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1、Port,welcome everyone,What is a port?,港口是具有水陸聯(lián)運(yùn)設(shè)備和條件，供船舶安全進(jìn)出和停泊的運(yùn)輸樞紐。是水陸交通的集結(jié)點(diǎn)和樞紐，工農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)品和外貿(mào)進(jìn)出口物資的集散地，船舶停泊、裝卸貨物、上下旅客、補(bǔ)充給養(yǎng)的場(chǎng)所。由于港口是聯(lián)系內(nèi)陸腹地和海洋運(yùn)輸(國(guó)際航空運(yùn)輸)的一個(gè)天然界面，因此，人們也把港口作為國(guó)際物流的一個(gè)特殊結(jié)點(diǎn)。 A port is a location on a coast or shore containing one or more harbors where ships can dock and transfer people or cargo

2、 to or from land. Port locations are selected to optimize(使完善) access to land and navigable water, for commercial demand, and for shelter（庇護(hù)所） from wind and waves. Ports with deeper water are rarer, but can handle larger, more economical ships. Since ports throughout history handled every kind of tr

3、affic, support and storage facilities vary widely, may extend for miles, and dominate the local economy. Some ports have an important military role.,The classification of port,（1）基本港(Base Port) 是運(yùn)價(jià)表現(xiàn)定班輪公司的船一般要定期掛靠的港口。大多數(shù)為位于中心的較大口岸，港口設(shè)備條件比較好，貨載多而穩(wěn)定。規(guī)定為基本港口就不再限制貨量。運(yùn)往基本港口的貨物一般均為直達(dá)運(yùn)輸，無(wú)需中途轉(zhuǎn)船。但有時(shí)也因貨量太少，船方

4、決定中途轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)，由船方自行安排，承擔(dān)轉(zhuǎn)船費(fèi)用。按基本港口運(yùn)費(fèi)率向貨方收取運(yùn)費(fèi)，不得加收轉(zhuǎn)船附加費(fèi)或直航附加費(fèi)。并應(yīng)簽發(fā)直達(dá)提單。 （2）非基本港(Non-Base Port) 凡基本港口以外的港口都稱(chēng)為非基本港口。非基本港口一般除按基本港口收費(fèi)外，還需另外加收轉(zhuǎn)船附加費(fèi)。達(dá)到一定貨量時(shí)則改為加收直航附加費(fèi)。例如新幾內(nèi)亞航線(xiàn)的侯尼阿臘港(HONIARA)，便是所羅門(mén)群島的基本港口；而基埃塔港(KIETA)，則是非基本港口。運(yùn)往基埃塔港口的貨物運(yùn)費(fèi)率要在侯尼阿臘運(yùn)費(fèi)率的基礎(chǔ)上增加轉(zhuǎn)船附加費(fèi)43.00美元(USD)/FT。,The classification of port,港口按用途(applic

5、ation)分，有商港、軍港、漁港、避風(fēng)港等； 商港（commercial port） 軍港（naval port OR military harbour） 漁港（fishing port） 避風(fēng)港（haven）,The classification of port,按所處位置(Location)分，有河口港、海港和河港等 河口港（estuary harbour） 位于河流入?？诨蚴艹毕绊懙暮涌诙蝺?nèi)，可兼為海船和河船服務(wù)。一般有大城市作依托，水陸交通便利，內(nèi)河水道往往深入內(nèi)地廣闊的經(jīng)濟(jì)腹地，承擔(dān)大量的貨流量，故世界上許多大港都建在河口附近，如鹿特丹港、倫敦港、紐約港、列寧格勒港、上海港等。河

6、口港的特點(diǎn)是，碼頭設(shè)施沿河岸布置，離海不遠(yuǎn)而又不需建防波堤，如岸線(xiàn)長(zhǎng)度不夠，可增設(shè)挖入式港池。,Introduction,海港（harbour） 位于海岸、海灣或?yàn)a湖內(nèi)，也有離開(kāi)海岸建在深水海面上的。位于開(kāi)敞海面岸邊或天然掩護(hù)不足的海灣內(nèi)的港口，通常須修建相當(dāng)規(guī)模的防波堤，如大連港、青島港、連云港、基隆港、意大利的熱那亞港等。供巨型油輪或礦石船靠泊的單點(diǎn)或多點(diǎn)系泊碼頭和島式碼頭屬于無(wú)掩護(hù)的外海海港，如利比亞的卜拉加港、黎巴嫩的西頓港等。瀉湖被天然沙嘴完全或部分隔開(kāi)，開(kāi)挖運(yùn)河或拓寬、浚深航道后，可在瀉湖岸邊建港，如廣西北海港。也有完全靠天然掩護(hù)的大型海港，如東京港、香港港、澳大利亞的悉尼港等。,

