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技法3| 依據(jù)全文或段落的“主題”線索 文章通常會圍繞一個中心主題展開論述說明，這個主題一般位于文章的首段或末段，仔細閱讀文章的首段和末段，就能快速抓住文章的主題，明白本文將探討哪方面的內(nèi)容，有利于我們歸納概括文章的標題或主題。 1．概括“論據(jù)”和“結論”，得出“論點” (2016西寧市重點中學聯(lián)考) 38 They entertain us in our spare moments.Good novels，books on poetry and short stories，give us great enjoyment.At times we become so absorbed in our books that we forget even our important arrangements.Loneliness is no trouble for a reader. C．When we are alone，books are our best friends. [思路分析]　空格位于句首，根據(jù)文章結構分析應是“論點”。空格后面的三句話為論據(jù)，最后一句為結論，意為“對一位讀者來說沒有孤獨感”，因此C項“當我們獨自一人時，書是我們最好的朋友?！狈项}意。 2．根據(jù)“論據(jù)”推導出“論點” [考題回放] (2015全國卷Ⅰ) 38 Having confidence in yourself will help you make better choices because you can see what the best outcome would be for your well－being. A．Learn to really trust yourself. [思路分析]　空格位于句首，根據(jù)文章結構分析應是“論點”，根據(jù)空格后的句子“相信自己會……”可判定選A項意為“學會真的相信你自己”。 3．根據(jù)“相似度”原則確定主題 文章中出現(xiàn)的主題句與七個選項中的某個選項在詞匯和句式結構上會有一定的相似度，據(jù)此可快速找出正確選項。 [考題回放] (2014全國卷Ⅱ) 1．Think ahead.The moments when I think cooking is a pain are when Im already hungry and theres nothing ready to eat.So think ahead of the coming week.When will you have time to cook? Do you have the right materials already？17.A little time planning ahead can save a lot of work later on. 2．Make your time worth it.When you do find time to cook a meal，make the most of it and save yourself time later on.Are you making one loaf of bread？18.Make tree or four instead.It takes around the same amount of time to make more of something.So save yourself the effort for a future meal. 3． 19 This may surprise you，but one of the best tools for making cooking worth your time is experimentation.It gives you the chance to hit upon new ideas and recipes that can work well with your appetite and schedule.The more you learn and the more you try，the more ability you have to take control of your food and your schedule. A．Try new things. [思路分析]　此空需要填一個主題句，它需要概括全段的內(nèi)容，根據(jù)前面的兩項內(nèi)容可判定應為祈使句。結合空格后面的信息詞surprise，experimentation，new ideas等可知與A項“嘗試新東西”信息一致。 4．根據(jù)文中反復出現(xiàn)的“關鍵詞”確定主題 [考題回放] (2016全國甲卷)Our model of what a garden should be often goes back to childhood.Grandmas rose garden and Dads vegetable garden might be good or bad，but thats not whats important.19.Its our experience of the garden that matters—how being in those gardens made us feel.If youd like to build a powerful bond with your garden，start by taking some time to recall the gardens of your youth. 20 ．Then go outside and work out a plan to translate your childhood memories into your grown－up garden.Have fun. G．For each of those gardens，write down the strongest memory you have [思路分析]　由garden的反復出現(xiàn)可判定花園與主題有關?？崭袂罢f“花一些時間回憶你小時候的花園”，空格后說“然后走出去，制訂計劃，把你孩提時代的記憶變成你成年后的花園”。根據(jù)此語境可知答案為G項“為每一個那樣的花園寫下你最深刻的回憶”。 A (2016合肥市第一次教學質(zhì)量檢測) How to Help a Teenager Make Good Decisions Habitually poor decision－making is actually common in teenagers.Naturally，such a habit makes parent－teen cooperation difficult，especially when a parent wants his teen to do what a “responsible adolescent” would do.A poor decision－making teenager can never run away from his responsibilities. 1 ●Distinguish real problems from acts of pure “teenagerism”．Teens often make poor decisions simply because they dont have the experiences.By making small and harmless mistakes，like a recently－developed habit of careless consuming，a teen learns good decision－making skills on his own via selfcorrection. 2 Dont think the teen is making bad decisions just to challenge you.Its more likely it is out of a real inability to determine whats best for him. ● 3 Tell your teen you understand his decisions while simply emphasizing that you dont have to agree with his decisions or treat his views as valid.By not judging his opinions，tastes or style，you are opening the road to better communication and problem－solving opportunities. ●Set clear expectations. 4 For example，if your teen refuses to study for his math final because “math is pointless”，explain that you expect him to perform well in school，even in the “pointless” classes.Because youve already tolerated his opinion without trying to change his viewpoint，you two can easily agree that math isnt so useful，yet avoid saying “Lets just give up on math，then.” ●Find a middle ground.Trade insignificant freedoms，such as clothing style for the promise that hell live up to academic and family responsibilities. 