《英語句子成分及結(jié)構(gòu)解析.ppt》由會員分享,可在線閱讀,更多相關(guān)《英語句子成分及結(jié)構(gòu)解析.ppt(38頁珍藏版)》請在裝配圖網(wǎng)上搜索。
1、英語句子成分及結(jié)構(gòu)解析,、英語句子成分介紹,英語的基本成分有七種:_和_,主語(subject)、,謂語(predicate)、,表語(predicative)、,賓語(object)、,定語(attribute)、,狀語(adverbial),補(bǔ)語(complement)。,()、主語:主語(subject) 是一個句子的主題( theme), 是句子所述說的主體。它的位置一般在一句之首??捎米髦髡Z的有單詞、短語、從句。,1名詞作主語。 2代詞用作主語。 3不定式用作主語(常用it 作形式主語) 4 動名詞用作主語 5. 從句用作主語。,Jane is good at playing the
2、 piano. She went out in a hurry. To see is to believe. Smoking is bad for health. What he has said is true.,(二)謂語,謂語(predicate) 或謂語動詞(predicate verb) 的位置一般在主語之后。謂語由簡單動詞或動詞短語(助動詞或情態(tài)動詞主要動詞)構(gòu)成。 1由簡單的動詞構(gòu)成。 2由動詞短語構(gòu)成的謂語。 注意:謂語動詞要與主語的人稱和數(shù)一致。,簡單謂語:由動詞或動詞詞組組成 I saw the flag on the top of the hill? He looked
3、after two orphans. 復(fù)合謂語 由情態(tài)動詞或助動詞+動詞; He can speak English well.,(三)表語,表語的功能是表述主語的特征、狀態(tài)等??梢宰鞅碚Z的詞有:名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、動名詞、分詞、介詞短語、從句等。 補(bǔ)充: 能做系動詞的實義動詞: come , go , run, turn ,get , become , keep , stay , make (表變化的動詞) fell,sound ,smell , look , taste (感觀動詞) 3. seem, appear (似乎,好像),The war was over. T
4、hey seem to know the truth. Time is precious. Im not quite myself today. Who was the first? He is out of condition. The book is what I need.,(四)賓語,賓語(object)在句中主要充當(dāng)動作的承受者,因此一般皆置于及物動詞之后。如: Eg: Our team beat all the others. 我們的球隊打敗了所有其他球隊。 可以用作賓語的有:名詞、代詞、不定式、動名詞、從句等.,I like my job. I love you.,He want
5、ed to leave here. They enjoyed playing computer games.,(四)賓語,擴(kuò)展: 賓語中有些動詞需要兩個同等的賓語,即直接賓語(direct object)與間接賓語(indirect object)。直接賓語一般指動作的承受者,間接賓語指動作所向的或所為的人和物(多指人),常用的有:answer, bring, buy, do, find, get, give, hand, keep, leave, lend, make, offer, owe, pass, pay, play, promise, read, save, sell, send,
6、 show, sing, take 等,間接賓語一般須與直接賓語連用,通常放在直接賓語之前。如:I have found him a place. 我給他找到了一個職位。,.please pass me the book. .He bought me some flowers. . I give lessons to my students.,(五)補(bǔ)語,補(bǔ)語(complement)是一種補(bǔ)足主語和賓語的意義的句子成分。補(bǔ)足主語意義的句子成分叫做主語補(bǔ)語(subject complement),補(bǔ)足賓語意義的句子成分叫做賓語補(bǔ)語(object complement). 可以用做賓語補(bǔ)語的有名詞
7、、形容詞、不定式、動名詞、分詞、介詞短語等,賓語補(bǔ)足語,I found the book interesting. Do you smell something burning? He made himself known to them. She asked me to lend her a hand. Please make yourself at home. Please keep the dog out. We must keep it a secret.,(六)定語,定語是修飾或限定名詞或代詞。 可用作定語的有:形容詞、名詞、代詞、不定式、動名詞、分詞、從句等。,定語,He is a
8、 clever boy. His father works in a steel work. He bought some sleeping pills. There is a sleeping baby in bed. His spoken language is good. I met a friend on my way home.,(形容詞),(名詞),(動名詞),(現(xiàn)在分詞),(過去分詞),(副詞),(七)同位語,同謂語通常皆放在其說明的名詞(代詞)之后。對前面的名詞、代詞做進(jìn)一步的解釋。 1名詞 2Of 短語用作同謂語,(八)狀語,1、狀語(adverbial)是修飾動詞、形容詞、
9、副詞以及全句的句子成分。 2可用作狀語的有副詞、不定式、分詞、從句等。 副詞最常用作狀語,位置比較靈活,可置句末、句首和句中。 He speaks the language badly but read it well. 這種語言,他講得不好,但閱讀能力很強(qiáng)。 Naturally we expect hotel guests to lock their doors. 我們期望旅館的旅客把房門鎖上。,(八)狀語,3狀語按用途來分,可以分為時間、地點、方式、原因、結(jié)果、目的、條件、讓步、程度、方式、伴隨等 。,I will be back in a while. They are playing
10、on the playground. He was late because he got up late. He got up so late that I missed the train.,(8)狀語,用于修飾形容詞,副詞,動詞,介詞短語或句子.可表示時間,地點,原因,結(jié)果,目的,方式,伴隨,條件,程度,讓步,頻率等. I will be back in a while. They are playing on the playground. He was late because he got up late. He got up so late that I missed the t
11、rain.,1. I met my best friend Tom at the station yesterday., 主語, 謂 語, 定語, 賓 語, 同位語, 狀 語,二、句子的基本句型結(jié)構(gòu),由主語、謂語動詞、表語、賓語、賓語補(bǔ)足語等句子成分,按不同方式可組合成五種基本句型:(句子成分的表示方法: S: Subject主語; V: Verb動詞; O: Object賓語; P: Predicative表語; OC: Object Complement賓語補(bǔ)足語; InO: Indirect Object間接賓語; DO:Dir ect Object 直接賓語),第一種:S+V (主語+
12、謂語動詞) 第二種:S+V+O (主語+謂語動詞+賓語) 第三種:S+V+P (主語+連系動詞+表語) 第四種:S+V+InO+DO (主語+及物動詞+間接賓語+直接賓語) 第五種:S+V+O+OC (主語+及物動詞+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)語),1 、第一種句型:主語+不及物動詞(S+V) 主語一般在句首。謂語一般在主語之后。該句型所用動詞都是不及物動詞,其后當(dāng)然不能接賓語,但是可以用狀語修飾謂語動詞或整 個句子。,1. The sunrose. 2. Who cares? 3. What he said does not matter. 4. They talked for half an hour.