7、Introduction,河港（river port） 位于天然河流或人工運(yùn)河上的港口，包括湖泊港和水庫(kù)港。湖泊港和水庫(kù)港水面寬闊，有時(shí)風(fēng)浪較大，因此同海港有許多相似處，如往往需修建防波堤等。蘇聯(lián)古比雪夫、齊姆良斯克等大型水庫(kù)上的港口和中國(guó)洪澤湖上的小型港口均屬此類(lèi),The constitutes of a port,水域（water area） 水域:通常包括進(jìn)港航道、錨泊地和港池。 進(jìn)港航道(approach channel) 錨泊地（anchoring berth OR anchorage area） 港池（dock basin）,進(jìn)港航道(approach channel) 進(jìn)港航道要

8、保證船舶安全方便地進(jìn)出港口，必須有足夠的深度和寬度、適當(dāng)?shù)奈恢?、方向和彎道曲率半徑，避免?qiáng)烈的橫風(fēng)、橫流和嚴(yán)重淤積，盡量降低航道的開(kāi)辟和維護(hù)費(fèi)用。當(dāng)港口位于深水岸段，低潮或低水位時(shí)天然水深已足夠船舶航行需要時(shí)，無(wú)須人工開(kāi)挖航道，但要標(biāo)志出船舶出入港口的最安全方便路線(xiàn)。如果不能滿(mǎn)足上述條件并要求船舶隨時(shí)都能進(jìn)出港口，則須開(kāi)挖人工航道。人工航道分單向航道和雙向航道。大型船舶的航道寬度為80300米，小型船舶的為5060米。,錨泊地（anchoring berth OR anchorage area） 錨泊地指有天然掩護(hù)或人工掩護(hù)條件能抵御強(qiáng)風(fēng)浪的水域，船舶可在此錨泊、等待靠泊碼頭或離開(kāi)港口。如果港

9、口缺乏深水碼頭泊位，也可在此進(jìn)行船轉(zhuǎn)船的水上裝卸作業(yè)。內(nèi)河駁船船隊(duì)還可在此進(jìn)行編、解隊(duì)和換拖(輪)作業(yè)。,港池（dock basin） 港池指直接和港口陸域毗連，供船舶靠離碼頭、臨時(shí)停舶和調(diào)頭的水域。港池按構(gòu)造形式分，有開(kāi)敞式港池、封閉式港池和挖入式港池。港池尺度應(yīng)根據(jù)船舶尺度、船舶靠離碼頭方式、水流和風(fēng)向的影響及調(diào)頭水域布置等確定。開(kāi)敞式港池內(nèi)不設(shè)閘門(mén)或船閘，水面隨水位變化而升降。封閉式港池池內(nèi)設(shè)有閘門(mén)或船閘，用以控制水位，適用于潮差較大的地區(qū)。挖入式港池在岸地上開(kāi)挖而成，多用于岸線(xiàn)長(zhǎng)度不足，地形條件適宜的地方。,陸域（land area） 指港口供貨物裝卸、堆存、轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)和旅客集散之用的陸地面

10、積。陸域上有進(jìn)港陸上通道（鐵路、道路、運(yùn)輸管道等）、碼頭前方裝卸作業(yè)區(qū)和港口后方區(qū)。前方裝卸作業(yè)區(qū)供分配貨物，布置碼頭前沿鐵路、道路、裝卸機(jī)械設(shè)備和快速周轉(zhuǎn)貨物的倉(cāng)庫(kù)或堆場(chǎng)(前方庫(kù)場(chǎng))及候船大廳等之用。港口后方區(qū)供布置港內(nèi)鐵路、道路、較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間堆存貨物的倉(cāng)庫(kù)或堆場(chǎng)（后方庫(kù)場(chǎng)）、港口附屬設(shè)施（車(chē)庫(kù)、停車(chē)場(chǎng)、機(jī)具修理車(chē)間、工具房、變電站、消防站等）以及行政、服務(wù)房屋等。為減少港口陸域面積，港內(nèi)可不設(shè)后方庫(kù)場(chǎng)。,The equipment of a port,陸上設(shè)備包括間歇作業(yè)的裝卸機(jī)械設(shè)備（門(mén)座式、輪胎式、汽車(chē)式、橋式及集裝箱起重機(jī)、卸車(chē)機(jī)等）、連續(xù)作業(yè)的裝卸機(jī)械設(shè)備（帶式輸送機(jī)、斗式提升機(jī)、壓縮

