0325-兼容殘疾人座椅的中型客車輪椅升降機構(gòu)設(shè)計,兼容,殘疾人,座椅,中型,客車,輪椅,升降,機構(gòu),設(shè)計 開題報告表 課題名稱 兼容殘疾輪椅的中型客車輪椅升降機構(gòu)設(shè)計 課題來源 課題類型 指導(dǎo)教師 學(xué)生姓名 學(xué) 號 專 業(yè) 一 選題： 近年來，各級政府和相關(guān)職能部門為殘疾人的康復(fù)、教育、就業(yè)培訓(xùn)、勞動就業(yè)做了大量的工作，殘疾人事業(yè)發(fā)展取得了可喜得成績。但是，殘疾人事業(yè)的發(fā)展?fàn)顩r與經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展的總體水平仍然存在較大差距。 殘疾人需要什么樣的車呢？隨著社會經(jīng)濟的蓬勃發(fā)展，我們國家正以空前的速度進(jìn)入了汽車時代。社會的發(fā)展進(jìn)步，也給殘疾人融入社會施展才干創(chuàng)造了更多的機會。他們也越來越多的參與正常的社會生活，交通的問題也越來越突出了。下肢殘疾的殘疾人很多需要以輪椅代步，普通的交通工具對于他們來說是難以上下的。因為下肢運動障礙，普通的汽車也無法駕駛。這就要求公共交通工具能夠提供輪椅登車機構(gòu)，而對有條件自駕車的殘疾人可以通過加裝手操縱裝置，實現(xiàn)駕車夢想。 這次畢業(yè)設(shè)計設(shè)計者有幸抽到這種創(chuàng)新機構(gòu)設(shè)計題目，經(jīng)過兩個星期的畢業(yè)實習(xí)，懂得了許多關(guān)于大客車的知識，也在實習(xí)帶隊老師的講解之下了解了大客車的相關(guān)構(gòu)造，也在不知不覺中明白了這樣一個基本準(zhǔn)則——設(shè)計就是不斷協(xié)調(diào)矛盾的過程。概念性的創(chuàng)新也來源與生活，一切生活素材的整合才能有好的創(chuàng)新成果，概念成型后，經(jīng)過實際的修正和實踐的檢驗，必將誕生獨特的發(fā)明——這也是作為一個工程技術(shù)人員努力的最高境界。本次設(shè)計設(shè)計者也從互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上看到了一些相關(guān)的圖片，在看到效果圖以后自己反復(fù)探究其構(gòu)造，努力整合良好的設(shè)計因素，拚棄不利于設(shè)計者的結(jié)構(gòu)因素來展開整個設(shè)計過程。 二．方案論證： 由于設(shè)計者是學(xué)習(xí)車輛工程專業(yè)的學(xué)生，尤其對其中的殘疾人輪椅升降系統(tǒng)感興趣，現(xiàn)利用畢業(yè)設(shè)計這一鍛煉四年所學(xué)知識的機會接到了——兼用殘疾人輪椅升降系統(tǒng)這一題目，利用一個多月的時間設(shè)計了一套輪椅升降機，該裝置上有一放置輪椅的平臺，平臺前后各有一翻板，平臺和前后翻板用來使輪椅從地面進(jìn)入平臺，進(jìn)而進(jìn)入車內(nèi)。前后翻板還可防止輪椅在平臺在升降過程中從平臺前后方向滑落。該升降機由輪椅乘坐者或經(jīng)過培訓(xùn)的服務(wù)員、司機操作。該系列升降機具有電動液壓工作動力單元，動力單元內(nèi)有一手動備用泵，在升降機斷電或電控系統(tǒng)出現(xiàn)故障的情況下，可以通過手動裝置的操作實現(xiàn)升降機的各種使用功能。 設(shè)計之初的想法是，借鑒剪叉式液壓升降機的原理，設(shè)計了十字叉式升降機構(gòu)，整體動作為出——下降——提升至中位——舉升——殘疾人蹬車——下降至中位——機構(gòu)收回等一系列動作，但這種設(shè)計的缺陷是，要實現(xiàn)預(yù)期動作的話，在升降機運動到中位的時候，必然涉及死點問題。所以整套機構(gòu)過死點的問題也不好解決，想要繞開死點如果要實現(xiàn)，機構(gòu)的復(fù)雜性是不言而喻的。 第二種所尋找的法案就是江淮汽車的升降裝置可以按照總布置的要求：協(xié)調(diào)好以下矛盾：在車門尺寸方面可以合理進(jìn)行尺寸分配，且機構(gòu)可以在殘疾人蹬車以后自動收起，不與車門沖突；設(shè)計載荷150kg，采用雙吊臂結(jié)構(gòu)，可以保證選用材料經(jīng)強度校核后安全可靠;本機構(gòu)自身的吊臂上是彎曲的機構(gòu)其空間上與汽車垂向的夾角與車內(nèi)鉸接點的連線與垂向的夾角相等，在加之設(shè)計者自己完善的平行四邊形機構(gòu)，保證了吊臂始終垂直（因為吊臂的彎曲部分始終方向不變，牽連的使吊臂垂直）。在對角線采用液壓動力單元作為舉升機構(gòu)，所以整套機構(gòu)和諧，輕便，安全并且在技術(shù)上可行。 但是機構(gòu)的缺點在于，機構(gòu)安裝在車身內(nèi)部，勢必要占據(jù)車內(nèi)空間，牽扯到最大的一個問題就是，殘疾人輪椅在上升到車門位置的時候，如何進(jìn)入總布置布置的區(qū)域，而與升降機構(gòu)不發(fā)生碰撞和摩擦，由于關(guān)系到乘員的安全問題，所以排除了此套方案。 指導(dǎo)教師意見及建議： 指導(dǎo)教師簽名： 年 月 日 注：1、課題來源分為：國家重點、省部級重點、學(xué)校科研、校外協(xié)作、實驗室建設(shè)和自選項目；課題類型分為：工程設(shè)計、專題研究、文獻(xiàn)綜述、綜合實驗。 2、此表由學(xué)生填寫，交指導(dǎo)教師簽署意見后方可開題。 兼容殘疾人座椅的中型客車輪椅升降機構(gòu)設(shè)計 ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 裝 ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 訂 ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 線 ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 摘 要 隨著人口老齡化問題的日益嚴(yán)重，老年人和殘疾人的出行，在任何國家都會是一個問題。對這個問題解決的程度如何，反映著一個社會從科技水平到人文關(guān)懷等各方面的發(fā)達(dá)程度。但一直以來，現(xiàn)代許多工業(yè)化國家的交通運輸部門對這種現(xiàn)狀的重視程度還是不夠——即在交通工具上沒有安裝方便有行動障礙人士上下車的設(shè)施，這種現(xiàn)狀存在著許多不和諧因素，更使群體分化加劇，社會人文關(guān)懷程度的下降。而在公交車上布置專用的殘疾人蹬車門，并在此基礎(chǔ)上裝配殘疾人輪椅升降系統(tǒng)具有方便行動不便人士上車的顯著優(yōu)點。例如:安全性好、機構(gòu)簡單、占地小、機械效率高、保密性好（指動力單元中液壓元件）、壽命長、成本較低等。這些優(yōu)點能夠極大地反映著一個社會從科技水平到人文關(guān)懷等各方面的發(fā)達(dá)程度。 實現(xiàn)行動不便人士蹬車無障礙化，并實現(xiàn)通過司乘人員，以及經(jīng)過專門培訓(xùn)的人員對此套機構(gòu)的簡單輔助操作。首先應(yīng)該從機構(gòu)的可行性方案上進(jìn)行深入討論，通過對動力單元研究著手，然后經(jīng)過反復(fù)細(xì)致的可行性，安全性分析以及對整個系統(tǒng)的運動校核，功能分析，而得到并形成系統(tǒng)的整體的結(jié)構(gòu)，并且針對本系統(tǒng)的特點，來選擇最適合的系統(tǒng)方案。 因此，本文首先就方案的選擇進(jìn)行了研究。于設(shè)計者掌握的專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)知識，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上的相關(guān)資料以及國內(nèi)外已有的設(shè)計種類的現(xiàn)狀，經(jīng)過詳細(xì)的方案調(diào)查，為本次畢業(yè)設(shè)計設(shè)計出了一套實用的兼用殘疾人輪椅升降系統(tǒng)。本系統(tǒng)使用液壓回路中的鎖緊機構(gòu)作為動力單元，采用十字叉式舉升機構(gòu)。 論文方案選擇的論證開始，詳細(xì)介紹了方案分析、設(shè)計流程和計算流程，并進(jìn)行了必要的動力系統(tǒng)總體結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計、傳力機構(gòu)的設(shè)計校核等。主要用于實現(xiàn)對市內(nèi)交通工具為滿足行動不便的人士的升降平臺的設(shè)計，實現(xiàn)對其能順利上下車，進(jìn)一步體現(xiàn)人文關(guān)懷。 