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河南理工大學(xué)萬方科技學(xué)院 本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）中期檢查表 指導(dǎo)教師： 職稱： 講師 所在院（系）： 機(jī)械與動力工程學(xué)院 教研室（研究室）： 機(jī)械制造系 題 目 膜片彈簧式離合器 學(xué)生姓名 專業(yè)班級 學(xué)號 1、 選題質(zhì)量： 根據(jù)相關(guān)統(tǒng)計(jì)資料及所做的分析預(yù)測得知從目前到將來離合器這一部件都將會伴隨著內(nèi)燃機(jī)一起存在，不可能在汽車上消失。隨著汽車行業(yè)的發(fā)展，離合器需要在原有的基礎(chǔ)上不斷提高改進(jìn)，以適應(yīng)新的使用條件，隨著汽車發(fā)動機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速及功率的不斷提高和汽車電子技術(shù)（ECU）的飛速發(fā)展，對離合器的要求越來越高，離合器的使用條件越來越苛刻。因此，提高離合器的可靠性和延長期使用壽命，適應(yīng)發(fā)動機(jī)的高轉(zhuǎn)速，增加離合器傳遞扭矩的能力和簡化操作，亟待解決。 離合器屬于傳統(tǒng)機(jī)械零部件，其設(shè)計(jì)涵蓋大量機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)及制造的大量知識，且難易程度適中。通過本次設(shè)計(jì)不僅是對自己掌握知識的檢測及重新學(xué)習(xí)，更對知識的宏觀掌控、系統(tǒng)整合提出了要求，能夠很好地完場綜合訓(xùn)練的目的。 2、 開題報(bào)告完成情況： 開題報(bào)告已完成 通過閱讀相關(guān)設(shè)計(jì)叢書，確定了明確的課題設(shè)計(jì)方向；對離合器的結(jié)構(gòu)形式及工 作性能已經(jīng)有了一定的認(rèn)識了解。對零部件進(jìn)行了設(shè)計(jì)、分析。 3、 階段性成果： 1、 根據(jù)相關(guān)資料已完成總體方案的設(shè)計(jì)，并細(xì)化了方案，對各部件的設(shè)計(jì)做出了模塊 化設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)劃方案。 2、 查找了網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖書館根據(jù)課題進(jìn)行了英文文獻(xiàn)的選擇，現(xiàn)已完成了翻譯工作。 3、 對設(shè)計(jì)書籍進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)的閱讀和學(xué)習(xí)，對離合器的工作性能、結(jié)構(gòu)形式有了深入的 理解，進(jìn)行了基本結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸及參數(shù)的選擇。 4、使用Pro-E完成了部分零部件的草繪。 4、 存在主要問題： 1、開始時，不知道怎樣選擇原始數(shù)據(jù)，雖然相關(guān)書籍給出了基本結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸、參數(shù)的選擇，但是不知道怎么整合到一起，在查看了多本相關(guān)設(shè)計(jì)叢書并查閱了網(wǎng)上圖書館的信息，最后確定了粗略的基本機(jī)構(gòu)尺寸及參數(shù)的選擇，等待后續(xù)的校核、檢驗(yàn)。 2、設(shè)計(jì)課題是新知識，需要學(xué)習(xí)，所涵蓋的知識點(diǎn)比較綜合，由于專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)知識學(xué) 習(xí)不夠深入，設(shè)計(jì)經(jīng)驗(yàn)欠缺，一些問題不能夠靈活的解決。 五、指導(dǎo)教師對學(xué)生在畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)中，勞動、學(xué)習(xí)紀(jì)律及畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）進(jìn)展等方面的評語 指導(dǎo)教師： （簽名） 年 月 日 2 外文資料與中文翻譯 外文資料 The diaphragm spring clutch profile [ Key word ] Diaphragm spring; nonlinear; friction plate First, clutch overview The so-called clutch, just as its name implies that is using "from" and "close" to deliver the right amount of power. Regarding the manual to block of models is concerned, the clutch is an important part of the car power system, it will have power and the engine cut off and connection between the work. In urban road sections or complex when driving, clutch became the most frequently used our one of the components and the clutch the stand or fall of use, directly reflect the driving of level, also reflected the stand or fall of protection for vehicles. Correctly use the clutch, and master the principle of clutch in special circumstances use clutch to solve the problem, is every block if car driving manual should grasp. Second, the clutch working principle By friction clutch piece, shrapnal, pressure plate and power output shaft composition, decorate in engine and transmission between, used to the engine flywheel stored in torque transfer to the gearbox, ensure the in different driving conditions on to the drive wheels right amount of driving force and torque, belongs to the category of powertrain. The clutch is divided into three working state, that is, not on the clutch type all, in part on the clutch type and a half (in half the time, clutch linkage power input and power output terminal allow rotation difference have, that is through the rotation speed difference to implement the transfer right amount of power), and on the clutch not by year-end. When the vehicle in normal road, pressure plate is tightly on the flywheel crowded friction slices, and the pressure plate and friction of the friction between the largest, input and output shaft axis between remained relatively static friction, both speed and in the same. When the car started, the driver on the clutch, the clutch pedal sports pull the pressure plate lean back, also is the pressure plate and friction piece of separation, right now the pressure plate and the flywheel completely not contact, are relatively friction. The last one, also is the clutch type half state. At this time, pressure plate and friction piece of friction small type in state. Clutch disc and the flywheel of friction between sliding friction is state. The flywheel is greater than the speed of output shaft speed, from the flywheel transmission out of power transfer to the gearbox. At this time between the engine and the drive wheels is equivalent to a soft link state. Third, the application of the clutch Generally speaking, the clutch is in the vehicle when start and shift work; the transmission shaft and the second shaft rotation difference between, the power of the engine and must be a shaft after cut, synchronizer to will be a very good one axis and keep the speed of the second shaft synchronization, block a hang into later, again through the clutch and a shaft engine power combination to make power to continue to transmission. 