11、空氣和水力輸送式裝置及泵站等）、供電照明設(shè)備、通訊設(shè)備、給水排水設(shè)備、防火設(shè)備等。港內(nèi)陸上運(yùn)輸機(jī)械設(shè)備包括火車(chē)、載重汽車(chē)、自行式搬運(yùn)車(chē)及管道輸送設(shè)備等。水上裝卸運(yùn)輸機(jī)械設(shè)備包括起重船、拖輪、駁船及其他港口作業(yè)船、水下輸送管道等。,Technical feature,主要有港口水深、碼頭泊位數(shù)、碼頭線(xiàn)長(zhǎng)度、港口陸域高程等 港口水深(harbour depth) 碼頭泊位數(shù)(Number of berth) 碼頭線(xiàn)長(zhǎng)度(Terminal line length) 港口陸域高程(land area elevation),Addition,水工建筑物（hydraulic structure） 一般包括

12、防波堤、碼頭、修船和造船水工建筑物。進(jìn)出港船舶的導(dǎo)航設(shè)施（航標(biāo)、燈塔等）和港區(qū)護(hù)岸也屬于港口水工建筑物的范圍。 防波堤（breakwater） 碼頭（wharf） 修船和造船水工建筑物（hydraulic structure of Ship repairing and shipbuilding ） 航標(biāo)（navigation mark） 燈塔（Lighthouse OR beacon） 港區(qū)護(hù)岸（Port revetment）,碼頭（wharf）,供船舶?？?、裝卸貨物和上下旅客的水工建筑物。廣泛采用的是直立式碼頭，便于船舶?？亢蜋C(jī)械直接開(kāi)到碼頭前沿，以提高裝卸效率。內(nèi)河水位差大的地區(qū)也可采用斜

13、坡式碼頭，斜坡道前方設(shè)有躉船作碼頭使用；這種碼頭由于裝卸環(huán)節(jié)多，機(jī)械難于靠近碼頭前沿，裝卸效率低。在水位差較小的河流、湖泊中和受天然或人工掩護(hù)的海港港池內(nèi)也可采用浮碼頭，借助活動(dòng)引橋把躉船與岸連接起來(lái)，這種碼頭一般用做客運(yùn)碼頭、卸魚(yú)碼頭、輪渡碼頭以及其他輔助碼頭。,碼頭結(jié)構(gòu)形式有重力式、高樁式和板樁式。主要根據(jù)使用要求、自然條件和施工條件綜合考慮確定。 重力式碼頭?？拷ㄖ镒灾睾徒Y(jié)構(gòu)范圍的填料重量保持穩(wěn)定，結(jié)構(gòu)整體性好，堅(jiān)固耐用，損壞后易于修復(fù)，有整體砌筑式和預(yù)制裝配式，適用于較好的地基。 高樁碼頭。由基樁和上部結(jié)構(gòu)組成，樁的下部打入土中，上部高出水面，上部結(jié)構(gòu)有梁板式、無(wú)梁大板式、框架式和承

14、臺(tái)式等。高樁碼頭屬透空式結(jié)構(gòu)，波浪和水流可在碼頭平面以下通過(guò)，對(duì)波浪不發(fā)生反射，不影響泄洪，并可減少淤積，適用于軟土地基。近年來(lái)廣泛采用長(zhǎng)樁、大跨結(jié)構(gòu)，并逐步用大型預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土管柱或鋼管柱代替斷面較小的樁，而成為管柱碼頭。 板樁碼頭。由板樁墻和錨碇設(shè)施組成，并借助板樁和錨碇設(shè)施承受地面使用荷載和墻后填土產(chǎn)生的側(cè)壓力。板樁碼頭結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，施工速度快，除特別堅(jiān)硬或過(guò)于軟弱的地基外，均可采用，但結(jié)構(gòu)整體性和耐久性較差。,鹿特丹港（rotterdam port）,Rotterdam is the second-largest city in the Netherlands and one of the