關(guān)鍵詞： 兼用殘疾人輪椅升降系統(tǒng)，升降平臺，系統(tǒng)計算校核 ABSTRACT We all know, it’s a problem for the senior citizen and the disable to go outdoor in any state How the problem is solved shows society’s degree of progress from technology level to human concern. But for a long time, many modern industrialized country show little concern on the current transportation problem, they neglect to equip machinery for the disable to login in or out the bus. There exists some unharmonious problems in the phenomenon, it may cause the apartment for the public concentration and the reduction on the human concern. Equipping special door for the disable in the general distribution for the bus, and equipping elevating system for the disable on the basic of the door have advantages. For these advantages,safety,easy-operating,volum saving, high efficient, good package(hydraulic power unit),long using time and low cost is the prior concern for the manufacture and the public. These advantages greatly show the degree of progress from social technology to the human concern. To realize the no-disturb for the disable to login and the special trained servant to operate this set of machinery，we should first talk deeply about the feasibility of this machinery. Through the analysis on the power unit, the analysis on the feasibility ,safety, movement evaluating and the analysis of using afterwards, we establish the general structure, and we can also choose the suitable structure according to the system. Therefore, we first study the choose on the structure. Based on the knowledge, some file on the internet and the current state of the relevant machineries home and aboard, we have performed up-to-date study and design a set of elevating system for the disable to login on bus. This system uses hydraulic locking-current as the power unit and uses sole machinery for elevating. The paper begins with the argument on the general structure, and neatly introduce the structure analysis, design and calculating steps, and also performed some general structure design, power conducting machinery design and evaluating etc.It’s widely used in the public transportation for any disable people, ensuring them to login on and out the bus convinently,and fatherly shows our progress on human concern. Key words: on-bus elevating system for the disabler’s login， elevating plate，layout 目錄 1 前言-------------------------------------------------------（1） 2 系統(tǒng)開發(fā)方案說明 2.1方案比較及選擇------------------------------------（8） 2.2需要進(jìn)行的任務(wù)-----------------------------------（10） 3 總體設(shè)計 3.1主要桿件的運動校核受力分析以及強度校核----------------------------（11） 3.1.1運動校核----------------------------------------（11） 3.1.2受力分析及機構(gòu)結(jié)構(gòu)分析-------------------（12） 3.2液壓系統(tǒng)總成計算-------------------------- （15） 3.3其他一些相關(guān)的問題-------------------------（22） 3.3.1機構(gòu)的動作順序及其要求借助外力完成的問題----------------（22） 致謝--------------------------------------（23） 參考文獻(xiàn)----------------------------------（24） 共 頁 第 頁 ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 裝 ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 訂 ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 線 ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ ┊ 汽車制造行業(yè)應(yīng)用的高新技術(shù) 以下十項高新技術(shù)并不是現(xiàn)今汽車工業(yè)高新技術(shù)的全部，但它們基本可以代表世界汽車未來20年的發(fā)展態(tài)勢。因此，對這些高新技術(shù)做一個全面的了解也會為你能夠掌握世界汽車的科技動態(tài)有所幫助 　　1、V10引擎 　　研制公司：BMW 　　應(yīng)用車型：寶馬M5 　　新款寶馬“M5”配備了V型10缸新型發(fā)動機，V10引擎排量為5.0L，最大輸出功率為378kW（507bhp），最大扭矩為520N·m。V10引擎采用自然吸氣，從8250rpm起進(jìn)入紅區(qū)限制（發(fā)動機轉(zhuǎn)速界限）。與上一代M5配備的V型8缸引擎相比，V10輸出功率增加了25%，確保了1L排量超過100bhp的輸出功率，這使M5具有了賽車般的超凡性能， 　　V10引擎為了平衡曲軸的運轉(zhuǎn)，將氣缸傾斜角設(shè)置成了90°；為了確保耐爆缸、高旋轉(zhuǎn)及振動的剛性，它的曲軸箱采用了舵芯骨架結(jié)構(gòu)。支撐曲軸的軸承有6個，該公司在V型引擎上采用支架構(gòu)造，尚屬首次。V10引擎每個氣缸有4個閥門，配備bi-VANOS（可變閥門正時結(jié)構(gòu)）。該引擎配套使用的變速箱為7速自動MT“SMG”。特點是縮短了變速時間，與以前的SMG相比，變速時間縮短了20%左右。另外，它還設(shè)定了配合運動模式的11種選配方式。V型10缸引擎與其它特種引擎一樣，在該公司位于德國慕尼黑的工廠利用柔性生產(chǎn)線生產(chǎn)。 　　2、后懸彎曲車軸 ＆ WATTS連桿 　　研制公司：梅塞德斯·奔馳 　　應(yīng)用車型：A-Class 　　梅賽德斯·奔馳公司最近宣布全面改進(jìn)了“A-Class”小型車，并將于2004年秋季開始上市。新款“A-Class”車身尺寸為長3838mm，寬1764mm，高1593mm，軸距為2568mm。與現(xiàn)有款式的不同之處是車長、車寬及軸距分別增加了232mm、45mm和145mm。這是因為在它的車身后部采用了新開發(fā)的彎曲后車軸以及可根據(jù)不同情況改變衰減力的減震器。這使新款“A-Class”在普通行駛時具有了良好的減震效果，而在高速轉(zhuǎn)彎時又提高了車輛的穩(wěn)定性。 　　應(yīng)該說，新款A(yù)-Class的后部懸掛采用了前所未有的形式——就是使用了一種能夠直接連接左右輪轂的剛性車軸，然后讓重量由位于輪轂旁邊的彈簧和減震器來共同承擔(dān)。這種車軸向前大幅彎曲，車軸中央設(shè)計有承擔(dān)車身重量的支撐點。 懸掛后部左右兩側(cè)橫向各設(shè)計有一根臂桿，位置比車軸稍高。從平面上來看，兩根臂桿連接于車身的安裝部位采用的是WATTS式。因此，只向車身傳遞未經(jīng)任何變化的左右力（橫力），而幾乎不傳遞前后力。也就是說，橫向剛性高而前后向剛性低，屬于最理想的懸掛特性。實際上，后懸掛采用剛性＋WATTS連桿的設(shè)計在馬自達(dá)第一代“RX-7”等車型上也曾有過先例，但都沒有“A-Class”表現(xiàn)得如此清晰，況且“A-Class”還避免了“懸掛臂桿一側(cè)的輪轂以前后方向為軸轉(zhuǎn)動”這一問題。后懸彎曲車軸在“Monaka構(gòu)造”中還配合使用了兩枚鋼板，WATTS連桿左右臂桿采用的是高拉成型（High Draw Form）品，而WATTS連桿中央的連桿則為鑄造品。 　　3、鋼鋁組合結(jié)構(gòu)車身 　　研制公司：BMW 　　應(yīng)用車型：寶馬新5系 　　新5系是世界上首款采用創(chuàng)新的鋼鋁組合結(jié)構(gòu)的汽車。車輛前部采用鋁材，前側(cè)面板和前蓋也使用鋁材制造，A柱周圍的車身其它部分由鋼材制成。還有，前側(cè)面板和前蓋也是使用鋁材制造。