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附錄1
驅(qū)動(dòng)橋橋殼是汽車上的主要零件之一，非斷開式驅(qū)動(dòng)橋的橋殼起著支承汽車荷重的作用，并將載荷傳給車輪．作用在驅(qū)動(dòng)車輪上的牽引力，制動(dòng)力、側(cè)向力和垂向力也是經(jīng)過橋殼傳到懸掛及車架或車廂上。因此橋殼既是承載件又是傳力件，同時(shí)它又是主減速器、差速器及驅(qū)動(dòng)車輪傳動(dòng)裝置(如半軸)的外殼。
在汽車行駛過程中，橋殼承受繁重的載荷，設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)必須考慮在動(dòng)載荷下橋殼有足夠的強(qiáng)度和剛度。為了減小汽車的簧下質(zhì)量以利于降低動(dòng)載荷、提高汽車的行駛平順性，在保證強(qiáng)度和剛度的前提下應(yīng)力求減小橋殼的質(zhì)量．橋殼還應(yīng)結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單、制造方便以利于降低成本。其結(jié)構(gòu)還應(yīng)保證主減速器的拆裝、調(diào)整、維修和保養(yǎng)方便。在選擇橋殼的結(jié)構(gòu)型式時(shí)，還應(yīng)考慮汽車的類型、使用要求、制造條件、材料供應(yīng)等。
橋殼的結(jié)構(gòu)型式
橋殼的結(jié)構(gòu)型式大致分為可分式、整體式。
可分式橋殼
可分式橋殼的整個(gè)橋殼由一個(gè)垂直接合面分為左右兩部分，每一部分均由一個(gè)鑄件殼體和一個(gè)壓入其外端的半軸套管組成。半軸套管與殼體用鉚釘聯(lián)接。在裝配主減速器及差速器后左右兩半橋殼是通過在中央接合面處的一圈螺栓聯(lián)成一個(gè)整體。其特點(diǎn)是橋殼制造工藝簡(jiǎn)單、主減速器軸承支承剛度好。但對(duì)主減速器的裝配、調(diào)整及維修都很不方便，橋殼的強(qiáng)度和剛度也比較低。過去這種所謂兩段可分式橋殼見于輕型汽車，由于上述缺點(diǎn)現(xiàn)已很少采用。
整體式橋殼
整體式橋殼的特點(diǎn)是將整個(gè)橋殼制成一個(gè)整體，橋殼猶如一整體的空心粱，其強(qiáng)度及剛度都比較好。且橋殼與主減速器殼分作兩體，主減速器齒輪及差速器均裝在獨(dú)立的主減速殼里，構(gòu)成單獨(dú)的總成，調(diào)整好以后再由橋殼中部前面裝入橋殼內(nèi)，并與橋殼用螺栓固定在一起。使主減速器和差速器的拆裝、調(diào)整、維修、保養(yǎng)等都十分方便。
整體式橋殼按其制造工藝的不同又可分為鑄造整體式、鋼板沖壓焊接式和鋼管擴(kuò)張成形式三種。
驅(qū)動(dòng)橋處于動(dòng)力傳動(dòng)系的末端，其基本功能是增大由傳動(dòng)軸或變速器傳來的轉(zhuǎn)矩,并將動(dòng)力合理地分配給左、右驅(qū)動(dòng)輪，另外還承受作用于路面和車架或車身之間的垂直力力和橫向力。驅(qū)動(dòng)橋一般由主減速器、差速器、車輪傳動(dòng)裝置和驅(qū)動(dòng)橋殼等組成。
驅(qū)動(dòng)橋設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)當(dāng)滿足如下基本要求：
（a）所選擇的主減速比應(yīng)能保證汽車具有最佳的動(dòng)力性和燃料經(jīng)濟(jì)性。
（b）外形尺寸要小，保證有必要的離地間隙。
（c）齒輪及其它傳動(dòng)件工作平穩(wěn)，噪聲小。
（d）在各種轉(zhuǎn)速和載荷下具有高的傳動(dòng)效率。
（e）在保證足夠的強(qiáng)度、剛度條件下，應(yīng)力求質(zhì)量小，尤其是簧下質(zhì)量應(yīng)盡量小，以改善汽車平順性。
（f）與懸架導(dǎo)向機(jī)構(gòu)運(yùn)動(dòng)協(xié)調(diào)，對(duì)于轉(zhuǎn)向驅(qū)動(dòng)橋，還應(yīng)與轉(zhuǎn)向機(jī)構(gòu)運(yùn)動(dòng)協(xié)調(diào)。
（g）結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，加工工藝性好，制造容易，拆裝，調(diào)整方便。
