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1、閱讀理解精講精煉15 74. It was a simple letter asking for a place to study at Scotland's oldest university which helped start a revolution in higher education. A 140-year-old letter written by a lady calling for her to be allowed to study medicine at St Andrews University has been discovered by researchers

2、. Written by Sophia Jex-Blake in 1873, the seven-page document, which urged the university to allow women to study medicine at the institution, was released yesterday on International Women's Day. The document was discovered buried in the university archives (檔案)by part-time history student Lis Smi

3、th, who is completing her PhD at St Andrews Institute of Scottish Historical Research. She said: “We knew that Sophia Jex-Blake and her supporters, in their effort to open up university medical education for women, had written to the Senates Academicus (校評議委員會)at St Andrews in an attempt to gain per

4、mission to attend classes there, but we didn't know documentary evidence existed. While searching the archives for information about the university's higher certificate for women, I was astonished to come across what must be the very letter Jex-Blake wrote. ” In the letter, Sophia and her supporter

5、s offered to hire teachers or build suitable buildings for a medical school and to arrange for lectures to be delivered in the subjects not already covered at St Andrews. Although her letter was not successful, it eventually led to the establishment of the Ladies Literate in Arts at St Andrews, a di

6、stance-learning degree for women. The qualification, which ran from 1877 until the 1930s, gave women access to university education in the days before they were admitted as students. It was so popular that it survived long after women were admitted as full students to St Andrews in 1892. Ms Jex-Bla

7、ke went on to help establish the London School of Medicine for Women in 1874. She was accepted by the University of Berne, where she was awarded a medical degree in January 1877. Eventually, she moved back to Edinburgh and opened her own practice. 59．Sophia wrote a letter to St Andrews University b

8、ecause she wanted ________. A．to carry out a research project there B．to set up a medical institute there C．to study medicine there D．to deliver lectures there 60．Lis Smith found Sophia's letter to St Andrews University ________. A．by pure chance B．in the school office C．with her supporters'

9、 help D．while reading history books 61．Sophia's letter resulted in the establishment of ________. A．the London School of Medicine for Women B．a(chǎn) degree programme for women C．a(chǎn) system of medical education D．the University of Berne 62. When did St Andrews University begin to take full-time women

10、 students? A. In 1873. B. In 1874. C. In 1877. D. In 1892. 【要點綜述】此篇講述了一封女子求學(xué)的信件引發(fā)了英國高等教育的改革，允許女子接受高等教育。 59．C　信息理解題。根據(jù)第一段…which urged the university to allow women to study medicine at the institution可知C為正確選項。 60．A　信息理解題。根據(jù)第二段中but we didn't know documentary evidence existed…I was aston

11、ished to come across what must be the very letter Jex-Blake wrote.可知A(純粹偶然的機會)為正確選項。 61．B　信息理解題。由倒數(shù)第二段…letter was not successful, it eventually led to the establishment of the Ladies Literate in Arts at St Andrews…可推斷B為正確選項。 62．D　信息理解題。由倒數(shù)第二段最后一句可知答案為D，此事發(fā)生在1892年。 75. Holidays are really

12、 important.Many of us will have childhood memories of summer holidays where we were taken away from home to experience new environments and learn in different ways. But holidays are expensive and，for those on low wages or living on benefits, they are often unobtainable. Even the cheapest holidays r

13、equire travel and other additional costs that are difficult for many families to meet. For working parents，the long summer break can be a very difficult problem for childcare. When an annual leave allowance amounts to only five weeks，there is a need to spread this across the year.Couples can find t

14、hemselves taking leave in turn in order to care for children who are on holi-day. For some，this makes even an affordable family holiday difficult. The schools that I visit in Nottingham are full of experienced staff committed to giving our children a caring and inspiring learning environment.The nu

15、mber of children receiving free school meals is quite large in Nottingham and many schools have breakfast clubs to make sure that children get a healthy start to the day. Most schools undertake programs of group or individual educational support. Schools also have an important role in safeguarding c

16、hildren's welfare through the ongoing touch and support with their pupils. During the long summer holidays，much of this is missed. While teachers are holidaying in the UK，many of their pupils spend the whole six weeks on the street where they live. The lack of free school meals for six weeks can re

17、sult in pressure on a family budget and an inability to afford the inspiring experiences that help children to continue their learning. In setting out its plans for a five-term year，Nottingham City Council(委員會)is seeking to reduce the summer holiday down to four and a half weeks, with a more balanc

18、ed five terms of roughly eight weeks, each followed by a two-week break.We believe this will give real “down time” for school staff and pupils alike but will be short enough not to cause a real break in learning. We acknowledge that this change may be difficult for some school staff，particularly wh