這一新技術(shù)的采用，使得整車重量（視車型不同）比其各自的前代車型最多減輕了75千克。 由于采用了包括全新設(shè)計的鋁制／鋼制車身結(jié)構(gòu)、完善的整體創(chuàng)新科技理念，寶馬新5系帶給用戶精彩無比的動態(tài)駕駛體驗。概括說來，新5系轎車在降低整車重量的同時，提高了使用空間和舒適性，增強了燃油經(jīng)濟性并提供了更強勁的動力性能，同時，車橋負(fù)載分布也更為合理，達(dá)到完美的50:50。 　　寶馬新5系的底盤在很大程度上延續(xù)了BMW 7系列的全鋁底盤，后橋也體現(xiàn)了來自BMW7系列整體式設(shè)計原理的新特征，使5系的車橋構(gòu)造完全能夠滿足來自懸架的所有基本要求，如極好的線路控制和行駛樂趣等。 　　4、“GloCar”變色汽車 　　研制公司：福特汽車公司 　　應(yīng)用車型：Ford 野馬 　　福特汽車公司于今年4月24日發(fā)表了可以利用LED隨意改變車身顏色的概念車“GloCar” 　　該車車身覆蓋了一層射出成形的半透明塑料面板，可利用其內(nèi)部的LED改變車身外部顏色。其優(yōu)點大體上有兩點，首先是夜間行駛的安全性。由于發(fā)光的車身很容易被其它車輛看清楚，因此不僅能夠減少在十字路口等處的交通事故，而且車身外板還可用作剎車和轉(zhuǎn)向等指示燈。另外，還可以用于告訴后方司機注意保持車距。另一個優(yōu)點是其設(shè)計，車身可以變?yōu)楹谏酝獾娜魏晤伾? 　　此外，還有望簡化生產(chǎn)過程。由于不需噴漆，因此不僅能夠簡化生產(chǎn)過程，還能夠減少大氣污染。同時因為車外板只有一種顏色，還會給流通和銷售帶來方便。 　　5、沃爾沃的汽車安全新措施 　　研制公司：富豪汽車公司 　　應(yīng)用車型：沃爾沃SCC安全概念車 　　據(jù)統(tǒng)計，全球每年有50萬人死于交通事故，而受傷的人數(shù)更是高達(dá)1500萬，這恰恰等于北京目前的固定人口總數(shù)！因此一輛優(yōu)秀的汽車首先要追求的是過硬的安全性能，其次才是其它功能。雖然世界上沒有那個官方組織將“世界上最安全汽車”的稱號授予給沃爾沃，但沃爾沃的確是汽車安全的無冕之王，即使如此沃爾沃依舊在不斷推出新的安全措施，使汽車成為人類最安全的交通工具。 　　沃爾沃最新型的主動安全系統(tǒng)在以下兩個方面有所突破：一是世界首創(chuàng)可覆蓋盲點的攝像機監(jiān)視系統(tǒng)；二是帶距離監(jiān)測功能的智能巡航定速系統(tǒng)；三是出現(xiàn)撞車危險時可發(fā)出警示并自動增強制動力的裝置。所謂“盲點信息系統(tǒng)”的主要用途就是用一個車載攝像機監(jiān)視系統(tǒng)，不斷監(jiān)視車輛兩側(cè)和后面的情況。以前為了減小盲區(qū)一般都在駕駛者一側(cè)的車外后視鏡上面配置了一個寬角度的附加后視鏡，這就是我們經(jīng)常在后視鏡上面見到的一個小圓形的鏡子?！懊c信息系統(tǒng)”的原理是將兩臺響應(yīng)速度極高的攝像頭分別放置在每個車門上的后視鏡上，當(dāng)另一輛汽車進(jìn)入監(jiān)視區(qū)內(nèi)時，放置在車門后視鏡附近的警示燈就會閃亮。駕駛者就可以知道另外一輛車正在靠近，從而采取規(guī)避措施。每個攝像頭的監(jiān)視區(qū)的長度為9.5米，寬度為3米，車載電腦系統(tǒng)內(nèi)所編制的程序無論在白天還是夜間都可監(jiān)視所有汽車和摩托車，但是不會對?？吭诼愤叺能囕v、路邊的籬笆、發(fā)生事故后報廢的車輛以及路燈柱等物體作出反應(yīng)。只要車輛時速超過10公里，該系統(tǒng)就都會揮發(fā)作用，對于所監(jiān)視的其他車輛，不管是速度比本車慢范圍在20公里/小時的車輛還是比本車快出70公里/小時的車輛，該系統(tǒng)都能準(zhǔn)確地向駕駛者發(fā)出警報。 　　“盲點信息系統(tǒng)”所采用的技術(shù)首先應(yīng)用于2001年推出的沃爾沃SCC安全概念車內(nèi)。 　　“智能巡航定速系統(tǒng)”的目的是讓駕乘者在路況良好的高速公路上能夠更加輕松地駕駛車輛。該系統(tǒng)可不間斷地監(jiān)測與前方車輛之間所保持的距離，并自動調(diào)整車速以便與之保持適當(dāng)?shù)陌踩嚯x。駕駛者只要設(shè)置好行車所需的最大速度和與前方車輛的最小“時間距離”之后便可激活智能巡航?！皶r間距離”指的是按照當(dāng)前車速本車與前車的接觸時間，這項參數(shù)可以在1至3秒的范圍內(nèi)變動。假如選定的時間間隔為2秒鐘，則對于時速為100公里/小時的汽車來說，安全距離約為56米，而當(dāng)時速降為70公里/小時的時候，安全距離就隨著降至約39米?！爸悄苎埠蕉ㄋ傧到y(tǒng)”還會把進(jìn)入車道內(nèi)實施超車的車輛考慮在內(nèi)。 　　與這套系統(tǒng)相配合，汽車必須在車前安裝一臺雷達(dá)傳感器，它可以不間斷地監(jiān)測本車與前方車輛之間所保持的距離，然后調(diào)節(jié)油門控制發(fā)動機的功率，并在必要時輕柔地激活制動系統(tǒng)來保持與前方車輛之間設(shè)定的“時間距離”；而且汽車的變速箱也必須是自動變速箱。這樣智能巡航定速系統(tǒng)才能自動地根據(jù)交通狀況的變化而改變車速，直至車輛完全停穩(wěn)時為止。 　　自動激活剎車并具有增強制動功能的警告系統(tǒng)是沃爾沃最新的研究成果，主要來預(yù)防追尾事故的發(fā)生。該系統(tǒng)可在發(fā)生事故過程中的不同階段以多種方式被激活：當(dāng)汽車接近一個靜止的或者運動的障礙物而司機并未作出反應(yīng)，警示燈就會閃亮并反射在前窗玻璃上，同時激活一個蜂鳴器。 　　以上這些新的安全措施將逐步被應(yīng)用，其中“盲點信息系統(tǒng)”將于2004年投產(chǎn)，并應(yīng)用在2005年款式的汽車內(nèi)；至于其他兩種設(shè)施目前尚未決定首先應(yīng)用在哪一型號的Volvo汽車內(nèi)。除此之外，Volvo在后視兒童安全座椅，將氣簾倒置在車門內(nèi)板之內(nèi)的敞篷跑車安全措施以及孕婦安全車等諸多有關(guān)汽車安全方面的研究都可謂超尖端的安全保護(hù)科技。 　　6、氫氣轉(zhuǎn)子發(fā)動機 　　研制公司：馬自達(dá)汽車公司 　　應(yīng)用車型：MAZDA “RX-8 　　馬自達(dá)已經(jīng)在其使用氫氣與汽油兩種燃料的“RX-8 Hydrogen RE”上配備了“RENESIS氫氣轉(zhuǎn)子發(fā)動機”。首先，“RENESIS氫氣轉(zhuǎn)子發(fā)動機”在RX-8的RENESIS發(fā)動機外殼上安裝了4個氫氣噴嘴。在使用汽油為燃料行駛時發(fā)動機與老款RX-8是完全一樣，采用兩側(cè)進(jìn)排氣；當(dāng)使用氫氣為燃料行駛時，發(fā)動機便可通過安裝在RENESIS外殼上的噴嘴直接噴射氫氣，由于氫氣密度小，噴射量比汽油多得多，因此每個轉(zhuǎn)子配備兩個噴嘴。 　　使用汽油時“RX-8 Hydrogen RE”的最大輸出功率為154kW（210PS），使用氫氣時為81kW（110PS）。最大扭矩方面，使用汽油時為222N·m，使用氫氣時為120N·m。由于可以使用氫氣，該車還備有與氫氣相關(guān)零配件。在駕駛席上，準(zhǔn)備了切換汽油與氫氣的切換按鈕、儲氫罐壓力計（最大350標(biāo)準(zhǔn)大氣壓）、儲氫罐溫度計（最高80度）。另外，除車身上有氫燃料注入口之外，還在后備箱里放置了加拿大Dynetek Industries公司的儲氫罐（最大350標(biāo)準(zhǔn)大氣壓），為確保安全“RX-8 Hydrogen RE”配備了4個氫氣泄露檢測儀。馬自達(dá)還制造出了氫氣引擎的改進(jìn)型。由于現(xiàn)在使用氫氣時的最大輸出功率較低，只有81kW，因此將來將在氫氣引擎上增加馬達(dá)輔助式渦輪增壓器與油電混合裝置。馬自達(dá)渦輪增壓器可以在低轉(zhuǎn)速區(qū)通過馬達(dá)輔助渦輪運轉(zhuǎn)提高增壓效率。在高轉(zhuǎn)速區(qū)，通過普通的排氣增壓。還配備有油電混合裝置，在低轉(zhuǎn)速時輔助引擎運轉(zhuǎn)。 　　7、酒精檢測車鑰匙 　　研制公司：Saab汽車公司 　　應(yīng)用車型：測試階段 　　也許今后有一天，交通警察在路邊對駕駛員進(jìn)行酒精檢測的情景不會再有了，不是因為大家都不喝酒了，而是車主早一步知道自己酒精值超過標(biāo)準(zhǔn)而不開車上路了，因為有了Saab汽車的妙發(fā)明──“Alcokey”酒精檢測鑰匙。 　　據(jù)統(tǒng)計，去年歐洲因車禍喪生的肇事中，有高達(dá)25％是酒后駕車所引起，而在瑞典這項比率更接近三成。因此，Saab正研發(fā)一項獨一無二，體積輕巧的酒精濃度感應(yīng)器，來協(xié)助駕駛者遵守交通法規(guī)，降低酒后交通事故的機率。Saab所研發(fā)的“Alcokey”在2004年8月瑞典所舉行的安全研討會上正式發(fā)表，其概念包括了在車鑰匙上設(shè)計一個小吹管，由一組訊號發(fā)射器連接至車上的電子控制組件，如果駕駛者所做的酒精吹氣測試樣本被發(fā)現(xiàn)超過法定允許的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值，則系統(tǒng)將使引擎維持在靜止?fàn)顟B(tài)無法啟動?！癆lcokey”酒測鑰匙的概念也是一套精密的自動防盜系統(tǒng)。當(dāng)駕駛者按下遙控器上的“開門”按鈕，酒精濃度感應(yīng)器也隨之啟動，然后駕駛者對著小管口吹氣，讓氣體通過吹管內(nèi)部所含一組如同針頭般大小的感知器，氣體在經(jīng)過判讀后，結(jié)果會經(jīng)由感應(yīng)器上的小綠燈或小紅燈顯示出來。當(dāng)顯示綠燈時，鑰匙將傳送“all-clear”訊號至車輛的電子控制系統(tǒng)，也就是通過酒測，可以上路了；但是如果測試結(jié)果為紅燈，“all-clear”訊號則不會送至電子控制系統(tǒng)，因此車輛將維持在鎖定狀態(tài)，即使鑰匙插入鑰匙孔也無法發(fā)動車子。