驅(qū)動(dòng)橋的結(jié)構(gòu)型式按工作特性分，可以歸并為兩大類，即非斷開式驅(qū)動(dòng)橋和斷開式驅(qū)動(dòng)橋。當(dāng)驅(qū)動(dòng)車輪采用非獨(dú)立懸架時(shí)，應(yīng)該選用非斷開式驅(qū)動(dòng)橋；當(dāng)驅(qū)動(dòng)車輪采用獨(dú)立懸架時(shí)，則應(yīng)該選用斷開式驅(qū)動(dòng)橋。因此，前者又稱為非獨(dú)立懸架驅(qū)動(dòng)橋；后者稱為獨(dú)立懸架驅(qū)動(dòng)橋。獨(dú)立懸架驅(qū)動(dòng)橋結(jié)構(gòu)叫復(fù)雜，但可以大大提高汽車在不平路面上的行駛平順性。
非斷開式驅(qū)動(dòng)橋
普通非斷開式驅(qū)動(dòng)橋，由于結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單、造價(jià)低廉、工作可靠，廣泛用在各種載貨汽車、客車和公共汽車上，在多數(shù)的越野汽車和部分轎車上也采用這種結(jié)構(gòu)。他們的具體結(jié)構(gòu)、特別是橋殼結(jié)構(gòu)雖然各不相同，但是有一個(gè)共同特點(diǎn)，即橋殼是一根支承在左右驅(qū)動(dòng)車輪上的剛性空心梁，齒輪及半軸等傳動(dòng)部件安裝在其中。這時(shí)整個(gè)驅(qū)動(dòng)橋、驅(qū)動(dòng)車輪及部分傳動(dòng)軸均屬于簧下質(zhì)量，汽車簧下質(zhì)量較大，這是它的一個(gè)缺點(diǎn)。
驅(qū)動(dòng)橋的輪廓尺寸主要取決于主減速器的型式。在汽車輪胎尺寸和驅(qū)動(dòng)橋下的最小離地間隙已經(jīng)確定的情況下，也就限定了主減速器從動(dòng)齒輪直徑的尺寸。在給定速比的條件下，如果單級(jí)主減速器不能滿足離地間隙要求，可該用雙級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)。在雙級(jí)主減速器中，通常把兩級(jí)減速器齒輪放在一個(gè)主減速器殼體內(nèi)，也可以將第二級(jí)減速齒輪作為輪邊減速器。對(duì)于輪邊減速器：越野汽車為了提高離地間隙，可以將一對(duì)圓柱齒輪構(gòu)成的輪邊減速器的主動(dòng)齒輪置于其從動(dòng)齒輪的垂直上方；公共汽車為了降低汽車的質(zhì)心高度和車廂地板高度，以提高穩(wěn)定性和乘客上下車的方便，可將輪邊減速器的主動(dòng)齒輪置于其從動(dòng)齒輪的垂直下方；有些雙層公共汽車為了進(jìn)一步降低車廂地板高度，在采用圓柱齒輪輪邊減速器的同時(shí)，將主減速器及差速器總成也移到一個(gè)驅(qū)動(dòng)車輪的旁邊。
在少數(shù)具有高速發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的大型公共汽車、多橋驅(qū)動(dòng)汽車和超重型載貨汽車上，有時(shí)采用蝸輪式主減速器，它不僅具有在質(zhì)量小、尺寸緊湊的情況下可以得到大的傳動(dòng)比以及工作平滑無聲的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，而且對(duì)汽車的總體布置很方便。
斷開式驅(qū)動(dòng)橋
斷開式驅(qū)動(dòng)橋區(qū)別于非斷開式驅(qū)動(dòng)橋的明顯特點(diǎn)在于前者沒有一個(gè)連接左右驅(qū)動(dòng)車輪的剛性整體外殼或梁。斷開式驅(qū)動(dòng)橋的橋殼是分段的，并且彼此之間可以做相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)，所以這種橋稱為斷開式的。另外，它又總是與獨(dú)立懸掛相匹配，故又稱為獨(dú)立懸掛驅(qū)動(dòng)橋。這種橋的中段，主減速器及差速器等是懸置在車架橫粱或車廂底板上，或與脊梁式車架相聯(lián)。主減速器、差速器與傳動(dòng)軸及一部分驅(qū)動(dòng)車輪傳動(dòng)裝置的質(zhì)量均為簧上質(zhì)量。兩側(cè)的驅(qū)動(dòng)車輪由于采用獨(dú)立懸掛則可以彼此致立地相對(duì)于車架或車廂作上下擺動(dòng)，相應(yīng)地就要求驅(qū)動(dòng)車輪的傳動(dòng)裝置及其外殼或套管作相應(yīng)擺動(dòng)。
