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1、 第3課 百科全書式的學(xué)者亞里士多德 導(dǎo)學(xué)案 【知識(shí)梳理】 一、生平小傳 1、御醫(yī)之子（——出身）：前384年出生于希臘小城斯塔吉拉的馬其頓御醫(yī)家庭。 2、雅典求學(xué)（——求學(xué)）： 17歲時(shí)在雅典阿卡德米學(xué)園學(xué)習(xí)，師從柏拉圖，對(duì)柏拉圖的思想既有繼承 又有突破，被稱“學(xué)園的靈魂” 3、王子之師（——為師）：前343年，亞里士多德成為馬其頓王子亞歷山大之師。為師期間，利用優(yōu) 越條件，繼續(xù)研究各類科學(xué)，學(xué)術(shù)思想進(jìn)一步發(fā)展。被稱為“百科全書式的學(xué)者”。 4、創(chuàng)立呂克昂學(xué)園（邊散步邊講學(xué) ——辦學(xué)）：亞歷山大征服希臘后，亞里士多德回到雅典創(chuàng)辦呂克 昂學(xué)園，被稱“逍遙學(xué)派”。提出“中

2、庸之道”。 5、落寞辭世（BC322）：前323年，亞歷山大大帝病逝，雅典再掀反馬其頓熱潮。亞里士多德成為雅典人控告、仇視的對(duì)象。不得不揮淚離開呂克昂學(xué)園，并從此陷入孤寂落寞之中，精神受到嚴(yán)重打擊；前322年，在卡爾基斯抑郁而終。 二、吾愛吾師，吾尤愛真理 1、尊師而不盲從： 2、為真理而勇于爭(zhēng)辯： 探究1、“吾愛吾師，吾尤愛真理”這句話給我們今天建立良好的師生關(guān)系提供了怎樣的啟示？ ◆作為學(xué)生來說，既要把老師當(dāng)作良師益友，又要敢于獨(dú)立思考，突破老師觀念的局限，勇于創(chuàng)新。 三、百科全書式的大師 （一）科學(xué)的研究方法 1、他重視對(duì)材料的收集； 2、對(duì)收集的材料進(jìn)行精心分析、綜

3、合，結(jié)合自己的見解，得出有條理的論斷； 3、對(duì)科學(xué)進(jìn)行分類，首次將科學(xué)分為理論的科學(xué)、實(shí)踐的科學(xué)和創(chuàng)造的科學(xué)； （二）其他貢獻(xiàn) 1、哲學(xué)： （1）繼承又突破了柏拉圖的思想?？隙陀^世界是真實(shí)的存在，是人類認(rèn)識(shí)的來源，產(chǎn)生于對(duì)外界事物的感覺。這一觀點(diǎn)使他“接近了唯物主義”，但不徹底，常動(dòng)搖于唯物和唯心主義之間。 （2）確立了哲學(xué)研究的對(duì)象，在《形而上學(xué)》中，提出哲學(xué)所必須研究和解決的十三個(gè)問題，其中一些問題，一直是后來西方哲學(xué)爭(zhēng)論的中心， 2、生物學(xué)——對(duì)五百多種不同的動(dòng)物進(jìn)行分類，至少對(duì)五十多種動(dòng)物進(jìn)行了解剖研究。 3、物理學(xué)——在《物理學(xué)》中，指出具體事物是由形式和質(zhì)料組成的。

4、 4、邏輯學(xué)——提出三段論：大前提、小前提和結(jié)論。至今仍被學(xué)術(shù)界尊為權(quán)威。 （1）意義：①使邏輯學(xué)本身的研究方法進(jìn)入新階段，邏輯學(xué)發(fā)展為一門系統(tǒng)的科學(xué)； ②為其他學(xué)科的研究提供科學(xué)工具，這種演繹推理的方法具有普遍的意義。 （2）示例：凡人都有理性（大前提）／有些動(dòng)物是人（小前提）／所以有些動(dòng)物是有理性的（結(jié)論） 5、政治學(xué)： （1）將政體劃分為六類：君主制、貴族制、共和制、僭主制、寡頭制、平民制，認(rèn)為前三種統(tǒng)治形式較優(yōu)，后三種統(tǒng)治形式較劣； （2）對(duì)政體發(fā)生革命和內(nèi)訌的原因進(jìn)行了探討，認(rèn)為其原因在于不平等； （3）提出了“法治優(yōu)于人治”的思想 6、教育—