1. Ensure smooth car started Before starting car dormant, and transmission is rigid even if the engine connect of, once hung up the file, the car will be connected to the power before suddenly suddenly blunt, not only will cause damage to the parts, and driving force was enough to overcome before the car produced a blunt force, make the engine speed sharply down. If the use of the clutch temporarily started the engine and transmission separate, then the clutch gradually junction, because of the active part of the clutch and part driven exists between the friction phenomenon, can make the clutch came out of the torque by zero increase gradually, but the car driving force also increase gradually, thus let the car started smoothly. 2. Easy to shift The course of driving cars, often for a different gear transmission, in order to adapt to the constantly changing driving conditions. If no clutch of engine and transmission will temporarily separation, then in the power transmission gearbox meshing gears for load will not discharge is divided, the meshing between tooth face a lot of pressure and hard to separate. Another treat meshing gears for both circumference speed will differ and hard to mesh. Even if force their way into meshing will have a great impact the tooth, easy attaint parts. Use the clutch make the engine and transmission temporarily separation after the shift, the original meshing pair gear for load unloading, meshing face the pressure between greatly decreases, and is easy to separate. And for another couple of meshing gears, active gear and engine because separated inertia is small, adopting appropriate shift action can make to the meshing gears circumference speed equal or close to equal, so as to avoid or reduce the impact of the gear wheel. 3. To prevent transmission overload Auto emergency braking, the sudden drop speed, and connected with the engine the transmission system for rotary inertia, still keep original speed, this often in transmission systems produce far outweigh the engine torque of inertia, make the transmission parts damage easily. Because the clutch is to rely on to deliver the friction torque, so when the transmission in load than what message friction torque, the Lord of the clutch, driven part will automatically sliding, and rose to prevent transmission overload role. 4. Reduce the impact of torsional vibration The engine's working principle decided their output torque is not even. In power stroke, the combustion chamber gas explosion have great impact torque, and in other stroke, but by inertia counter drag engine. Although the engine itself to have the rotation inertia can reduce the torsional vibration, but the rest of the impact on subsequent transmissions, and still produce adverse effect to drive shaft. The vibration reduction and clutch spring (tangential distribution), can significantly reduce the impact of torsional vibration of the engine bring, and extend the life of the sliding gears. The working principle of the clutch The active part of the clutch and driven by surface of the friction between the role, or to use liquid as transmission medium (hydraulic coupler), or a magnetic transmission (electromagnetic clutch) to transfer torque, make both between can temporarily separation, and gradually joints, in the course of transmission and allow the two part turn each other. At present in the car is widely used in spring pressure tight friction clutch (referred to as "friction clutch). The engine gave forth torque, through the flywheel and pressure plate and driven plate surface friction role, to the driven plate. When pilots on the clutch pedal through the part of transmission, make the diaphragm spring main drive the pressure plate back, this time with the active part of the separation of the driven. Fourth, clutch should satisfy the basic requirements Friction clutch should be