車內(nèi)電子控制系統(tǒng)的immobiliser（啟動禁止裝置）軟件可視各國不同的酒測值而予以調(diào)整。 　　現(xiàn)階段“Alcokey”酒測鑰匙的原型與Saab的遙控車鑰匙是獨立分開的。未來真正量產(chǎn)后的產(chǎn)品將可能更為小巧甚至整合為一，以方便攜帶或置于口袋內(nèi)。當(dāng)然，對于那些對安全和生命看得都很淡的人，什么樣的鑰匙都鎖不住驛動的心。 　　8、會自動泊車的豐田Prius 　　研制公司：豐田汽車公司 　　應(yīng)用車型：TOYOTA“Prius” 　　豐田去年推出了全面改進(jìn)后的新款油電混合車“Prius”。作為新款Prius的選配功能，輔助縱向列隊停車和車庫停車的“智能停車助手”功能廣受關(guān)注。該功能是通過采用電動操縱系統(tǒng)和基于CCD攝像機的后視監(jiān)視器而實現(xiàn)的。將汽車開到停車位置的前方，然后在車載導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)畫面上指定停車位置后，電動操縱系統(tǒng)就會自動工作，一邊往后倒，一邊將車引導(dǎo)到停車位置?；旧现恍璨僮鲃x車，即可將車停到指定位置。 　　安裝在尾部的CCD攝像機可利用捕捉到的圖像數(shù)據(jù)計算出與目標(biāo)間的距離。距離計算的基點是后輪的車軸中間位置。首先計算出連接當(dāng)前位置與目標(biāo)位置兩點的最佳路徑曲線，然后將信息傳輸至操縱系統(tǒng)的控制電路。再根據(jù)此信息起動操縱系統(tǒng)。用于信息傳輸?shù)能噧?nèi)網(wǎng)絡(luò)采用了“HARRIER”等車所采用的CAN（控制器局域網(wǎng)絡(luò)）。當(dāng)汽車進(jìn)行剎車以外的操作時，輔助動作就會自動暫時關(guān)閉。 　　豐田已完全將該功能定位于“輔助”功能。援引豐田公司對此作出的解釋就是“對周圍物品和人的注意與過去的停車操作完全相同”（豐田）。 　　9、采用棱鏡的汽車前燈 　　研制公司：日本小絲制作所 　　應(yīng)用車型：寶馬M5 　　日本小絲制作所在2004年5月19日于日本橫濱開幕的“汽車技術(shù)展——人與車科技展2004”上，展出了采用棱鏡的前射燈——“Prism PLUS車前燈”。利用樹脂棱鏡將前射燈過去損耗的下射光線反射到車前方。 　　這種前射燈能夠改善前方10至30m范圍內(nèi)的光照度，亮度提高25％左右。尤其容易識別前方的行人等。不過，其結(jié)構(gòu)卻變成了縱長設(shè)計。另外，現(xiàn)場展示的樣品還在燈上面設(shè)置了一個棱鏡。這個棱鏡只是設(shè)計上的裝飾物，其光線不射向前方 　　10、雙剎車盤的“最大扭矩剎車” 　　研制公司：德爾福 　　應(yīng)用車型：試驗階段 　　德爾福（Delphi Automotive Systems）日前發(fā)布了使用兩個剎車盤提高制動力的“最大扭矩剎車（Maximum Torque Brake）”。除加大制動力外，還可控制重量、NVHv噪聲、震動、粗糙及發(fā)熱。 　　通常情況下，為了提高制動力，會加大制動盤直徑，或者使用新材料剎車盤，而最大扭矩剎車的特點是使用了兩個能夠沿軸向移動的“活動剎車盤”。雙剎車盤的剎車鉗還是一個，而兩個剎車盤內(nèi)側(cè)和外側(cè)則使用了4個磨擦面。與普通剎車相比，扭矩功率達(dá)到了1.7倍，由于使用4個摩擦面，因此散熱性也提高了。 剎車片尺寸為225～345mm的產(chǎn)品目前已經(jīng)投產(chǎn)，據(jù)稱2005年將配備于市售車。采用兩枚剎車片以后，重量就會增加。為了解決這一問題，在不改變剎車片口徑的情況下，縮小了制動汽缸活塞的尺寸。在試駕車輛“X5（德國寶馬）”上將通常57mm口徑縮小到了51mm，“嘉年華（福特）”上則由54mm縮小到了48mm。而且嘉年華還將制動汽缸活塞與前懸架的接頭部位進(jìn)行了集成，整個車身重量比通常情況下減輕6kg。另外，剎車盤尺寸如果相同，按動剎車墊的壓力也只需一半，因此還能夠?qū)⒄婵罩ζ髟O(shè)計得更小、更輕。另外，由于使用了活動剎車盤，剎車盤和剎車墊接觸均衡，因此還具有抑制防震和防剎車尖叫聲的作用。 　　在德爾福使用高級SUV進(jìn)行的試驗中，不僅最高工作溫度降低了100多度，而且由于減少了剎車液，因此可將剎車踏板的移動距離縮短25mm，從而不僅能夠減輕助力器的重量，而且整個剎車系統(tǒng)也減輕了7kg。 共 頁 第 頁 Automobile Manufacture Profession Application High-tech Following ten high-tech certainly are not the nowadays automobileindustry high-tech complete, but they will be basic may represent theworld automobile future 20 years development situation. Therefore,makes a comprehensive understanding to these high-tech also to be ableto be able dynamically to grasp the world automobile for you thescience and technology to have the help. 1st, V10 engine Development company: BMW Application vehicle type: Valuable horse M5 The new style valuable horse "M5" has provided V 10 cylindersnew engines, the V10 engine displacement is 5.0L, the peak poweroutput is 378kW (507bhp), the maximum torque is 520Nm. The V10 engineuses the nature inspiration, enters the red area limit from 8250rpm(engine speed boundary). V 8 cylinders engines provides which withprevious generation M5 compare, the V10 output increased 25%,guaranteed the 1L displacement to surpass 100bhp the output, thisenable M5 to have the vehicle race unusual performance。 The V10 engine in order to balance the crank the revolution, established the air cylinder 90°; In order to guarantee bearsexplodes the cylinder, high revolves and the vibration rigidity, itscrank case has used the rudder core skeleton structure. Supports thecrank the bearing to have 6, this company uses the support structureon V engine, still was for the first time. V10 engine each aircylinder has 4 valves, provides bi-VANOS (invariable valve structure). This engine necessary use gear box is 7 fast automatic MT"SMG". The characteristic reduced the speed change time, compared withbefore SMG, the speed change time reduced about 20%. Moreover, it alsoestablished the coordinate movement pattern 11 kinds to select andmatch the way. V 10 cylinders engines are same with other specialengines, is located the German Munich in this company the factory useflexible production line production 　　 After 2nd, hangs the curving car axle & WATTS connecting rod Development company: Plum Si runs quickly Application vehicle type: A-Class Plum side Si's ran quickly the company recently to announcecomprehensively improved "A-Class" the small vehicle, and the autumnwill start in 2004 to go on the market. The new style "A-Class" theautomobile body size is long 3838mm, extends 1764mm, high 1593mm, thespread of axies is 2568mm. With the