13、 5. The pen writes smoothly,此句型的句子有一個共同特點,即句子的謂語動詞 都能表達(dá)完整的意思。這類動詞叫做不及物動詞, 后面可以跟副詞、介詞短語、狀語從句等。,2 第二種句型:主語+及物動詞+賓語(S+V+O) 該句型所用動詞都是及物動詞。注意:一些不及物動詞之后加上介詞就可以具有及物動詞的功能,其后就可以接賓語了。這一類詞組有: listen to 聽; look at 看; look after 照看; turn on 打開;turn off 關(guān)上;look for 尋找; live on 以為生; put on 穿上; hand in 上交; pick up
14、撿起; belong to屬于; arrive at/in 到達(dá)等。,1. Who knows the answer? 2. He has refused to help them. 3. He enjoys reading. 4. He said “Good morning.“ 5. He admits that he was mistaken.,3 第三種句型:主語+連系動詞+表語(S+V+P) 此句型的句子有一個共同的特點:句子謂語動詞都不能表達(dá)一個完整的意思,必須加上一個表明主語身份或狀態(tài)的表語,才能表達(dá)完整的意思。這類動詞叫做連系動詞。連系動詞的后面必須接表語,說明主語的情況和狀態(tài)。
15、通??勺鞅碚Z的是名詞或形容詞。 注意:下列動詞在表示狀態(tài)的存在和變化時,也可以作連系動詞使用 : look 看起來; smell 聞起來;sound 聽起來;taste 嘗起來; feel 感覺; keep 保持; grow/go/get/turn變得。,系動詞分兩類:be, look, keep, seem等,表情況;get, grow, become, turn等屬另一類,表變化。 be 本身沒有什么意義,只起連系主語和表語的作用。其它系動詞仍保持其部分詞義。,感官動詞多可用作連系動詞:look well/面色好, sound nice/聽起來不錯,feel good/感覺好,smell
16、bad/難聞,1. This is an English-Chinese dictionary. 2. The dinner smells good. 3. He fell in love. 4. Everything looks different. 5. He is growing tall and strong. 6. Our well has gone dry. 7. His face turned red.,*There be 結(jié)構(gòu): There be 表示存在有。這里的there沒有實際意義,不可與副詞there那里混淆。 此結(jié)構(gòu)后跟名詞,表示(存在)有某事物,試比較:There
17、is a boy there.(那兒有一個男孩。) 前一個there無實意,后一個there為副詞那里。,4 第四種句型:主語+及物動詞+間接賓語+直接賓語(S+V+InO+DO) (1)賓語分直接賓語和間接賓語。直接賓語是及物動詞的直接對象,通常由名詞或代詞 的賓格擔(dān)任。 (2)通常情況下,間接賓語位于直接賓語的前面,但有時根據(jù)強(qiáng)調(diào)需要,間接賓語位于直接 賓語之后,這時要在間接賓語前加to或for。 I give him a book=I give a book to him.,要求雙賓語(直接賓語和間接賓語)的動詞,直接賓語提前,動詞后加to或for,現(xiàn)歸納如下,后面加to的動詞: giv
18、e 給 tell 告訴 bring 帶來 send 寄,送 hand 交給 read 讀 pass 遞給 lend 借給 return 把還給 throw 扔給 leave 留給 promise 許諾,答應(yīng) refuse 拒絕,后面加for的動詞: get 得到 make 制造,做 buy 買 do 做 play 演奏 order 命令 sing 唱歌 pay 為而付錢 簡單句的五種基本句型口訣 英語句子萬萬千,五大句型把線牽。句型種類為動詞,后接什么是關(guān)鍵;vt.又可分三類,單賓雙賓最常見;還有賓語補(bǔ)足語,各種搭配記心間。,She ordered herself a new dress. 2
19、. He brought you a dictionary. 3. I showed him my pictures. 4. I told him that the bus was late. 5. He showed me how to run the machine.,5 第五種句型:主語+及物動詞+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)語 (S+V(及物動詞)+O+OC),(1)有些及物動詞,只接一個賓語不能表達(dá)完整的意思,還需要再加一個賓語的補(bǔ)語加以說 明 ,使意思完整。這樣的賓語和賓語補(bǔ)足語又稱為復(fù)合賓語,可以由名詞、形容詞和不定式來擔(dān)任。,5 第五種句型:主語+及物動詞+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)語 (S+V(及物動詞)
20、+O+OC),(2)一些使役性動詞如make, let, have和一些表示感官的動詞如see, watch, look at(notice, observe) hear, listen to, feel等,用不定式作賓語補(bǔ)語時,要省去“to”。但用于被動語態(tài)時,還要 加上“to”。,1. They painted the door green. 2. This set them thinking. 3. They found the house deserted. 4. He asked me to come back soon. 5. I saw them getting on the bus.,Thank you !,