able to meet the following basic requirements: (1) ensure that can deliver a maximum torque of the engine, and there is a certain transmission torque force. (2) can do separation, complete separation, engage in soft, and has good heat capacity. (3) the driven part of the rotational inertia as low as possible some. So, in separation and clutch shift, and transmission of the part of the input shaft connected speed is easy to change, and reducing the impact between gear. (4) with ease rotation direction impact, the direction of the vibration attenuation capability, and little noise. (5) the pressure plate of pressure and friction of the friction coefficient change small, stable work. (6) effortless manipulation, maintenance is convenient. In the clutch, and an indispensable buffer device, it consists of two similar to the flywheel disc to together, in a rectangular groove on the disk, decorate in the slots spring, in meet the intense shock, two disks of the spring happened between each other elastic role, buffer to external stimuli. Effective protection the engine and the clutch. In the clutch of each parts, pressure plate spring intensity, friction piece of the friction coefficient, clutch diameter, number and position of friction clutch is the key factor to clutch performance, the stiffness of hydropneumatic spring, the bigger the friction piece of the friction coefficient is high, the diameter of the clutch, the bigger the clutch performance and also more good. Fifth, the classification of the clutch clutch Clutch is located in between the engine and transmission of the flywheel crust, screwed the clutch assembly fixed in the flywheel after the plane, clutch output shaft is gearbox input shaft. In the course of driving cars, the brakes according to need or loosen the clutch pedal, make the engine and transmission temporarily separation and gradually joints, or transfer to cut off the engine to the transmission of the input power. Clutch profile clutch function 1. Ensure smooth car started 2. Easy to shift 3. To prevent transmission overload 4. Reduce the impact of torsional vibration The classification of the clutch The clutch classification national standards GBT10043-2003 clutch of friction type clutch, hydraulic torque converter (hydraulic coupler), electromagnetic clutch to wait for a few kinds. Friction type clutch and divided into wet and dry type two kinds. Hydraulic coupling By working liquid (oil) transmission torque, shell and pump wheels is an organic whole repeatedly, is active thing; Turbine and pump wheels relative, is a follower. When the pump impeller speed is low, turbine can't is driven, active and a follower in separation between state; With the improvement of the wheel speed pump, turbine is driven, active and a follower in state between junction. Electromagnetic clutch By the power of the coil to control the clutch of joint and separation. As in the initiative and follower placed between magnetic powder, can strengthen the force between the two meet, such clutch called magnetic powder type electromagnetic clutch. At present, combined with manual transmission of most of the clutch for dry friction type clutch, according to the number of the driven plate, and divided into the single disc, double disc and more disc to wait for a few kinds. Wet friction type clutch disc for the general, dip in oil in order to heat dissipation. Using several spiral spring as pressure spring, and will these spring along the pressure plate of the distribution of the circumference of the clutch called weeks cloth spring clutch. The diaphragm spring as pressure of the spring clutch called diaphragm spring clutch. Automatic clutch As the electronic technology in cars application, a kind of automatic clutch system also entered the automobile field. This from the control unit (ECU) control of the clutch has been used in some cars, make manual transmission shift one important step-the clutch disconnection and joints can automatically timely complete, simplify the driver's control movement. Traditional clutch points have arrows and hydraulic pressure type two kinds, automatic clutch also divided into two kinds: machine motor type automatic clutch and hydraulic pressure type automatic clutch. Machine motor type automatic clutch the ECU pooling the accelerator pedal, engine speed sensor, speed sensor signal, the processed send command servo motor drive, through the bars, and other machinery and form the clutch