existing design similarity was thevehicle commander, Che Kuan and the spread of axies separatelyincreased 232mm, 45mm and 145mm. This is because has used the newdevelopment curving car axle after its automobile body as well as mayact according to the different conversion weaken strength the shockabsorber. This causes the new style "A-Class" when the ordinary travelhad the good absorption of shock effect, but when high speed curveenhanced the vehicles stability. Should say about that, new style A-Class behind was hanging has usedthe unprecedented form - is uses one kind to be able directly toconnect the wheel hub rigid car axle, then let the weight by belocated nearby the wheel hub the spring and the shock absorberundertakes together. This kind of car axle large is curving to front,the car axle central design has undertakes the tare center ofresistance. Behind is hanging about two sides crosswise each designto have, the position is slightly higher than the car axle.Looked from the plane that, two connections uses to theautomobile body installment spot is the WATTS type. Therefore, only toautomobile body transmission not after any change about strength around, but nearly does not transmit the strength. In otherwords, the crosswise rigidity high but around is low to the rigidity,belongs ideally is hanging the characteristic. In fact, latter washanging uses the rigid + WATTS connecting rod the design in Ma Zidathe first generation "RX-7" and so on in the vehicle type also oncehas had the precedent, but all did not have "A-Class" to display soclearly, after moreover "A-Class" has also avoided "was hanging a side wheel hub before the direction for the axis rotation" thisquestion. Latter hung the curving car axle center also to coordinatein "the Monaka structure" to use two steel plates, about the WATTSconnecting rod has used is high pulls takes shape (High DrawForm), but WATTS connecting rod central connecting rod for casting. 3rd, steel aluminum built-up section automobile body Development company: BMW Application vehicle type: Valuable horse new 5 departments The new 5 departments are in the world first section use theinnovation the steel aluminum built-up section automobile. Thevehicles front part uses the aluminum material, the first sidekneading board and the front cover also use the aluminum materialmanufacture, around the A column automobile body other parts is madeby the steel products. Also, the first side kneading board and thefront cover also are uses the aluminum material to make. This newtechnical use, caused the entire vehicle weight (to regard vehicletype to be different) reduced 75 kilograms most much compared to itsrespective front generation of vehicle type. Because has used including the brand-new design aluminum system/steelsystem automobile body structure, the consummation whole innovationscience and technology idea, the valuable horse is new 5 takes to theuser the splendid incomparable dynamic driving experience. The summarymentions, new 5 is the passenger vehicle while reduces the entirevehicle weight, enhanced the use space and comfortableness,strengthened the fuel oil efficiency and has provided the strongerpower performance, simultaneously, the vehicle bridge loaddistribution is also more reasonable, achieves perfectly 50:50. The valuable horse new 5 departments' chassis continued the BMW 7series entire aluminum chassis in the very great degree, the rear axleof car has also manifested has come from the BMW7 series integral typeprinciple of design new characteristic, causes 5 departments thevehicle bridge structures definitely could satisfy from allbasic requests, like extremely good line control and travel pleasureand so on. 4th, "GloCar" changes color the automobile Development company: Ford Motor Company Application vehicle type: Ford wild horse The Ford Motor Company published to this April 24 has beenallowed to change the body color at will using LED the concept vehicle"GloCar". This vehicle automobile body covered to project formed the translucentplastic kneading board, might use its internal the LED changeautomobile body exterior color. Its merit on roughly has two points,first is the security which at night goes. Because shines theautomobile body very easily looks at by other vehicles clearly,therefore not only can reduce in the intersection and so on place thetraffic accident, moreover the