19、ose own children are educated in other authorities. However, this must be weighed against the benefits for city children for whom we all have the greatest duty of care. 71．The passage is probably written by ________. A. an experienced teacher B．a(chǎn) working parent C．a(chǎn)n inspired student D．a(chǎn) city co

20、uncil member 72．The underlined word “they” in the second paragraph refers to “________”． A．environments B．holidays C．wages D．benefits 73．It is suggested in the passage that the summer break be reduced to ________. A．2 weeks B．4.5 weeks C．5 weeks D．6 weeks 74．The plans for a shorter summer

21、 holiday will help students ________. A．obtain the cheapest holidays without additional costs B．get a chance to spend six weeks a term with teachers in school C．benefit more from the caring and inspiring learning environment D．have more school days to receive free school meals 75．It can be infe

22、rred from the passage that ________. A．working parents can enjoy a five-week break to care for their children B．the suggested plans for a five-term school year can hardly be carried out C．the long summer holiday gives teachers and students real “down time” D．some school staff will say “No” to th

23、e plans for a shorter summer holiday 【要點綜述】本文是一篇說明文。介紹了英國諾丁漢城市委員會把學(xué)生假期縮短至4.5周的計劃。 71. D　推理判斷題。從文章倒數(shù)第二段“Nottingham City Council is seeking to reduce the summer holiday down to four and a half weeks”和最后一段“We acknowledge that this change may be difficult for some school staff”可知答案。 72. B　代詞指代題。根據(jù)第二段

24、，度假是昂貴的，并且對于那些低工資和靠救濟為生的人，度假是不可能的。 73. B　細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段第一句可知答案。 74. C　推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段第一句話“The schools that I visit in Nottingham are full of experienced staff committed to giving our children a caring and inspiring learning environment.”可知如果假期縮短，學(xué)生就可以更多地享受學(xué)校提供的照顧和鼓舞人心的學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境。 75. D　推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段第一句話“We a

25、cknowledge that this change may be difficult for some school staff”可推知一些學(xué)校員工會反對這個計劃。 76. Two friends have an argument that breaks up their friendship forever, even though neither one can remember how the whole thing got started. Such sad events happen over and over in high schools across the c

26、ountry. In fact, according to an official report on youth violence, “In our country today, the greatest threat to the lives of children and adolescents is not disease or starvation or abandonment, but the terrible reality of violence”. Given that this is the case, why aren't students taught to manag

27、e conflict the way they are taught to solve math problems, drive cars, or stay physically fit? First of all, students need to realize that conflict is unavoidable. A report on violence among middle school and high school students indicates that most violent incidents between students begin with a r

28、elatively minor insult(侮辱). For example, a fight could start over the fact that one student eats a peanut butter sandwich each lunchtime. Laughter over the sandwich can lead to insults, which in turn can lead to violence. The problem isn't in the sandwich, but in the way students deal with the confl

29、ict. Once students recognize that conflict is unavoidable, they can practice the golden rule of conflict resolution(解決)：stay calm. Once the student feels calmer, he or she should choose words that will calm the other person down as well. Rude words, name-calling, and accusations only add fuel to th

30、e emotional fire. On the other hand, soft words spoken at a normal sound level can put out the fire before it explodes out of control. After both sides have calmed down, they can use another key strategy(策略) for conflict resolution: listening. Listening allows the two sides to understand each other

31、. One person should describe his or her side, and the other person should listen without interrupting. Afterward, the listener can ask non-threatening questions to clarify the speaker's position. Then the two people should change roles. Finally, students need to consider what they are bearing. This

32、 doesn't mean trying to figure out what's wrong with the other person. It means understanding what the real issue is and what both sides are trying to accomplish. For example, a shouting match over a peanut butter sandwich might happen because one person thinks the other person is unwilling to try n

33、ew things. Students need to ask themselves questions such as these：How did this start? What do I really want? What am I afraid of? As the issue becomes clearer, the conflict often simply becomes smaller. Even if it doesn't, careful thought helps both sides figure out a mutual solution. There wi

34、ll always be conflict in schools, but that doesn't mean there needs to be violence. After students in Atlanta started a conflict resolution program, according to Educators for Social Responsibility, “64 percent of the teachers reported less physical violence in the classroom; 75 percent of the teach

35、ers reported an increase in student cooperation; and 92 percent of the students felt better about themselves”. Learning to resolve conflicts can help students deal with friends, teachers, parents, bosses, and coworkers. In that way, conflict resolution is a basic life skill that should be taught in

36、schools across the country. 50. This article is mainly about ________. A. the lives of school children B. the cause of arguments in schools C. how to analyze youth violence D. how to deal with school conflicts 51. From Paragraph 2 we can learn that ________. A. violence is more likely to occu

