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1、1. Puritanism:idealismandopportunism 2. BenjaminFranklin本杰明富蘭克林： t—TheAutobiographyofBenjaminFranklin自傳tPoorRichard'sAlmaina查理歷書(containingwittymaximsforachievingwealthasaresultofhardworkandthrift)PhilipFreneau(poem)菲利普弗倫諾TheRisingGloryofAmerica蒸蒸日上的美洲AmeiicanRomanticisniFlowmgtime befoiEAmerican

2、QviVfcr Decfrwigtine ^terAmericanGiviWbf 1865^1875 Representutivefiguresofthetime： Wasinn^onkving, Nweksts: Poete Essayists: 皿PosfrmnanBcism：： NathanielHawthorne.HermanMehileHenryWad&sworttiLon^elcw,Edgar/MianPoe,Wai:VWiitman日nlyOkldnsonRalphWaldoEmerson,HenryDavidThoreauTheroman

3、ticperiodstretchesfromtheendoftheeighteenthcenturythroughtheoutbreakoftheCivilWar(1790-1865). Background(1)PoliticalbackgroundandeconomicdevelopmentTerritorialExpansion IndustrialGrowthTheCivilWar The——newnessOfAmericansasanationisinconnectionwithAmericanRomanticism.optimismandhopeamongthepeople

4、 ThereisAmericanPuritanismasaculturalheritagetoconsider. (2)foreigninfluenee-RomanticmovementinEuropeancountriesRomanticismwasarebellionagainsttheobjectivityofrationalism. Forromantics,thefeelings,intuitionsandemotionsweremoreimportantthanreasonandcommonsense. Theystressedthecloserelationshipbetw

5、eenmanandnature;Theyemphasizedindividualismandaffirmedtheinnerlifeoftheself. WashingtonIrving(1783-1859)華盛頓歐文早期浪漫主義小說家AHistoryofNewYork紐約的歷史——美國人寫的第一部詼諧文學杰作； TheSketchBook見聞札記 t①TheLegendofSleepyHollow睡谷的傳說——使之成為美國第一個獲得國際聲譽的作家 ☆ t②RipVanWinkleJamesFenimoreCooper1789-1851詹姆斯？費尼莫爾？庫珀早期浪漫主義小說家—Leat

6、herstockingTales皮裹腿故事集taseriesoffivenovels,thatis☆thePioneers拓荒者(I823)theLastoftheMohicans(1826)最后的莫希干人 ☆ ThePrairie(1827)大草原ThePathfinder(1840)探路者 TheDeerslayer(1841)殺鹿者tadventureintothewildernessoftheWest/ThesummitofRomanticism---NewEnglandTranscendentalism/Emerson/—NatureIIHenryDavidThoreau/—Wa

7、ldenIIWhitman/—LeavesofGrassIIHawthorn/—TheScarletLetterIIHermanMeville\—MobyDickIIPost-romanticism(NewEnglandTranscendentalism)WhatisTranscendentalism? 1. RalphWaldoEmerson(1803-1882)愛默生tTheleadingNewEnglandTranscendentalistt—Natur論自然——新英格蘭超驗主義者的宣言書;TheAmericanScholar論美國學者HenryDavidThoreau(1817-18

8、62)tTranscendentalistEmerson'sfriendtWaldenThemajorfeaturesofTranscendentalismTheTranscendentalistsplacedemphasisonspirit,ortheOversoul,asthemostimportantthingintheuniverse. 2. TheTranscendentalistsstressedtheimportaneeoftheindividual.Tothemtheindividualwasthemostimportantelementofsociety. 3. TheT

9、ranscendentalistsofferedafreshperceptionofnatureassymbolicoftheSpiritorGod. Naturewas,tothem,notpurelymatter.Itwasalive,filledwithGod'soverwhelmingpreseneeTheDevelopmentofTranscendentalismNature(in1836)byRalphWaldoEmersonNature'voicepushedAmericanRomanticismintoanewphase,thephaseofNewEnglandTransce

10、ndentalism,thesummitofAmericanRomanticism. TranscendentalistClubTranscendentalismwasindebtedtothedualheritageofAmericanPuritanism,thereligious'empUlaSWasndliheenltvaeeable idealismoftheirPuritanpast.TranscendentaliststothePuritanprincipleofself-cultureandself-improvement.Thusthereisgoodreasontosta