汽車懸掛總成的類型及其彈性元件與減振裝置的工作特性是決定汽車行駛平順性的主要因素，而汽車簧下部分質(zhì)量的大小，對(duì)其平順性也有顯著的影響。斷開式驅(qū)動(dòng)橋的簧下質(zhì)量較小，又與獨(dú)立懸掛相配合，致使驅(qū)動(dòng)車輪與地面的接觸情況及對(duì)各種地形的適應(yīng)性比較好，由此可大大地減小汽車在不平路面上行駛時(shí)的振動(dòng)和車廂傾斜，提高汽車的行駛平順性和平均行駛速度，減小車輪和車橋上的動(dòng)載荷及零件的損壞，提高其可靠性及使用壽命。但是，由于斷開式驅(qū)動(dòng)橋及與其相配的獨(dú)立懸掛的結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，故這種結(jié)構(gòu)主要見于對(duì)行駛平順性要求較高的一部分轎車及一些越野汽車上，且后者多屬于輕型以下的越野汽車或多橋驅(qū)動(dòng)的重型越野汽車。
多橋驅(qū)動(dòng)的布置
為了提高裝載量和通過性，有些重型汽車及全部中型以上的越野汽車都是采用多橋驅(qū)動(dòng)，常采用的有4×4、6×6、8×8等驅(qū)動(dòng)型式。在多橋驅(qū)動(dòng)的情況下，動(dòng)力經(jīng)分動(dòng)器傳給各驅(qū)動(dòng)橋的方式有兩種。相應(yīng)這兩種動(dòng)力傳遞方式，多橋驅(qū)動(dòng)汽車各驅(qū)動(dòng)橋的布置型式分為非貫通式與貫通式。前者為了把動(dòng)力經(jīng)分動(dòng)器傳給各驅(qū)動(dòng)橋，需分別由分動(dòng)器經(jīng)各驅(qū)動(dòng)橋自己專用的傳動(dòng)軸傳遞動(dòng)力，這樣不僅使傳動(dòng)軸的數(shù)量增多，且造成各驅(qū)動(dòng)橋的零件特別是橋殼、半軸等主要零件不能通用。而對(duì)8×8汽車來說，這種非貫通式驅(qū)動(dòng)橋就更不適宜，也難于布置了。
為了解決上述問題，現(xiàn)代多橋驅(qū)動(dòng)汽車都是采用貫通式驅(qū)動(dòng)橋的布置型式。
在貫通式驅(qū)動(dòng)橋的布置中，各橋的傳動(dòng)軸布置在同一縱向鉛垂平面內(nèi)，并且各驅(qū)動(dòng)橋不是分別用自己的傳動(dòng)軸與分動(dòng)器直接聯(lián)接，而是位于分動(dòng)器前面的或后面的各相鄰兩橋的傳動(dòng)軸，是串聯(lián)布置的。汽車前后兩端的驅(qū)動(dòng)橋的動(dòng)力，是經(jīng)分動(dòng)器并貫通中間橋而傳遞的。其優(yōu)點(diǎn)是，不僅減少了傳動(dòng)軸的數(shù)量，而且提高了各驅(qū)動(dòng)橋零件的相互通用性，并且簡(jiǎn)化了結(jié)構(gòu)、減小了體積和質(zhì)量。這對(duì)于汽車的設(shè)計(jì)(如汽車的變型)、制造和維修，都帶來方便。
由于非斷開式驅(qū)動(dòng)橋結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單、造價(jià)低廉、工作可靠，查閱資料，可參照國(guó)內(nèi)相關(guān)貨車的設(shè)計(jì)。
附錄2
Bridge-driven car shell is one of the main parts, non-drive off-shell bridge played a supporting role in the automotive load and load to the wheels. In the role of the drive wheels on the traction, braking force, lateral and vertical forces also spread to fly through the bridge and the shell or inside the frame. Therefore, the bridge carrying both pieces of shell-edge thing is, at the same time it is also the main reducer, and differential wheel drive transmission (such as the axle) of the shell.