5、—?jiǎng)?chuàng)辦“呂克昂”學(xué)園，著書講學(xué)，把教育和科研結(jié)合起來； 7、倫理學(xué)——提出了“中道”理論，是一種明智的態(tài)度和方法，是一種人生的境界。 （1）實(shí)質(zhì)：強(qiáng)調(diào)以理性為準(zhǔn)繩為人處世； （2）“中道”的意義： ①從個(gè)人修養(yǎng)方面看，“中道”原則有利于提高個(gè)人的道德修養(yǎng)； ②從社會(huì)秩序方面看，提倡“中道”原則，有利于社會(huì)理性的提高，有利于建設(shè)和諧社會(huì)； 四：亞里士多德的評(píng)價(jià)： 積極：亞里士多德是“百科全書式的學(xué)者”，是古希臘文化的集大成者，對(duì)后世的影響是巨大的，其哲學(xué)思想成為中世紀(jì)天主教神學(xué)家的重要理論來源；他創(chuàng)立的邏輯學(xué)至今仍被學(xué)術(shù)界奉為權(quán)威；他的自然觀在中世紀(jì)乃至近代備受推崇；在政治領(lǐng)域里，

6、他對(duì)正義與民主的討論仍然是當(dāng)代社會(huì)的重要話題。 局限：① 基本哲學(xué)觀是徘徊與唯心主義與唯物主義之間。②體現(xiàn)出奴隸主階級(jí)的思想局限性。 【思維拓展】 知識(shí)拓展：1、孔子、柏拉圖、亞里士多德的思想的對(duì)比 孔子 柏拉圖 亞里士多德 哲學(xué)思想 敬鬼神而遠(yuǎn)之 1、敬：懷疑鬼神的存在 2、遠(yuǎn)：把探討和解決人世間的實(shí)際問題放在優(yōu)先位置 1、唯心主義，認(rèn)為理念是世界的本原，現(xiàn)實(shí)世界只是理念世界的反映 2、研究物質(zhì)世界只能獲得不確定的“意見”，而不能獲得知識(shí) 1.思想來源于具體事物，物質(zhì)世界和精神世界不可分割 2.物質(zhì)世界值得研究，盡管認(rèn)識(shí)中有錯(cuò)誤，但也有真理成分 政治

7、思想 仁與禮；為政以德 理想國是哲人統(tǒng)治的國家，其次才是法治國 歸納六種政體，提出法治優(yōu)于人治 倫理思想 中庸 倫理學(xué) 主題：正義 中道 治學(xué)教育 思想 因材施教、有教無類、啟發(fā)式教學(xué)、當(dāng)仁不讓于師等 即重視政治的研究，又重視自然科學(xué)知識(shí)，既培養(yǎng)政治家，又培養(yǎng)科學(xué)家 1、教學(xué)方法別具一格逍遙學(xué)派 2、吾愛吾師，吾尤愛真理 2、柏拉圖與亞里士多德主張的差異 （1）哲學(xué)思想： 柏拉圖：理念論，理念是世界的本質(zhì)，現(xiàn)實(shí)世界是理念的反映。 亞里士多德：思想源于具體事物，物質(zhì)世界和精神世界不可分割，物體由形式和物質(zhì)組成 （2）政治主張： 柏