11、tethatNewEnglandTranscendentalismwasRomanticismonthePuritansoil. ☆NewEnglandTranscendentalismwasimportanttoAmericanliterature.ItinspiredawholenewgenerationoffamousauthorssuchasEmerson,Thoreau,Hawthorne,Melville,WhitmanandDickinson. NathanielHawthorne(1804-1864)☆Novels: ScarletLetter《紅字》HesterPryn

12、ne;TheHouseofSevenGables《七個尖角閣的房子》；TheBlithedaleRomanee《福谷傳奇》； TheMarbleFaun《大理石神像》 ☆Shortstorycollections: Twice-ToldTales《故事新編》 MosesfromanOldManse《古屋青苔》HermanMelville赫爾曼梅爾維爾1819-1891MobyDick/TheWhiteWhale莫比迪克/白鯨EdgarAllanPoe埃德加愛倫坡1809-1849tThefirstprofessionalwriterinAmericaThefirstwriterofde

13、tectivestoryintheworld-----歌特風格；首開近代偵探小說先河，又是法國象征主義運動的源頭TheFalloftheHouseofUsher厄舍古屋的倒塌(novel); TheRaven烏鴉(poem)TamerlaneandOtherPoems帖木兒和其他詩；ToHellen致海倫WaltWhitman(1819-1892)沃爾特惠特曼OneofthegreatinnovatorsinAmericanPoetryFreeverseGrowingupinaworking-classbackground,havinglittleeducationLeavesofGrass

14、草葉集tSongofMyself自我之歌revealsaworldofequality,withoutrankandhierarchy. PoetsEmilyDickinson(1830-1886)ThePoemsofEmilyDickinson埃米莉迪金森詩集(love,death,nature,friendship,andimmortality)HenryWadsworthLongfellow亨利沃茲沃思朗費羅1807-1882tAPsalmofLife生命禮贊(shortpoem)tTheSongofHiawatha海華沙之歌----美國人寫的第一部印第安人史詩WilliamCulle

15、nBryant1794-1878柯倫布萊恩特tToaWaterfowl致水鳥——英語中最完美的短詩HarrietBeecherStowe哈麗特比徹斯托1811-1896UncleTom'sCab湯姆叔叔的小屋TheAgeofRealismandNaturalismThethreestrongadvocatesof19thcenturyAmericanrealismWilliamDeanHowells(critic)豪威爾斯 HenryJames威廉詹姆斯MarkTwain馬克吐溫HenryJamesaresetagainstabackgroundbetween 1842-1910tJame

16、s'novel'—internationalsituationAmericaandEuropetJames'contributiontoliterarycriticismisimmense. Tohim,—artwithoutlifeisapooraffairII. —theaimofthenovelistorepresentlifeII. tHisrealismwascalledasPsychologicalrealism. Hewasesp.anobserverofthemindratherthanarecorderofthetimes. 1. TheAmerican,Daisy

17、MillerThePortraitofaLady貴婦人畫像TheWingsoftheDove鴿翼TheAmbassadors大使MarkTwain馬克吐溫—TheAdventuresofTomSawye湯姆索耶歷險記 2. —TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinnII 3. TheGildedAge鍍金時代Famousforhislocalism,colloquialstyle, humorandbitterattacksAmericanNaturalism: 1. pessimisticrealismNaturalismcamefromFrance. Reas

18、ons:civilwar,socialupheavals☆Darwin'stheoryofevolution:thesurvivalofthefittestIItMenwereconditioned\dominatedbysocialandeconomicforces,byheredityandenvironment. 2. Featuresofnaturalistwriting: A. naturalistwritersturnedliterarycreationintoamechanicalrecordofsociety,inawayofattemptingtoachieveextre

19、meobjectivityandfrankness.Theynevermadecommentsonthecharactersandtheirbehaviors. B. ThecharacterswereoftenfiguresoflowsocialandeconomicclassesTheystressedmenhadnofreewill,theirliveswerecontrolledbyheredityandenvironment. AmericanNaturalismAmericanNaturalistwriters:StephenCrane,FrankNorris,JackLond