automobile body 外板also may serve asgets on the brakes and changes and so on the indicating lamp. Moreoverrear area, but also may use in to tell the driver to pay attention tothe maintenance distance between vehicles. Another merit is itsdesign, the automobile body may become outside the black any color. In addition, but also hopeful simplification production process.Because does not have to spray paint, therefore not only can simplifythe production process, but also can reduce the air pollution.Simultaneously because the vehicle 外板only has one kind of color,but also can give the circulation and the sale brings conveniently 5th, VOLVO fertile automobile peaceful brand-new measure Development company: Rich and powerful people car company Application vehicle type: VOLOV SCC security conceptvehicle Statistics have indicated, the whole world has 500,000 peopleto die every year of the traffic accident, but is injured thepopulation is reaches as high as 15000000, this exactly is equal toBeijing at present the fixed population total! Therefore anoutstanding automobile first must pursue the security performancewhich is stands up to the most rigorous test, next is other functions.Although in world not that official organization "in world mostsecurity automobile" the title awards for VLOVO, but VOLOV indeed is the auto safety uncrowned king, even so VOLOV isfertile unceasingly is promoting the new security measure as before,causes the automobile to become the humanity safest transportationvehicle. VOLOV the fertile newest initiative safety system has thebreakthrough in following two aspects: One is the world originates maycover the scotoma the camera supervisory system; Two is the belt isaway from the monitor function the intelligent cruise constant speedsystem; Three, appears when the collision danger may send out thepolice to show and the automatic enhancement installment.So-called "scotoma information system" the main use is carries thecamera supervisory system with a vehicle, unceasingly monitors thevehicles two sides and the behind situations. Before in order toreduce the blind spot generally all above the rear view mirror todispose a wide angle attachment rear view mirror in outside a driverside vehicle, this was we frequently a small circular mirror which sawabove the rear view mirror. "Scotoma information system" the principleis separately lays aside two speeds of response extremely high on each vehicle door on the rear view mirror, when anotherautomobile enters in, lays aside nearby the vehicle doorrear view mirror the police shows the lamp to be able to glisten. Thedriver may know other vehicle is approaching, thus adopts dodges themeasure. Each the length is 9.5 meters, the widthis 3 meters, the vehicle carries the procedure which in the computersystem establishes regardless of in the daytime or at night all maymonitor all automobiles and the motorcycle, but cannot to anchor afterthe roadside vehicles, the roadside fence, has object and so onvehicles as well as lamp pole which the accident discards makes theresponse. So long as the vehicles speed surpasses 10 kilometers, thissystem can the volatilization, regarding other vehicles whichmonitors, no matter is the speed this vehicle is slow scope or to bequicker than 70 kilometers/hour vehicles in 20 kilometers/hourvehicles this vehicle, this system all can accurately send out thewarning to the driver. "The scotoma information system" uses the technology first applies in2001 promotes VLOVO in the fertile SCC security concept vehicle. "Intelligent cruise constant speed system" the goal is lets harnesswhile can with ease drive the vehicles on the state of roads goodhighway. This system may uninterrupted monitor the distance whichmaintains with the front vehicles between, and automatic controlvehicle speed in order to and it maintenance suitable safe distance.The driver so long as establishes the maximum speed and which the gooddriving needs is smallest after the front vehicles "the time distance"then may activate the intelligent cruise. "The time distance" refersis defers to current vehicle speed this vehicle and the front vehiclecontact duration, this parameter may in change 1 to 3 seconds scopesin. If designated the time-gap is 2 seconds, then is 100kilometers/hour automobiles said regarding the speed, the safedistance approximately is 56 meters, but when the speed