8、拉圖：理想國是哲人統(tǒng)治的國家，其次才是以法治國，亞里士多德：法治優(yōu)于人治 3、關(guān)于中西方思想中“中庸”的比較： （1）相同：①均將其看作最高的美德， ②都強(qiáng)調(diào)“恰到好處”，反對(duì)兩極 （2）不同： ①亞里士多德的“中庸”側(cè)重哲學(xué)思考，而孔子的“中庸”是出于禮法，沒有更多的哲學(xué)思考。 ② 亞里士多德認(rèn)為“中庸之道”是相對(duì)的，受時(shí)間地點(diǎn)條件的限制，因人和環(huán)境的差異而不同； 孔子從圣人的角度出發(fā)，強(qiáng)調(diào)要有度，“過猶不及”。 ③亞里士多德主張舍兩端而取其中，孔子沒有否認(rèn)兩端是不好的。 4、亞里士多德與孔子思想比較 （1）相同：（生平經(jīng)歷） ①都對(duì)知識(shí)孜孜以求，在文化上頗多

9、建樹。 ②都懷著濟(jì)世救人的熱情，將自己的政治思想付諸實(shí)踐。 ③都熱衷于教育事業(yè)，他們創(chuàng)立學(xué)校，廣招門徒，著書立說，為文明的傳播，做出了突出的貢獻(xiàn)。 （2）不同 領(lǐng) 域 亞里士多德 孔 子 思想 哲學(xué)思想 思想來源于具體事物，物質(zhì)、精神世界不可分割 敬鬼神而遠(yuǎn)之 政治思想 歸納六種政體，提出法治優(yōu)于人治 以禮治國，為政以德，反對(duì)苛政和刑殺、人治 倫理思想 中道理論 中庸理論 教育思想 教學(xué)方法別具一格 因材施教、有教無類、啟發(fā)式教學(xué) 社會(huì)環(huán)境 奴隸制城邦民主體制 春秋時(shí)期的社會(huì)變革 影響 成為西方思想文化的 重要奠基人 創(chuàng)立的儒學(xué)成為

10、中國傳統(tǒng)文化的主流影響至亞洲、世界 （2）不同： ①亞里士多德的“中庸”側(cè)重哲學(xué)思考，而孔子的“中庸”是出于禮法，沒有更多的哲學(xué)思考。 ② 亞里士多德認(rèn)為“中庸之道”是相對(duì)的，受時(shí)間地點(diǎn)條件的限制，因人和環(huán)境的差異而不同； 孔子從圣人的角度出發(fā)，強(qiáng)調(diào)要有度，“過猶不及”。 ③亞里士多德主張舍兩端而取其中，孔子沒有否認(rèn)兩端是不好的。 4、亞里士多德與孔子思想比較 （1）相同：（生平經(jīng)歷） ①都對(duì)知識(shí)孜孜以求，在文化上頗多建樹。 ②都懷著濟(jì)世救人的熱情，將自己的政治思想付諸實(shí)踐。 ③都熱衷于教育事業(yè)，他們創(chuàng)立學(xué)校，廣招門徒，著書立說，為文明的

11、傳播，做出了突出的貢獻(xiàn)。 （2）不同 領(lǐng) 域 亞里士多德 孔 子 思想 哲學(xué)思想 思想來源于具體事物，物質(zhì)、精神世界不可分割 敬鬼神而遠(yuǎn)之 政治思想 歸納六種政體，提出法治優(yōu)于人治 以禮治國，為政以德，反對(duì)苛政和刑殺、人治 倫理思想 中道理論 中庸理論 教育思想 教學(xué)方法別具一格 因材施教、有教無類、啟發(fā)式教學(xué) 社會(huì)環(huán)境 奴隸制城邦民主體制 春秋時(shí)期的社會(huì)變革 影響 成為西方思想文化的 重要奠基人 創(chuàng)立的儒學(xué)成為中國傳統(tǒng)文化的主流影響至亞洲、世界 Module 1 Book 5 1.Pat is not the s

12、ame man ______. A. What he was B. That he was C. as he was D. Who he was 2.Rather than ____ on a crowded bus, he always prefers ____ a bicycle. A. ride ; ride B. riding; ride C. Ride; to ride D. to ride; riding3. Hot ____ the night air was , we slept deeply because we were so tired aft

