu)點。除進行機構(gòu)設(shè)計外.還應(yīng)考慮各功能另外的實現(xiàn)途徑，如真空、電器控制等，以期最優(yōu)組合該產(chǎn)品。 5)系統(tǒng)控制方案的設(shè)計。藥品包裝機械中一個很重要的部分就是對各機構(gòu)實時檢測補償，以保證設(shè)備運行順暢?，F(xiàn)在很多機械產(chǎn)品選用了大量的光電開關(guān)作為檢測元件，有的機械上還裝備有諸如微機檢測泡罩系統(tǒng)之類的系統(tǒng)。這都需要精心設(shè)計和整個控制系統(tǒng)連為一體。 三、結(jié)束語 將概念設(shè)計的思想融入藥品包裝機械的設(shè)計可以減少設(shè)計失誤，縮短設(shè)計周期，加快產(chǎn)品的開發(fā)，使設(shè)計的產(chǎn)品更合理、更具有親和力、更適合人機工程。同時它也是降低成本和提高企業(yè)競爭力的主要手段。為了改善藥品包裝機械設(shè)計落后、缺乏競爭力的被動局面，以適應(yīng)“后GMP時代”帶來的挑戰(zhàn)，設(shè)計人員必須重視產(chǎn)品概念設(shè)計，深化理解概念設(shè)計的重要性。