37、r at lunchtime B. a small conflict can lead to violence C. students tend to lose their temper easily D. the eating habit of a student is often the cause of a fight 52. Why do students need to ask themselves the questions stated in Paragraph 5? A. To find out who is to blame. B. To get ready to

38、 try new things. C. To make clear what the real issue is. D. To figure out how to stop the shouting match. 53. After the conflict resolution program was started in Atlanta, it was found that ________. A. there was a decrease in classroom violence B. there was less student cooperation in the cla

39、ssroom C. more teachers felt better about themselves in schools D. the teacher-student relationship greatly improved 54. The writer's purpose for writing this article is to ________. A. complain about problems in school education B. teach students different strategies for school life C. advoca

40、te teaching conflict management in schools D. inform teachers of the latest studies on school violence 【要點綜述】作者在文章中主要探討了如何讓學(xué)生正確、冷靜處理校園沖突，從而減少校園暴力以及介紹了學(xué)生學(xué)會解決沖突的益處，最后呼吁全國的各個學(xué)校教授學(xué)生解決沖突的技能。 50. D　主旨大意題。從文章第一段…is not disease or starvation or abandonment, but the terrible reality of violence…，以及下文提到的

41、First of all…；Once students…；After both sides have calmed down…；Finally, students…等知，該文主要介紹了如何幫助學(xué)生正確處理校園沖突的方法，所以選D項。 51. B　推理判斷題。從第二段…begin with a relatively minor insult…推知，很多時候校園沖突的起因只是一件小事而已。下面作者所列舉的例子也是來說明這一點的，故選B項。 52. C　推理判斷題。從第五段It means understanding what the real issue is and what both si

42、des are trying to accomplish…知，學(xué)生自問問題的關(guān)鍵在于：讓學(xué)生明白沖突真正的癥結(jié)所在，而不是只關(guān)注對方的過錯，由此推斷C項是最佳答案。 53. A　細節(jié)理解題。從第六段…64 percent of the teachers reported less physical violence in the classroom…知，亞特蘭大實施了校園沖突解決方案后，肢體上的暴力行為有了較大的減少，而合作上升了，學(xué)生們的自我歸屬感也增強了，所以選A項。 54. C　寫作意圖題。從文章中第一段…Given that this is the case…和最后一段In

43、 that way, conflict resolution is a basic life skill that should be taught…，并結(jié)合全文知，本文作者主要倡導(dǎo)在校園中教授解決沖突的辦法，所以選C項。 77. Bicycle Safety Operation　Always ride your bike in a safe, controlled manner on campus(校園). Obey rules and regulations. Watch out for walkers and other bicyclists, and always use

44、 your lights in dark conditions. Theft Prevention　Always securely lock your bicycle to a bicycle rack—even if you are only away for a minute. Register your bike with the University Department of Public Safety. It's fast, easy, and free. Registration permanently records your serial number, which is

45、useful in the possible recovery of the bike stolen. Equipment Brakes　Make sure that they are in good working order and adjusted properly. Helmet　A necessity, make sure your helmet meets current safety standards and fits properly. Lights　Always have a front headlight—visible at least 500 feet in

46、front of the bike. A taillight is a good idea. Rules of the Road Riding on Campus　As a bicycle rider, you have a responsibility to ride only on streets and posted bicycle paths. Riding on sidewalks or other walkways can lead to a fine. The speed limit for bicycles on campus is 15 mph, unless other

47、wise posted. Always give the right of way to walkers. If you are involved in an accident, you are required to offer appropriate aid, call the Department of Public Safety and remain at the scene until the officer lets you go. Bicycle Parking　Only park in areas reserved for bikes. Trees, handrails, h

48、allways, and sign posts are not for bicycle parking, and parking in such spots can result in a fine. If Things Go Wrong If you break the rules, you will be fined. Besides violating rules while riding bicycles on campus, you could be fined for： No bicycle registration$25 Bicycle parking banned$

49、30 Blocking path with bicycle$40 Violation of bicycle equipment requirement$35 36．Registration of your bicycle may help you ________. A．find your stolen bicycle B．get your serial number C．receive free repair services D．settle conflicts with walkers 37．According to the passage, what bike eq

50、uipment is a free choice for bicycle riders? A．Brakes. B．A helmet. C．A headlight. D．A taillight. 38．When you ride a bicycle on the campus, ________. A．ride on posted bicycle paths and sidewalks B．cycle at a speed of over 15 mph C．put the walkers' right of way first D．call the police before

51、leaving in case of accident 39．If you lock your bicycle to a tree on the campus, you could be fined ________. A．$25 B．$30 C．$35 D．$40 40．What is the passage mainly about? A．A guide for safe bicycling on campus. B．Directions for bicycle tour on campus. C．Regulations of bicycle race o