15、largest ports in the world. Starting as a dam（大壩） constructed in 1270 on the Rotte River, Rotterdam has grown into a major international commercial centre（商業(yè)中心）. Its strategic（戰(zhàn)略的） location at the Rhine（萊茵河）-Meuse（墨茲河）-Scheldt（斯凱爾特河） delta（三角洲） on the North Sea and at the heart of a massive（大規(guī)模） rai

16、l, road, air and inland waterway distribution system extending throughout Europe is the reason that Rotterdam is often called the “Gateway to Europe“. In the province of South Holland, Rotterdam is in the west of Netherlands and the south of the Randstad. The population of the city was 616,250 on Fe

17、bruary 1, 2012. The population of the greater Rotterdam area, called “Rotterdam-Rijnmond（地區(qū)）“ or just “Rijnmond“, is approximately 1.3 million. Rotterdam is one of Europes most vibrant, multicultural cities; known for its university (Erasmus), cutting-edge（尖端） architecture, lively cultural life, str

18、iking riverside setting, its maritime heritage（傳統(tǒng)） and the Rotterdam Blitz（閃電）. The largest port in Europe and one of the busiest ports in the world, the port of Rotterdam was the worlds busiest port from 1962 to 2004, when it was surpassed by Shanghai. Rotterdams commercial and strategic importance

19、 is based on its location near the mouth of the Nieuwe Maas (New Meuse), a channel in the delta formed by the Rhine and Meuse on the North Sea. These rivers lead directly into the centre of Europe, including the industrial Ruhr region（魯爾區(qū)）. Rotterdam is currently bidding（投標(biāo)） to host the 2018 Summer

20、Youth Olympics.,Beautiful rotterdam,The Erasmus Bridge across the Meuse,Flag,Location of Rotterdam,南安普頓港口（Southampton port）,The Port of Southampton is a major passenger and cargo port located in the central part of the south coast of England. It benefits from a sheltered location(掩蔽位置), unique “doub

21、le tides（晝夜工作）“, close proximity（極其的） to the motorway network(高速公路網(wǎng)絡(luò)) and good rail links. Owned and operated by Associated British Ports since 1982, the port is the busiest cruise terminal and second largest container port in the UK.The port is located ten miles (16 km) inland, between the confluen

22、ce（匯流處） of the rivers Test and Itchen and the head of the mile wide inlet , known as Southampton Water. The mouth of the inlet is protected from the effects of foul weather（壞天氣）by the mass of the Isle of Wight（懷特島）, which gives the port an advantageous sheltered location. Additional advantages inclu

23、de a densely populated hinterland（人口稠密的腹地） and close proximity to London, and excellent（優(yōu)秀的）rail and road links to the rest of Britain which, however, bypass（分流） the congestion(擁擠) of London.,南安普頓港口（Southampton port）,The average tidal range（平均潮差） is approximately 5 feet , with 17 hours per day of ri

24、sing water thanks to（由于）the ports “double tides“. These allow the largest container and cruise ships access to the port for up to（多達(dá)） 80 percent of the time, according to the container terminal operator DP World Southampton. A common misconception（常識(shí)錯(cuò)誤） is that the double tide is caused by one tide（

25、潮汐）coming up each side of the Isle of Wight. However, the effect is actually caused as a result of tidal flow through the English Channel. High tide at one end of the Channel (Dover) occurs at the same time as low tide at the other end (Lands End). Points near the centre have one high water as the t

26、idal swell（隆起） goes from left to right, another as it then goes from right to left, making two for each one at either end, neither as high as the one at each end,Beautiful Southampton,The United Kingdom,Location,The Port of Karachi is one of the South Asia s largest and busiest seaport, handling abo

27、ut 60% of the nations cargo (25 million tons per annum(每年) located in karachi Pakistan. It is located between the Karachi towns of Kiamari and Saddar, close to the main business district and several industrial areas. The geographic position（地理位置） of the port places it in close proximity（臨近） to major