13、er the long journey. A. although B. as C. while D. however 4.A lot of language learning , ______ has been discovered , is happening in the first year of life, so parents should talk much to their children during that period. A. as B. it C. which D. this 5. _____ the youth _____ the r

14、ising sun at 8 or 9 o’clock am, Mao Zedong expressed his great hope for teh young man . A. Comparing ; with B. Compared ; to C. Compared ; with D. Comparing ; to 6.Michael’s new house is like a huge palace, ____ with his old one. A. comparing B. compares C. to compare D. comp

15、ared 7. I made a promise to myself _____ this year, my first year in high school , would be different. A. whether B. what C.that D. how 8.Modern science has given clear evidence ____ smoking can lead to many diseases. A. what B. which C. that D. where 9. People from the two countr

16、ies do not have ____ understanding each other. A. difficulties B. a difficulty C. a trouble D. trouble 10. I want to know what difficulty he has had ____ the experiment. A. to carry out B. carryiny out C. carried out D. with carrying out 11. The girl student of ____ has been the chai

17、rman of the students’ union for two years. A. not fifteen B. not more than fifteen C. more fifteen D. more than fifteen 12. He suddenly saw Sue ____ the room. He pushed his way ___ the crowd of people to get to her. A. Across; across B. over ; through C. over ; into D. across ; through 13

18、.The suggestion that the mayor ____ the prizes was accepted by everyone. A. would present B. ought to present C. present D. presents 14. It’s surprising that your brother ___ Russian so quickly ---- he hasn’t lived there very long. A. picked up B. looked up C. put up D. made up 15. Sh

19、e ____ Japanese when she was in Japan , Now she can speak it freely. A. picked out B. made out C. made up D. picked up 16.The president spoke at the business meeting for nearly an hout without _____ his notes. A. bringing up B. referring to C. looking for D. trying on 17.The decision tha

20、t h e referred _____ us. A. to cheer B. to cheered C. to cheering D. to have cheering 18. I’m so glad you’ve come here to ____ this matter in person. A. lead to B. see to C. turn to D . refer to 19.-- How was the school’s sports meet? -- We didn’t plan it like that but it ___ very well.

21、 tried out B. went out C. worked out D. carried out 20. The sale of the company’s new product is good. It has ____ two million dollars so far. A. carried on B. kept up C. brought in D. consisted of 21. The meal over, the managers went back to the meeting room to ____ their discussion. A

22、. put away B. take down C. look over D. carry on 22. Don’t be so discouraged. If you ____ such feelings , you will do better next time. A. carry on B. get back C. break down D. put away 23. It was so dark in the cinema that I could hardly ____ my friend. A. turn out B. bring out C.

23、 call out D. pick out 24.Many questions ____ at the meeting , but he answered none. A. came up B. raised C. were risen D. asked 25.The boy ___ hot on teh forehead , so he must be sent to hospital at once. A. is felt B. is feeling C. feels D. has felt 26. The news came as no surprise to

24、 me . I ____ for some time that the factory was going to shut down. A. have known B. had known C. knew D. was knowing . 27. The wet weather will continue tomorrow , when a cold front ____ to arrive. A. will be expected B.is expecting C. expects D. is expected 28. When you reach the other

25、 end of the bridge , I ____ right there to show you the way. A. wait B. have waited C. was waiting D. will be waiting 29.I intend to buy that kind of clothes because I ____ that they ____ well. A. have told ; wash B. have been told ; wash C. was told ; washed D. have been told ; are w

26、ashed 30.---- It’s time for us to ____ all the negative feelings and cheer up. ---- Yeah , we are sure to be better next time . A. carry on B. get back C. break off D. put away 31. Due to cultural differences, most artists find it hard to ____ Chinese crosswalk to westerners. A. get a

27、cross B. get over C. come across D. come over 32. It was foolish of him to ____ his notes during that important test, and as a result, he got punished.A. stick to B. refer to C. keep to D. point to 33.The car ___ the truck so closely , otherwise the traffic accident could have been avoided.