reduces to 70kilometers/hour times, the safe distance along with falls toapproximately 39 meters. "The intelligent cruise constant speedsystem" also can implement the entrance lane in the vehiclesconsideration which passes another vehicle. Coordinates with this set of system, the automobile must install aradar sensor in front of the vehicle, it may uninterrupted monitorthis vehicle the distance which maintains with the front vehiclesbetween, then adjusts the accelerator to control the engine the power,and when necessity gently activates the braking system to maintainwith the front vehicles between establishes "the time distance";Moreover the automobile gear box also must be the automatic gear box.Such intelligent cruise constant speed system can automatically actaccording to the transportation condition the change to change thevehicle speed, when the vehicles completely stop steadily up to. The automatic activation gets on the brakes and has the enhancement toapply the brake the function warning system is VOLOV the fertilenewest research results, mainly prevents follows the accident theoccurrence. This system may in have in the accident process differentstage to activate by the many kinds of ways: When the automobileapproaches static or the movement obstacle but the driver makes theresponse by no means, the police shows the lamp to be able to glistenand to reflect on the windshield glass, simultaneously activates abuzzer. Above these new security measures gradually are applied, among "thescotoma information system" will go into production in 2004, and usingin 2005 in design automobile; As for other two kind of facilities atpresent not yet decided in which model Volvo automobile first appliesin. In addition, Volvo in the back sight child safety chair, was madthe curtain inversion in the board hood racing bicycle securitymeasure as well as the pregnant woman safety vehicle and so on manyrelated auto safeties aspect research all it may be said the ultraacme in the vehicle door the safekeeping of security science andtechnology. 6th, hydrogen rotary engine Development company: Ma Zida car company Application vehicle type: MAZDA "RX-8 Ma Zida already "RX-8 Hydrogen RE" on has provided "the RENESIShydrogen rotary engine" in its use hydrogen and the gasoline two kindof fuels. First, "the RENESIS hydrogen rotary engine" has installed 4hydrogen spray nozzles in the RX-8 RENESIS engine outer covering. Whenuse gasoline for fuel travel the engine and old funds RX-8 iscompletely same, uses two sides to enter the exhaust; When usehydrogen for fuel travel, the engine then passable has installed inthe RENESIS outer covering the spray nozzle direct injection hydrogen,because the hydrogen density is small, sprays the quantity to be muchmore than the gasoline, therefore each rotor provides two spraynozzles. When use gasoline "RX-8 Hydrogen RE" the peak power output is 154kW(210PS), when use hydrogen is 81kW (110PS). Maximum torque aspect,when use gasoline is 222Nm, when the use hydrogen is 120Nm. Becausemay use the hydrogen, this vehicle also has with the hydrogen relatedspare parts. In drives on the mat, has prepared the cut gasoline andthe hydrogen cut button, Chu Qingguan the pressure gauge (biggest 350standard atmospheric pressure), Chu Qingguan the thermometer (highest80). Moreover, has outside the hydrogen fuel note entrance except theautomobile body on, but also has laid aside Canadian DynetekIndustries Corporation's Chu Qingguan in the reserve box (biggest 350standard atmospheric pressure), for guaranteed the security "RX-8Hydrogen RE" to provide 4 hydrogen revelations instrumentation. MaZida also made the hydrogen engine advanced version. Because thepresent uses time the hydrogen the peak power output will be lower,only has 81kW, therefore future will increase the motor assistance-like turbosupercharger and the oil electricity mixing arrangement onthe hydrogen engine. Ma Zida the turbosupercharger may enhance theturbo-charged efficiency in the low rotational speed area through themotor auxiliary turbine revolution. In high rotational speed area,through ordinary exhaust turbo-charged. Also the equipment has the oilelectricity mixing arrangement, when low rotational speed auxiliaryengine revolution. 