28、 shipping routes such as the Strait of Hormuz（霍爾木茲海峽）. The administration（管理） of the port is carried out by the Karachi Port Trust（卡拉奇港務(wù)局）, which was established in the nineteenth century.,The Port of Karachi(卡拉奇港口),About Karachi,Type of harbor：Natural,Size of harbor 11 km (6.8 mi),Available berths

29、（泊位） 30,Wharfs 2,Annual cargo tonnage（年貨運(yùn)量） 25 million Metric tons（公噸）,Annual container volume 2.3 million TEUs,Port of Miami （邁阿密港）,The Dante B. Fascell Port of Miami is a seaport located in Biscayne Bay （比斯坎灣）in Miami, Florida, United States. It is connected to Downtown Miami by Port Boulevard（大馬路

30、）, a bridge over the Intracoastal Waterway（近岸內(nèi)航道）. The port is located on Dodge Island（道奇島）, which is the combination of three historic islands（歷史性島嶼） (Dodge, Lummus and Sams Islands) that have since been combined into one. It is named in honor of（向致敬） Florida Congressman Dante Fascell. As of 2011,

31、the Port of Miami accounts for 176,000 jobs and has an annual economic impact（經(jīng)濟(jì)影響） in Miami of $18 billion. It is the 11th largest cargo container port in the United States. In 2010, a record 4.33 million passengers traveled through the Port of Miami. One in seven of all the worlds cruise passenger

32、s start from Miami,Hot Miami,A erial view（鳥(niǎo)瞰圖） of the Port of Miami,The United States,Type of harbor Natural/Artificial,Port Director Bill Johnson,Vessel arrivals 2,489,Annual cargo tonnage 7.42 million,Passenger traffic（客流量） 4.33 million,Annual revenue $94.70 million,The Port of Houston（休斯敦港）,The P

33、ort of Houston is a port in Houston the fourth-largest port in the United States. The Port is a 25-mile-long complex of diversified public and private facilities（多元化的公共和私人設(shè)施） located a few hours sailing time from the Gulf of Mexico. It is the busiest port in the United States in terms of foreign ton

34、nage, second-busiest in the United States in terms of overall tonnage, and thirteenth-busiest in the world. Though originally（起初） the ports terminals were primarily（主要地） within the Houston city limits, the port has expanded to such a degree that today it has facilities in multiple（數(shù)量眾多的） communities

35、 in the surrounding area. In particular（尤其） the ports busiest terminal, the Barbours Cut Terminal, is located in Morgans Point. The Port of Houston is a cooperative entity（合營(yíng)實(shí)體） consisting of both the port authority, which operates the major terminals along the Houston Ship Channel, and more than 15

36、0 private（私人的） companies situated along Buffalo Bayou and Galveston Bay.Many petroleum（石油） corporations have built refineries（精煉廠(chǎng)） along the channel where they are partially protected from the threat of major storms in the Gulf of Mexico. The petrochemical complex associated with the Port of Houston

37、 is one of the largest in the world.,Glaring Houston,Logo of the Port of Houston Authority,Type of harbor Artificial / natural,Number of cargo container terminals（貨運(yùn)集裝箱碼頭） 2,Number of major general cargo terminals（大雜貨碼頭） 5,Port Metro Vancouver （溫哥華港）,Port Metro Vancouver is a non-shareholder（股票持有人）,

38、 financially（財(cái)政上） self-sufficient （自給自足）corporation, established by the Government of Canada in January 2008, pursuant to（根據(jù)） the Canada Marine Act, and accountable（有責(zé)任的） to the federal Minister of Transport（聯(lián)邦交通運(yùn)輸部部長(zhǎng)）. It is the principal authority（主要權(quán)威） for shipping and port-related land and sea u

39、se in the Metro Vancouver region（地區(qū)；范圍）. In 2010, it was the largest port by tonnage in Canada and the fourth largest in North America.,gorgeous Vancouver,Founded Amalgamation January 1, 2008,Former authorities（前政府） prior to amalgamation - Port of Vancouver - North Fraser Port Authority - Fraser Riv

40、er Port Authority,Major marine terminals 28, including automobile（汽車(chē)） (2), breakbulk （雜貨）(2), bulk （散裝）(19), containers (4) and cruise (2),Annual container volume 2.2 million TEU,Annual cargo tonnage 102 million metric revenue tons,Cruise traffic 898,473 passengers256 sailings,President and CEO Robi