28、 A. shouldn’t follow B. was following C. has been following D. mustn’t follow 34.All the comrades ____ here are supposed to say something about it. A. present B. presented C. invited D. coming 35. Large quantities of water _____ for cooling purpose in the only one of the plants that _____

29、 steel in the city. A. has been needed ; produce B. are needed ; produces C. is needed ; produces D. have been needed ; produce 36. Interest is as ____ to learning as the ability to understand, even more so. A. vital B. available C. specific D. similar 37. He will come to underst

30、and your efforts sooner or later. It’s just a matter of ______. A. luck B. value C. time D. fact 必修五 Module 1 Ⅰ.單詞拼寫 It's ________ (顯然的) that he hasn't read the book. 2．Her speech was so ________ (難懂的) that few students could understand it. 3．Although metals ________ (不同) widel

31、y in qualities such as strength and hardness, they all have certain qualities in common. 4．The teacher is making an ________ (宣告) that the sports meet will be put off. 5．The English in this story has been ________ (簡(jiǎn)化) to make it easier to understand. 6．I shall think it a f________ if I will be i

32、nvited to your party. 7．Our s________ of living has been increasing. 8．The old man is p________ his report to our company. 9．Since the war broke out, the situation there worsened s________. 10．The government has been c________ for not taking the problem seriously. Ⅱ.根據(jù)句意，用所給單詞或短語的適當(dāng)形式填空 1．Ea

33、ting too much sugar can ________ health problems. 2．I didn't tell him anything ________ that I needed the money. 3．I ________ persuading her to leave, so I had to give up. 4．Standards in health care have improved enormously ________to 40 years ago. 5．I'm satisfied with what he did. ________， he

34、is only a child. 6．There is a wide ________ of patterns to choose from. 7．Jane and I ________ nothing ________ with each other. 8．The couple made several unsuccessful ________ at compromise. 9．This book ________ that one in content. 10．A new wing was ________ to the built. Ⅲ.完成句子 1．________ _

35、_____ ________ ________ ________ ________ (把心臟比作水泵), he helped the children to understand its function. 2．________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ______ (與別的窮人一樣)，he leads a very simple life. 3．I had ________ ________ ________ ________ ______ (毫不費(fèi)力地表達(dá)了自己的意思)． 4．His example ________________ _

36、_______ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ (使我相信知識(shí)就是力量)． 5．This house ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ________ (與那所房子大小差不多)． 必修五 Module 2 Ⅰ.單詞拼寫 1．Schools need ________ (志愿者) to help children to read. 2．The desk is broken. It ________ (需要) repairing. 3．The teacher _______

37、_ (要求) that we should finish our work the next day. 4．Last night we got together and had a ________ (令人滿意的) meal. 5．He is not ________ (合格的) to teach English. 6．You would pass your exams if you a ________ yourself to your studies. 7．The bus doesn't go d________ to Qingdao; it goes by way of Jin

38、an. 8．I have a great r________ and admiration for my former English teacher. 9．The door and all windows were locked and there was no s________ of forced entry. 10．This is a magazine on health and f________. Ⅱ.根據(jù)句意，用所給單詞或短語的適當(dāng)形式填空 1．Now I receive 6 e-mails a day ________. 2．I'm writing ______

39、__ your advertisement. 3．The firms attempt to meet their customers' ________. 4．The education system must ________ the needs of all children. 5．I have no teaching materials ________. 6．He ________ ￡4, 000 for the car. 7．The thief ________ punishment. 8．He ________ my house every morning. 9．Is

40、 there anything ________ you'd like for dinner? 10．I won't ________ any more of your time. Ⅲ.完成句子 1．The kids ______ ________ ________ ________ ________ (主動(dòng)要求洗盤子)． 2．The situation required that ________ ________ ________ (他該在場(chǎng))． 3．He loves ________ ________ ________ ________ (特別喜愛科幻小說)． 4．Some people feel that ______ ________ ________ ________ (機(jī)遇與他們無緣)． 5．They've ________ ________ ________ (學(xué)起打高爾夫球了)．