7th, ethyl alcohol examination vehicle key Development company: Saab car company Application vehicle type: Test stage Perhaps from now on one day, the traffic police will carry onthe ethyl alcohol examination in the roadside to the pilot the scenenot to be able again to have, will not be because everybody has notdrunk, but was the vehicle owner early step knew the oneself ethylalcohol value surpassed the standard but not to drive started off,because had the Saab automobile wonderful invention - - "Alcokey" theethyl alcohol examination key. Statistics have indicated, in cause troubling which last year Europebecause the traffic accident got killed, after has reaches as high as25% is the liquor drives causes, but approaches three tenths in Swedenthis ratio. Therefore, Saab is researching and developing an item ofuniqueness, the volume dexterous strength of alcohol inductor, assiststhe driver to observe the traffic law, after reduces the liquor thetraffic accident probability. Saab researches and develops "Alcokey"officially publishes at the security seminar which August, 2004 Swedenholds, its concept included has designed a small blowpipe on thevehicle key, by a group of signals launchers connection to vehicle onelectronic control module, if the driver did the ethyl alcohol airflush test sample was discovered surpassed the legal permission thestandard value, then the system will cause the engine to maintain isunable in the static condition to start. "Alcokey" the liquor measuredthe key the concept also is set of precise automatic security systems.When the driver presses down on the remote control "to open the gate"the button, the strength of alcohol inductor also along with it start,then the driver is treating the acorn tube mouth air flush, lets thegas contain a group through the blowpipe interior to be similar to theneedle size the sensation, the gas interprets after the process, theresult can shows by way of the inductor on small green light or thesmall red candle. When demonstrated when green light, the key willtransmit "all-clear" the signal to the vehicles electronic controlsystem, also will be measured through the liquor, was allowed to startoff; But if the test result is a red candle, "all-clear" the signalcannot deliver to the electronic control system, therefore thevehicles will maintain at the fixed condition, even if the keyinsertion also will be unable to start the vehicle. In thevehicle electronic control system immobiliser (start forbidsequipment) the software visible various countries different liquor tomeasure the value gives to adjust. The present stage "Alcokey" the liquor measured the key the prototypeand the Saab remote control vehicle key is independent separated.Future really the post-natal product possibly a more exquisiteeven conformity will be one, facilitates carries or sets in thepocket. Certainly, regarding these to the security and the life lookedall the very pale person, any type key all cannot lock in the heartwhich the post moves. 8th, can automatically park Toyota Prius Development company: Toyota car company Application vehicle type: TOYOTA "Prius" After Toyota has last year promoted the comprehensiveimprovement new style oil electricity mix vehicle "Prius". Selects andmatches the function as new style Prius, longitudinally assists linesup in formation stops stops "the intelligence with the garage to stopthe assistant" function Guang Shou to pay attention. This function isthrough uses the electrically operated control system and realizesbased on the CCD camera back sight monitoring device. Will drive theautomobile to stops the position front, then carries in the guidancesystem picture after the vehicle to assign to stop the position, theelectrically operated control system will be able the automaticoperation, in the future but actually, at the same time to stop at thesame time the vehicle guidance the position. Basically only mustoperate the braking, then stops the vehicle to assigns the position Installs the image data which may use in the rear part CCD cameracatches calculates and the goal distance. From the computation basicpoint is the trailing wheel car axle middle position. First calculatesthe connection current position and the target location two optimalpaths curves, then intelligence transmission to control system controlcircuit. Again root according to the above information startingcontrol system. Used in the intelligence transmission vehicle thenetwork to use CAN which "HARRIER" and so on the vehicle use