41、n Silvester,The Port of Montreal（蒙特利爾港）,The Port of Montreal, is a port located in Montreal, Quebec, （魁北克）Canada, on the St Lawrence river. It is one of the largest inland ports in the world, it is the second busiest port in Canada, and it is one of the busiest ports in North America. It is also the

42、 entry point to other major cities such as Toronto, Detroit and Cleveland. It handles 26,000,000 tonnes (28,660,094 short tons; 25,589,370 long tons) of cargo annually. It remains a trans-shipment point for grain, sugar, petroleum products, machinery, and consumer goods（生活消費(fèi)品）. For this reason, Mont

43、real is also the railway hub of Canada.In 1964, the Canadian Coast Guard began to use icebreakers（破冰船） to keep the navigation channel open, first and foremost（首要的） as an environmental measure designed to protect riverside communities from spring floods caused by ice jams（冰塞）, but also allowing winte

44、r navigation in the port.The port is preparing to build and operate a new $500-million (U.S.) container facility, and has opened an office in Chicago to promote its advantages in serving the U.S. Midwest,Hello Montreal！,Major marine terminals 4,Vessel arrivals 2,039 (FY 2010),Annual container volume

45、 1,331,351 twenty-foot equivalent units (TEU),Annual cargo tonnage 25,919,667 t (28,571,542 short tons; 25,510,305 long tons) revenue tons,Cruisetraffic 40,142 passengers,President and CEO Sylvie Vachon,Limassol （利馬索爾）,Limassol or Lemesos is the second-largest city in Cyprus, with a population of 23

46、5,056(2011). It is the largest city in geographical size（地理大?。? and the biggest municipality on the island. The city is located on Akrotiri Bay, on the islands southern coast and it is the capital of Limassol District.Limassol is the biggest Cypriot port in the Mediterranean transit trade（過(guò)境貿(mào)易）. It

47、has also become one of the most important tourism, trade and service-providing centres in the area. Limassol is renowned for its long cultural tradition, and is home to the Cyprus University of Technology. A wide spectrum（范圍） of activities and a number of museums and archaeological sites（考古遺址） are a

48、vailable to the interested visitor. Consequently（因此）, Limassol attracts a wide range of tourists mostly during an extended summer season to be accommodated in a wide range of hotels and apartments. A large marina（碼頭） is currently being constructed near the old town.Limassol was built between two anc

49、ient cities, Amathus and Kourion, so during Byzantine rule（拜占庭規(guī)則） it was known as Neapolis (new town). Limassols tourist strip（旅游帶） now runs east along the coast as far as Amathus（可見(jiàn)）. To the west of the city is the Akrotiri Sovereign Base Area, part of the British Overseas Territory of Akrotiri and

50、 Dhekelia.,star-studded Limassol,View of the port,Location,Flag of the area,Population 235,056,The Port of Barcelona（巴塞羅那港）,The Port of Barcelona has a 2000-year history and great contemporary（當(dāng)代） commercial importance. It is Catalonia（加泰羅尼亞）s largest port, vying with（和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)） Tarragona(塔納戈拉), and Europ

51、es ninth largest container port, with a trade volume of 2.57 million TEUs in 2008. It is also one of the most important ports in the Mediterranean. The port is managed by the Port Authority of Barcelona. Its 7.86 km2are divided into three zones: Port Vell (the Old Port), the commercial/industrial po

52、rt and the logistics（后勤） port (Barcelona Free Port). The port is undergoing（經(jīng)歷） an enlargement（擴(kuò)大） that will double its size by diverting（使轉(zhuǎn)移） the mouth of the Llobregat river 2 km to the south,and slightly pushing back the Llobregat Delta Nature Reserve（自然保護(hù)區(qū)）.,passionate Barcelona,View of the Port

53、 of Barcelona,Land area 10.653 square kilometres,Vessel arrivals 8,182 vessels,Annual cargo tonnage 41,968,000 tonnes,Annual container volume 1,945,733 TEUs,Passenger traffic 1,096,515 - total,flag,Vishakhapatnam（ 維沙卡帕特）,Visakhapatnam is a port city on the southeast coast of India. With a population