52、n campus. D．Rules for riding motor vehicles on campus. 【要點綜述】本文講述了在校園騎自行車應(yīng)注意的一些事項。 36. A　信息理解題。根據(jù)文中Theft Prevention一段中的 “…which is useful in the possible recovery of the bike stolen”可知選A。 37. D　信息理解題。根據(jù)Equipment中的Lights一段敘述可知， Brakes, Helmet以及Lights是自行車的必選配置。 38. C　信息理解題。根據(jù) “Always give the rig

53、ht of way to walkers”可知答案。 39. B　信息理解題。根據(jù) “Bicycle Parking”一段及 “Bicycle parking banned…$30”可知答案。 40. A　主旨大意題。通讀全文可知本文講述了在校園內(nèi)騎自行車應(yīng)注意的一些事項。故選A。 78. “I can't tell you how pleased I am to be here. I haven't seen many of you since your graduation, but I have followed your careers and enjoyed your

54、 victories as well as crying for your tragedies. I have a large collection of newspaper photographs of my students. Although I haven't appeared in person, I have attended your college graduations, weddings and even the births of your children, in my imagination.” Ms. Yates paused and started crying

55、 a bit. Then she continued： “It was my belief that if I pushed you as hard as I could, some of you would succeed to please me and others would succeed to annoy me. Regardless of our motives, I can see that you have all been successful in your chosen path.” “There is no greater comfort for an educa

56、tor than to see the end result of his or her years of work. You have all been a great source of pleasure and pride for me and I want you to know I love you all from the bottom of my heart.” There was a silence over the crowd for a few seconds and then someone started clapping. The clapping turned i

57、nto cheering, then into a deafening roar(呼喊). Lawyers, truck drivers, bankers and models were rubbing their eyes or crying openly with no shame all because of the words from a long forgotten English teacher from their hometown. 41．What activity was organized for the school reunion? A．Sightseeing i

58、n the park. B．A picnic on the school playground. C．Telling stories about past events. D．Graduates' reports in the old building. 42. What can be inferred from Paragraph 2? A. Some graduates were too busy to listen to Ms. Yates' speech. B. Many graduates disliked Ms. Yates' ways of teaching. C.

59、 Some people got tired from the reunion activities. D. Most people had little interest in the reunion. 43. We can learn from Ms. Yates' speech that she________. A. kept track of her students' progress B. gave her students advice on their careers C. attended her students' college graduations D.

60、 went to her students' wedding ceremonies 44. What was Ms. Yates' belief in teaching teenagers? A. Teachers' knowledge is the key to students' achievements. B. Pressure on students from teachers should be reduced. C. Hard-pushed students are more likely to succeed. D. Students' respect is t

61、he best reward for teachers. 45. Which of the following can best describe Ms. Yates? A. Reliable and devoted. B. Tough and generous. C. Proud but patient. D. Strict but caring. 【要點綜述】Barditch High School組織學(xué)生、教師重聚。在聚會上Ms. Yates的一席發(fā)言打動了所有的人。 41. C　信息理解題。根據(jù)第一段中的 “Several former teachers were on

62、hand to tell stories about the old days.”可知答案。 42. B　推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段描述在Ms. Yates要開始講話時學(xué)生們的表現(xiàn)可知，學(xué)生們對老師過去對他們的種種教學(xué)方式是有些反感的。 43. A　信息理解題。通讀Ms. Yates的發(fā)言，特別是從 “…but I have followed your careers and enjoyed your victories as well as crying for your tragedies. I have a large collection of newspaper photograph

63、s of my students.”中可知答案。 44. C　信息理解題。根據(jù) “It was my belief that if I pushed you as hard as I could, some of you would succeed to please me and others would succeed to annoy me”可知答案。 45. D　推理判斷題。從 第二段最后一句“…made them work harder than all the other teachers combined”以及 “…I have a large collection of n

64、ewspaper photographs of my students”可知答案。 79. One of the greatest contributors to the first Oxford English Dictionary was also one of its most unusual. In 1879, Oxford University in England asked Prof. James Murray to serve as editor for what was to be the most ambitious dictionary in the hist

65、ory of the English language. It would include every English word possible and would give not only the definition but also the history of the word and quotations(引文)showing how it was used. This was a huge task, so Murray had to find volunteers from Britain, the United States, and the British coloni

66、es to search every newspaper, magazine, and book ever written in English. Hundreds of volunteers responded, including William Chester Minor. Dr. Minor was an American surgeon who had served in the Civil War and was now living in England. He gave his address as “Broadmoor, Crowthorne, Berkshire，” 50 miles from Oxford. Minor joined the army of volunteers sending words and quotations to Murray. Over the next 17 years, he became one of the staff's most valued contributors. But he was also a myster