20、on,HenryAdams,TheodoreDreiser. StephenCrane(1871-1900)斯蒂芬克萊恩Maggie:AGirloftheStreets街頭女郎梅姬(美國文學史上首次站在同情立場上描寫受辱婦女的悲慘命運)TheRedBadgeofCourage紅色英勇勛章TheBlackRiders(hisfirstbookofpoems)theodoreDreiser(1871-1945)DreisersworksSisterCarrie1900(Afeatherinwind,sheistotallyatthemercyofforcesshecannotcomprehend

21、andcontrol.Shedoesnotseemtopossesswhatmaybecalledamoralfibreinher.)JennieGerhardt1911TrilogyofDesire欲望三部曲(Financer金融家1912,TheTitan巨人1914,TheStoic斯多葛1915)AnAmericanTragedy美國的悲劇1925 (被稱為美國最偉大的小說)FrankNorris(1870-1902)弗蘭克諾里斯TheOctopus章魚1901JackLondon(1876-1916)杰克倫敦 MartinEden—masterwork馬丁伊登TheCalloft

22、heWild野性的呼喚TheSea-Wolf海狼WhiteFang白獠牙OHenry(1862---1910)歐享利—TheGiftofMagiII—TheCopandtheAnthemIIFamousforhisfascinatingplot,humoroustouch,interestingpuns,localism,andunexpectedendings. ErnestHemingway(1899-1961)hisstoriesofcourageinthefaceoftragedyIcebergTheoryTheSunAlsoRises1926AFarewelltoArms1929《

23、永別了，武器》ForWhomtheBellTolls1940以西班牙內戰(zhàn)為背景的反法西斯主義的長篇小說《喪鐘為誰而鳴》TheOldManandtheSea1952 《老人與?！匪茉炝艘陨Ｌ醽喐鐬榇淼摹猅以把他消滅，但就是打不敗他I的—硬漢形象II一個人并不是生來要被打敗的，你盡可以把他消滅掉，可就是打不敗他。 HemingwayheroHeissensitive,intelligent.Heisamanofactionandoffewwords.Heisaloneevenwhenwithotherpeople.Heissomewhatanoutsider,keepingemotionun

24、dercontrol,stoicandself-disciplinedinadreadfulplacewhenonecannotgethappiness.Inaworldwhichisessentiallychaoticandmeaningless,aHemingwayherofightsasolitarystruggleagainstaforcehedoesnotevenunderstand.Theawarenessthatitmustendindefeat,nomatterhowhardhestrives,engendersasenseofdespair,butHemingwayherop

25、ossessesakindofdespairingcourage.Itisthiscouragethatenablesamantobehavelikeaman,toasserthisdignityinfaceofadversity.ThisistheesseneeofacodeofhonorinwhichallofHemingway'sheroesbelieve. 二戰(zhàn)后小說杰羅姆塞林杰J.D.Salinger(1919--) 《麥田捕手》(TheCatcherintheRye,1951)約翰.厄普代克(JohnUpdike) 《兔子，跑吧》(Rabbit,Run,1960,伯納德？馬拉

26、默德、索爾？貝婁和諾曼梅勒，都是猶太人伏拉狄米納伯科夫(VladimirNabokov)《羅麗泰》(Lolita,1955)TheBeatGeneration垮掉的一代Inthemiddleofthe1950'sggroupofwritersinSanFranciscoputonaconcertedandwell-publicizedrebellionagainst——officialAmericanlifeandculture.TheleaderswerepoetAllenGinsbergandnovelistJackKerouac.Kerouac杰克凱魯亞克namedthegroupBea

27、t.TheBeatMovementwasarevoltagainstthefrightened,conservativepoliticalmoodcreatedbySenatorMcCarthy,againstthegreedy,money-seeking—respectabiefeOfthedominantmiddleclassbutparticularlyagainsttheliteraryformalismofAmericanwritingaftertheSecondWorldWar. TheBeatGeneration垮掉的一代Inliterature,theytookWaltWhi

28、tmanastheirmodel,whohadbrokenalltheliteraryrulesofhistimeandlivedanexuberant,freelife. ,exactly Inrejectingthecarefullywrittenworksoftheircontemporarywriters,theBeatsinsteadwantedtowritewithcompletespontaneityandhonesty.Theywantedtoexpressemotion—rawIIwasfelt,ratherthan—cookedIIthroughmemoryandtranslationintoart. JackKerouac杰克凱魯亞克《在路上》(OntheRoad,1957),;艾倫金斯堡