In the car, the axle housing to bear the heavy load, the design must take into account the dynamic load under the axle housing have enough strength and stiffness. In order to reduce the spring under the car of lower quality in order to facilitate dynamic load, and improve the car's running smoothly, while ensuring the strength and stiffness on the premise of the bridge should seek to reduce the quality of the shell. Shell structure of the bridge should be simple and easy to create the benefit of lower costs. It should also ensure that the structure of the main reducer of disassembly, adjustment, repair and maintenance easy. Bridge in the selection of the shell structure, should also be given to the type of car, asked to use, manufacture, supply materials and so on.
A bridge of the shell structure
Bridge of the shell structure can be roughly divided into type
There are bridge-shell
There are bridge-shell as a whole from the shell of a bridge into the vertical joints around two parts, each part by the casting of a shell into the outside pressure and a side of the axle casing components. Half shell casing and connected with rivets. In the main reducer, and differential assembly after about two half-bridge through the shell in the joints of the Central Office of the bolt circle into a whole. It features a simple bridge shell manufacturing process, the main reducer bearing stiffness well. But the main reducer of the assembly, adjustment and maintenance are inconvenient, the bridge shell strength and stiffness will be lower. In the past the so-called two-axle housing can be found in the car light, as a result of these shortcomings is now rarely used.
Whole-axle housin
Bridge-shell as a whole is characterized by the entire bridge made of a shell as a whole, the bridge is like a shell of the hollow beam as a whole, its strength and stiffness than good. Bridge and the shell and the shell will be divided into two main reducer, the main reducer, and differential gears are mounted on the main independent slowdown shell, constitute a separate assembly, later adjusted by the bridge in front of the shell in the central bridge into the shell , And with the axle housing fixed together with bolts. It enables a reducer, and differential of disassembly, adjustment, repair, maintenance and so on is very convenient.
Bridge-shell as a whole according to their different manufacturing process can be divided into a whole-casting, stamping steel plates welded steel pipe and the expansion into three forms.
Bridge drive powertrain in the end, its basic function is to increase the transmission shaft or transmission from the torque and power reasonably allocated to the left and right wheel also bear on the role of road and the frame or body Between vertical and horizontal force strength. Driven by the main bridge in general reducer, and differential, gear wheels and drive axle housing component, and so on.
Drive bridge should be designed to meet the basic requirements are as follows:
（a） choice of the main reduction ratio should be able to ensure the car has the best power and fuel economy.
（b) smaller size, it is necessary to ensure that the ground clearance.
（c） transmission gears and other pieces of work in a smooth, small noise.
（d) in a variety of speed and load with a high transmission efficiency.
（e） to ensure sufficient strength, rigidity conditions, the quality should be as small, especially the quality of the next spring should be small in order to improve the car ride.
（f)-oriented suspension and body movement coordination, the drive to the bridge, but also with the agency to coordinate movement.
（g） simple structure, good process and create easy disassembly, easy adjustment.
Drive bridge structure in accordance with characteristics of the work, can be grouped into two broad categories, namely non-drive off the bridge and drive off the bridge. When the drive wheel of a non-independent suspension, the non-selection should be off-drive axle; when the drive wheel independent suspension, the choice should be off-drive axle. As a result, the former driver, also known as non-independent suspension bridge; the latter known as the independent suspension bridge driver. Independent suspension bridge structure called complex drive, but will be much more uneven in the car traveling on the road ride comfort.