5 Not only does giving up a bit of control solve many conflicts，but the extra freedom you give him can also improve his decision－making. A．Show tolerance. B．Learn to solve problems. C．Point out your expectations and his responsibilities. D．If your teen could realize it，allow him to be himself. E．A responsible adolescent must have role models to learn from. F．Therefore，its important to guide them with problem－solving strategies. G．Next time，hell be more likely to think twice before making his buying decision. 本文介紹了如何才能幫助青少年做出正確的決定。 1．F　[不擅長做決定的青少年很普遍，家長希望他們的孩子做一個有責任心的青少年應該做的事情，所以選F項“因此，用解決問題的策略引導他們很重要”。] 2．G　[通過犯一些小而無害的錯誤，比如最近形成的粗心消費的習慣，青少年通過自我改正學到了良好的決策技能。G項“下一次，在做出購買決定時他更可能三思”符合語境。故選G。] 3．A　[當你強調(diào)你不同意他的決定或你認為他的觀點不正當時，告訴你的孩子你理解他的決定，所以A項“表現(xiàn)出寬容”符合語境。故選A。] 4．C　[根據(jù)本段的主題句“Set clear expectations.”及下文的例子可知，選C項“指出你的期望和孩子的責任”。] 5．D　[根據(jù)空前的一句可知選D項“如果你的孩子實現(xiàn)了他的承諾，那就允許他做他自己想做的事情”。] B (2016石家莊市教學質(zhì)量檢測) Everyone can benefit from making an effort to practice gratitude(感激) every day.The following three steps can help you start feeling more grateful，and appreciative of the good things in your life： Notice the Good Things in Your Life 6 Pay attention to the small everyday details of your life—nature，people，community，shelter，creature comforts like a warm bed or a good meal.And then start a gratitude journal.Making a commitment to writing down good things each day makes it more likely that we will notice good things as they happen. Enjoy the Feeling of Gratitude There are moments when you naturally，right then and there，feel filled with gratitude.These are moments when you say to yourself，“Oh，wow，this is amazing！” or “How great this is！” Pause. 7 Let it sink in.Enjoy your blessings the moment they happen. Express Gratitude Expressing gratitude is more than being polite. 8 Show your appreciation to someone who really did something nice.Say：“ It was really kind of you to...” “You did me a big favor when...” or “Thank you for being there when...”． 9 Hold the door open for the person behind you，even if it means waiting a little longer than you normally would. True gratitude doesnt leave you feeling like you owe other people something—after all，if youve done someone a favor，you probably dont want the person to feel like you expect something back in return. 10 A．Its about showing your heartfelt appreciation. B．Notice and absorb that feeling of true gratitude. C．You can also express gratitude by doing a kindness. D．Its all about feeling good and creating a cycle of good. E．Start to notice and identify the things you are grateful for. F．Help someone without letting the person find out it was you. G．Its amazing what you notice when you focus on feeling grateful. 本文主要介紹了幫助人們感受生活中的美好事物的三個步驟。 6．E　[依據(jù)本段的標題“留心生活中美好的事情”可知，選E。開始留心并確定你要感恩的事情。] 7．B　[由第三段的標題Enjoy the Feeling of Gratitude和空格前的舉例可知，B項中的“that feeling of true gratitude”與之呼應。] 8．A　[本段的標題是表達感恩，上文說明表達感恩不僅僅有禮貌，它表達你衷心的感謝。A項中的“It”指代上文的“Expressing gratitude”。] 9．C　[由下文的“Hold the door open for the person behind you”可知，你也可以為他人做一個友好的舉動來表達你的感恩。] 10．D　[依據(jù)上文可知，你幫助他人時，不期待人家對你的回報，D項中的creating a cycle of good“創(chuàng)造一個善行的循環(huán)”符合語境。] 【導學號：90892011】 C (2016福建省質(zhì)量檢測) When youre in high school，it can be difficult to find a job.You may not have much or any formal work experience and there arent many jobs available for teenagers.However，if youre looking for a job，there are things you can do to help get your application noticed and help yourself get hired. 11 ●Dont be shy. Tell everyone you know you are looking for a job.Many jobs arent advertised and you may be able to get a good job lead from a friend or family member. ● 12 One good way to get experience is to start by working for friends and neighbors.Babysitting, garden work, doing cleaning，and pet sitting all can be included on your resume (簡歷)． ●Keep an open mind. 13 This is a tough market and you may not be able to find a job doing what you want to do.The more flexibility you have，the more opportunities youll be able to apply for.Plus，even if the job wasnt your first choice，it may turn out to be better than you expected. ●Check the rules. There are only certain jobs you can do and hours you can work. 14 The minimum age you can work at paid non－agricultural employment is 14. ●Write a resume. A resume may not be required by employers. 