54、 of 1,730,520, it is the second-largest city in the state of Andhra Pradesh (after Hyderabad（海德拉巴）) and the third-largest city on the east coast (after Chennai（金奈） and Kolkata（加爾各答）). Visakhapatnam is located 625 kilometres east of the state capital, Hyderabad. The city is home to several state-owne

55、d heavy industries and a steel plant（鋼鐵廠(chǎng)）; it is one of Indias largest seaports and has the countrys oldest shipyard. Visakhapatnam has the only natural harbour on the east coast of India. The city was named after（以命名） Visakha, the Hindu god of valor（印度勇猛之神）. It is nestled among（坐落在） the hills of th

56、e Eastern Ghats（東高止山脈） and faces the Bay of Bengal on the east. Visakhapatnam is the administrative headquarters of Visakhapatnam district and headquarters of the Eastern Naval Command of the Indian Navy. Visakhapatnam has a nickname The City of Destiny2 and, more recently, the Goa of the East Coast

57、. Like its west-coast counterpart it offers attractive beaches, laterite hillocks and a pleasing landscape. It is also a focus of urban and tourist development.,silent Vishakhapatnam,Aerial view of Visakhapatnam,Nickname: The City of Destiny,Area Total 544 km2,Elevation（海拔） 5 m,Population Total 1,73

58、0,320 Density 3,240/km2,The flag of India,Port of Piraeus（比雷埃夫斯港）,Piraeus is a port city in the region of Attica（阿提卡）, Greece. Piraeus is located within the Athens Urban Area（城市地區(qū)）,12 km southwest from its city center (municipality（市區(qū)） of Athens), and lies along the east coast of the Saronic Gulf（塞隆

59、尼克灣）.According to the 2001 census（人口普查）, Piraeus had a population of 175,697 people within its administrative limits（行政限制）, making it the third largest municipality in Greece and the second largest within the urban area of the Greek capital（希臘首都）, following the municipality of Athens. The municipali

60、ty of Piraeus and several other suburban municipalities（郊區(qū)） within the regional unit of Piraeus form the wider Piraeus Urban Area or Greater Piraeus, with a total population of 466,065.,Port of Piraeus（比雷埃夫斯港）,Piraeus has a long recorded history, dating to ancient Greece. The city was largely develo

61、ped in the early 5th century BC（公元前）, when it was selected to serve as the port city of classical Athens and was transformed into a prototype harbour（原型港口）, concentrating all the import（進(jìn)口） and transit trade（過(guò)境貿(mào)易） of Athens. Consequently（因此）, it became the chief harbour of ancient Greece, but declin

62、ed（衰退） gradually after the 4th century AD, growing once more in the 19th century, especially after Athens declaration（宣言） as the capital of Greece. In the modern era, Piraeus is a large city, bustling（繁華的） with activity and an integral part（主要部分） of Athens, acting as home to the countrys biggest har

63、bour and bearing all the characteristics of a huge marine and commercial-industrial centre. The port of Piraeus is the chief port in Greece, the largest passenger port in Europe and the third largest in the world,servicing about 20 million passengers annually. With a throughput of 1.4 million TEUs,

64、Piraeus is placed among the first ten ports in container traffic in Europe and the top container port in the Eastern Mediterranean.The city hosted events（活動(dòng)；事項(xiàng)） in both the 1896 and 2004 Summer Olympics held in Athens.,graceful Piraeus,View of Mikrolimano, Piraeus,Population: 466,065,- Area: 50.417

65、km2,- Density:9,244 /km2,Port of Dover （多佛港）,The Port of Dover is the cross-channel port（跨海峽港口） situated（位于） in Dover, Kent（肯特）, south-east England. It is the nearest English port to France, at just 34 kilometres away, and one of Europes largest passenger ports, with 16 million travellers, 2.1 milli

66、on lorries（卡車(chē)）, 2.8 million cars and motorcycles and 86,000 coaches（車(chē)廂） passing through it each year, with an annual turnover（年?duì)I業(yè)額） of 58.5 million a year.The port has been owned and operated by the Dover Harbour Board, a statutory（法定的） corporation, since it was formed by Royal Charter（皇家憲章） in 1606 by James . Most of the board members are appointees of the Department of Transport（交通部）.The port has its own private police force（