Non-drive axle disconnect
General non-drive off the bridge, because it is simple, low-cost, reliable, widely used in a variety of truck, bus and a bus, in most of the off-road cars and car parts is also using this structure. Details of their structure, in particular, the shell structure of the bridge although different, but there is a common feature of the bridge is a shell around the drive wheel bearing on the rigid hollow beams, such as transmission gears and axle components to install it. At this time the entire drive axle, wheel and drive shaft are part of the quality of the next spring, next spring the quality of the larger car, which is one of its shortcomings.
Bridge drive size depends largely on the outline of the main type of reducer. In the tire size and drive under the bridge minimum ground clearance have been identified, will be limited to the main driven gear reducer diameter size. In a given ratio of the conditions, if the single-stage main reducer not meet the requirements of ground clearance, with the two-level structure. In the main two-stage reducer, usually two-stage gear reducer in a shell of the main reducer, can also slow down in the second grade as a round edge gear reducer. The round side reducer: off-road vehicle in order to improve the ground clearance, can constitute a pair of cylindrical gear wheel of the gear reducer at the top of the vertical driven gear; bus in order to reduce the vehicle's center of mass and a high degree of deck A high degree of order to enhance the stability and convenience of the passengers get off, can be round edge of the gear reducer at the bottom of the vertical driven gear; some double-decker bus in order to further reduce the deck height, cylinder gear used in the round edge Reducer, the main reducer, and differential assembly also moved to a wheel next to the driver.
In a small number of high-speed engine with a large bus, Bridge Multi-drive cars and super-heavy-duty truck, sometimes using the main worm-reducer, which not only has the quality in a small, compact size of the case could be a big transmission ratio, as well as the work of Smooth silent advantages, but also to the overall layout of the car easily.
Drive-off bridge
Off-drive off the bridge from the non-drive axle of the obvious characteristics is that the former do not have a connection about the drive wheels or beam rigid shell as a whole. Drive off-shell bridge is a section, and each other can do relative motion, such as the bridge-off. In addition, it is always with the independent match suspension, it is also known as the independent suspension bridge driver. This bridge in the middle of the main reducer, and differential, and so is mounting in the frame beams inside or on the floor or backbone frame-linked. The main reducer, and differential part of the drive shaft and the quality of the gear wheels are on the quality of the spring. Both sides of the drive wheel independent suspension as a result can be caused by site as opposed to one another or inside the frame for swinging up and down, and accordingly on the request of the gear wheel drive and its shell casing or swing accordingly.
Flying car assembly and its flexibility in the type of device components and vibration characteristics of the work is to determine a car ride a major factor, and the spring under the car the size of some of the quality of its ride quality is also significant. Off-drive axle of the quality of the spring under the smaller, independent suspension with the match, with the result that drive the wheels on the ground and contacts of all kinds of terrain and better adaptability, which can greatly reduce the car in the uneven pavement When traveling on the train vibration and tilt to improve vehicle ride and average speed, and reduce the wheel of Axle Load and move on the part of the damage and improve the reliability and service life. However, due to off-drive axle and independent suspension of the match with the structure of the complex, and they were mainly observed in the structure of the smooth running of the higher part of the car and a number of off-road vehicle, and the latter belongs to light more of the following off-road vehicle Bridge or drive the heavy-duty off-road vehicle.
Multi-Bridge-driven layout
In order to improve the loading and through, and some heavy-duty vehicles and medium-sized all over the off-road vehicle and are based on the multi-bridge driver, there is often used in 4 × 4,6 × 6,8 × 8, and other types of drivers. In the multi-bridge drivers, power points as actuators to drive the bridge in two ways. The two corresponding power transfer mode, multi-drive vehicle bridge the drive axle of the type of layout is divided into non-through-and through. In order to power by the former sub-actuator to the drive axle, respectively, to be divided by the actuator through the drive axle own dedicated power transmission shaft, so that not only the increase in the number of drive shaft and caused the driver of the bridge parts in particular Shell Bridge, the main axle, and other parts can not be universal. The 8 × 8 on the car, this non-drive-through is even more inappropriate for the bridge, a difficult layout.