15 Even though you may not have much information to include, a resume shows that youre serious about your job search. A．Start close to home. B．Be always optimistic. C．You can count on the following chances. D．Dont limit yourself to certain types of jobs. E．But it can help you stand out from the competition. F．These job search tips will help you get your job search started. G．Check the Child Labor Law regulations to see how they apply to you. 本文主要介紹了高中生找到工作的方法和策略。 11．F　[根據(jù)上句“However，if youre looking for a job，there are things you can do to help get your application noticed and help yourself get hired.”可推知，接下來要講一些求職的技巧和策略；由下文列舉的方法可知，應選F項來承上啟下。] 12．A　[由“One good way to get experience is to start by working for friends and neighbors.”可推知，在家附近開始工作是獲取經(jīng)驗的不錯的選擇，所以選A項。] 13．D　[根據(jù)下文的“The more flexibility you have，the more opportunities youll be able to apply for.”和本段主題“Keep an open mind.”可推知，找工作時要思路開闊，而不是局限于某些工作，所以選D項。] 14．G　[根據(jù)本段的標題“Check the rules”可推知，找工作時要符合一些法律法規(guī)的要求，所以選G項。] 15．E　[由本段的標題“Write a resume.”可推知，寫一份簡歷是非常有必要的，且由下文的“Even though you may not have much information to include，a resume shows that youre serious about your job search.”可知，應選E項。] D (2016湖北省七市教科研協(xié)作體聯(lián)合考試) While it is impossible to live completely free of stress，it is possible to prevent stress as well as reducing its effect when it cant be avoided.The US Department of Health and Human Services offers the following suggestions for ways to deal with stress. ●Try physical activity. When you are nervous，angry or upset，try releasing(釋放)the pressure through exercise or physical activity. 16 ●Take care of yourself. You should make every effort to eat well and get enough rest.If you easily get angry and cannot sleep well enough，or if youre not eating properly，it will be more likely that you will fall into situations of stress. 17 ●Make time for yourself. 18 Dont forget，play can be just as important as work.You need a break from your daily routine to just relax and have fun.Go window－shopping or work on a hobby.Allow yourself at least a half hour each day to do something you enjoy. ● 19 Stress can result from disorganization(雜亂無章) and a feeling that “theres so much to do，and not enough time”．Trying to take care of everything at once can be too much for you and，as a result，you may not achieve anything.Instead，make a list of everything you have to do，and then do one thing at a time. 20 Set out to do the most important tasks first. A．Just bear in mind the most important tasks. B．Schedule time for both work and play. C．Check off each task as it is completed. D．Make a list of the things you need to do. E．For example，you could take your job as your hobby. F．If stress repeatedly keeps you from sleeping，you should consult a doctor. G．Running，walking，or playing tennis is just some of the activities you might try. 本文主要介紹了幾條減輕壓力的建議。 16．G　[根據(jù)標題“Try physical activity.”可知，本段主要介紹通過體育運動來減壓；G選項介紹了幾種體育運動，與標題切合。] 17．F　[根據(jù)標題“Take care of yourself.”和本段的整體內(nèi)容可知，本段主要介紹了“如何照顧自己”；據(jù)此可以判斷，F(xiàn)選項“如果壓力反復地讓你無法入睡，你應該咨詢醫(yī)生”符合文意。“cannot sleep well enough”是提示。] 18．B　[根據(jù)空后的“Dont forget，play can be just as important as work.”可知，空處談論的是如何分配工作和娛樂的時間，故選B項。] 19．D　[根據(jù)本段中的“Instead，make a list of everything you have to do，and then do one thing at a time.”可知，本段主要介紹了“列出你需要做的事情”這一方法，故D項正確。] 20．C　[根據(jù)上句中的“and then do one thing at a time”可以判斷，空處介紹對安排的任務的檢查情況，故C項切合文章。] 【導學號：90892012】 E (2016長春市質(zhì)量監(jiān)測) Two biggest wealth in life: your talent and your time.Talent increases and time decreases.Our life，in a way，is trading time with talents.Wasting time means our time decreases while our talents do not increase. 21 ． ●Get to know how you use your usual time and make improvements Take a week and write down what you do every 30 minutes every day and make it into categories.After a weeks recording，youll see which part consumes most of the time. 22 ．