In order to address these problems, and more modern bridges are built on a car driving through the drive-type layout of the bridge.
In the drive-through layout of the bridge, the bridge of the vertical shaft arranged in the same vertical plane and drive the bridge were not Shaft with their own sub-actuator directly connected, but located at the front of the actuator or Behind the bridge of the two adjacent shaft, the layout of the series is. Before and after the driver of the car at both ends of the bridge's driving force is divided by the actuator and through the middle of the bridge and pass. The advantage is not only a reduction of the number of drive shaft, but the driver raised the bridge parts commonality with each other and to simplify the structure, reducing the size and quality. This car's design (such as car variant), manufacturing and maintenance, are convenient.
Due to the non-drive off the bridge structure is simple, low-cost, reliable access to information relevant in the light truck designs.
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本科學(xué)生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)
低速載貨汽車驅(qū)動(dòng)橋的設(shè)計(jì)
院系名稱： 機(jī)電工程學(xué)院
專業(yè)班級(jí)：機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化
學(xué)生姓名：
指導(dǎo)教師：
職 稱：
黑 龍 江 工 程 學(xué) 院
二○一二年六月
黑龍江工程學(xué)院本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)
摘 要
驅(qū)動(dòng)橋采用普通非斷開式驅(qū)動(dòng)橋。它結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單、造價(jià)低廉、工作可靠，廣泛應(yīng)用于各種載貨汽車。其特點(diǎn)是橋殼是一根支撐在左、右驅(qū)動(dòng)車輪上的剛性空心梁，而齒輪及半軸等所有的傳動(dòng)機(jī)件都裝在其中。采用組合式橋殼的單級(jí)主減速器。單級(jí)主減速器代替雙級(jí)主減速器可大大減小驅(qū)動(dòng)橋的質(zhì)量。其具有結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單、質(zhì)量小、尺寸緊湊及制造成本低等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。差速器則采用對(duì)稱式圓錐行星齒輪差速器。差速器殼裝在主減速器從動(dòng)齒輪上。結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單、工作平穩(wěn)、制造方便是選擇它的主要原因。另外，采用可分式橋殼。整個(gè)橋殼由一個(gè)垂直結(jié)合面分為左右兩個(gè)部分，每一個(gè)部分均由一個(gè)鑄件殼體和一個(gè)壓入其外端的半軸套管組成。該結(jié)構(gòu)的橋殼制造工藝簡(jiǎn)單、主減速器軸承支承剛度好。
本設(shè)計(jì)從所設(shè)計(jì)的汽車的類型及使用、生產(chǎn)條件出發(fā)，并和所設(shè)計(jì)汽車的其他部件相適應(yīng)，設(shè)計(jì)出既定用途的汽車的驅(qū)動(dòng)橋，從而保證所設(shè)計(jì)汽車的最重要的使用性能的實(shí)現(xiàn)。
關(guān)鍵詞：低速貨車；驅(qū)動(dòng)橋；設(shè)計(jì)；差速器；半軸
ABSTRACT
The transaxle adopts the ordinary not-disconnecting-type transaxle. Because of its simple structure, cheap fabrication cost and reliability, it is applied widely. Its Characteristic is that the bridge shell is a rigidity hollow beam which is supported on the left and right wheels, gears, half-axis and other transmission components. The main gear box uses combined type single stage. The single stage compared to double one can reduce the quality of the transaxle a lot. It has many merits of simple structure, small quality , compact size, low production cost. The differential mass uses symmetrical type and circular cone planet gear. The shell of the differential device is assembled with the driven gear of the transaxle that it is has advantages of simple structure, steadily work and conveniently making. It uses separated type axis shell. The whole shell is divided in to left and right parts by vertical plane. Every part is made up of a casting shell and a semi-axis driven tube which is pressed in outside. This structure has advantages of simple manufacture craft and good supporting rigidity of main gear box bearing.
This design is proceeded from the types, production and working of the truck. It is adapted to other parts of the truck design. At last, the set use transaxle of the truck is designed, to ensure the most important operational performance of the truck is realized.
Key words: Low Speed Truck；Truck Driving Bridge；Design； The Differential Mass；Half-Axis
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