And you could come up with a revised timetable for your next week. ●Use fragment(碎片) time and “dead time” By time recording, youll be amazed how much time youve wasted in waiting for the bus，queuing，walking，etc.You could really put that time to better use， 23 ．Use your fragment time for insignificant matters so that you could have more time for things that really matter. ● 24 Therere always things to be done every day，and the thing we could do is to identify whether theyre urgent or important.The things you need to do for the day rest only on the urgent as well as important things.Dont become slaves to urgent but unimportant things. ●Use the 20%－80% principle At the most efficient time，20% of time could generate 80% of efficiency and on the contrary，at the least efficient time，80% of time could only generate 20% of efficiency.We should be doing important work at the most efficient time.That time period differs from person to person， 25 ．Yet generally speaking，its round 10 in the morning and 3 in the afternoon. After being familiar with those tips，the next thing would be to implement and hold on to it.Do the right thing at the right time，and we shall make our time to its fullest! A．but everyone has a peak effect time B．Make an analysis about the ways you could improve your efficiency C．like memorizing English words or making necessary phone calls D．depending on your mentality and physical condition E．That is why we shall save every second and make it count F．Pick three things you must finish today G．Finish as many tasks as possible 時間是人生最大的財富之一，那么該如何充分利用時間呢？本文為我們提供了幾種充分利用時間的方法。 21．E　[根據(jù)上文的“Wasting time means our time decreases while our talents do not increase.”可知，我們不能浪費時間，應節(jié)約每一秒，讓它過得有意義。故選E。] 22．B　[根據(jù)上下文可知，通過記錄一周的時間分配情況，找出大部分時間用于做什么，進行分析后確定如何更有效地利用時間，從而制訂出合理的時間表。故選B。] 23．C　[根據(jù)上文可知，應將等公交車、排隊等時間利用起來，C項給出了兩個利用這些時間的例子。故選C。] 24．F　[此處為小標題，各小標題的格式應保持一致，該空應為祈使句；根據(jù)本段內(nèi)容可知，做事要分主次，不能成為祈使句；根據(jù)本段內(nèi)容可知，做事要分主次，不能成為緊急但卻不重要的事情的奴隸。故選F。] 25．D　[根據(jù)上文的“That time period differs from person to person”可知，高效時間段因人而異，要看個人的身體和精神狀況。故選D。] F (2016山西省八校第一次聯(lián)考) Poor sleep is associated with a range of heart problems，including high blood pressure and increased risk of heart attack.The question is how you can get the sleep you need. 26 Practice walking meditation (沉思)． When we practice walking mediation，we begin to let go of that restlessness that may prevent sleep. 27 It can be exciting and work against your efforts to quiet your mind and fall asleep.When you slow it down，it can calm even the busiest mind and bring relief to that feeling I call “wired and tired”． 28 This brings fresh blood back to the heart，so the heart doesnt have to pump so hard.In turn，it lowers blood pressure and the heart rate.It can be quite calming and relaxing when done right before bed. Avoid caffeine. Stop consuming caffeine after noon. 29 For those who are sensitive to caffeine，you may not be able to drink any without it disturbing sleep patterns. Reduce unnecessary stimulation(刺激)． In addition to avoiding caffeine，its important to reduce added stimulation such as heated conversations，spicy foods，heavy exercise，cleaning，or excessive work. 30 Deep and restful sleep is necessary to good health and the healing process.What do you find helps you to get a better nights sleep? A．But dont walk too fast. B．Never take exercise too frequently. C．Rest with both your legs up the wall. D．Here are the things I enjoy doing best of all. E．Keep your bedroom in dark condition in general. F．Its known that caffeine has the desired effect of delaying sleep. G．This includes that late－night movie murder mystery or any other stimulating input. 本文是一篇說明文。良好的睡眠對于健康來說是非常重要的。作者推薦了幾種獲得良好睡眠的方法。 26．D　[上文提到了問題，下文列舉了一些做法?？仗帒鸬匠猩蠁⑾碌淖饔茫蔇項符合語境。] 27．A　[上文說了walking meditation的作用，下文提到“work against your efforts...”，故空處說的應是“不要走太快”。故選A項。] 28．C　[根據(jù)下文的“This brings fresh blood back to the heart”可知，空處應是建議倒立。故選C項。] 29．F　[本段小標題是避免攝入咖啡因，空前說“中午過后不要攝入咖啡因”，故這里應說明咖啡因?qū)θ说南麡O影響。故選F項。] 30．G　[根據(jù)本段小標題和文中的“...its important to reduce added stimulation”可知，與之對應的是G項。]