driven action; The hydraulic automatic clutch is by ECU send signal drive electric hydraulic system, through the hydraulic control clutch action. The hydraulic automatic clutch of the general in the basis of diaphragm clutch increased the electronic control unit (ECU) and hydraulic execution system, will control the clutch pedal oil cylinder piston to the switch equipment control electric pump to manipulate the clutch oil cylinder piston. The transmission control unit (ECU) and engine control unit (ECU) is integrated together, according to the accelerator pedal, transmission gear, transmission input/output shaft speed, the engine speed, the throttle valve and the feedback information of sensors, and calculates the clutch of joint best time and speed. Automatic clutch executive branch by electric fuel pump, electromagnetic valve and clutch oil cylinder composed, when ECU issue commands drive electric pump, electric pump the high pressure generated by the electromagnetic valve oil transport to clutch oil cylinder. Through the ECU control of electric solenoid valve to control the flow of oil and the oil flow channel transform, realize the clutch oil cylinder piston movement, thus completing car starting, shift the action when the clutch. ECU with automatic clutch of the car with automatic transmission device (AT) and step-less transmission (CVT) compared to cars, it has an advantage in running economy, because of it of transmission or manual transmission, therefore lower fuel consumption, production costs are lower than AT and CVT. Of course, the convenience of vehicle handling will favor AT and CVT. After all, it is the assembly manual transmission, still want to stick shift. Sixth, clutch unusual problem Note the clutch is sliding, cause the cause of this kind of phenomenon has a few kinds, the main reason is the clutch free trip is too small, bearings often pressure in the diaphragm spring, make the pressure plate is always in the half separated. Or is the clutch disc spring too soft or have broken, the clutch and the flywheel connection screw loose, etc. In engine idling state, on the clutch pedal almost touch the bottom, to cut off the clutch. On the clutch pedal, feel hang block difficulties or gears appeared harsh crash, or hang after block doesn't lift the clutch, the vehicles start driving, this suggests that the clutch is not complete. On the clutch pedal to 3/4, clutch should be firm joints, or check their trip is appropriate, available in the pedal ruler in measurement, first measure the highest position high pedal, then measured on the pedal to feel the height of the resistance, the difference of the two is the car trip clutch numerical. If in the use of the clutch appeared in the process of abnormal sound is not normal. The fault reason bearings is worn, bearing of the return of the spring is too soft or broken, the diaphragm spring stents have problem and so on. Seventh, clutch parts Each clutch is the following parts: (1)Active part: the flywheel, pressure plate, clutch cover, etc.; (2)The driven parts: driven plate, the driven shaft (i.e. first transmission shaft); (3) pressure parts: press the spring; (4) control mechanisms: separation lever, separation lever supporting columns, the swinging pin, separation sleeve, bearings, clutch pedal, etc. Eighth, friction type clutch basic structure theory On the analysis of the working process of the clutch, before the first master the following general term: Free gap: clutch engaging, bearings and separation before end of the gap between end leverage. Separation gap: clutch, driven plate surface and the flywheel and before and after the gaps between pressure plate surface. The clutch free trip: from the clutch on the freedom to eliminate the gap of the corresponding pedal stroke is a free trip. The clutch pedal working travel: the elimination of freedom after clearance, continue to on the clutch pedal, will produce a separation gap, this process of the corresponding pedal stroke is a work schedule. The clutch work process may be divided into separation process and jointing process in the separation process, on the clutch pedal, in a free trip to eliminate the freedom of the clutch in first gap, and then in the work schedule within the separation clearance, clutch release. In the jointing process, gradually loosen the clutch pedal, pressure plate in spring pressure under the action of moving forward, first eliminate separation clearance and in the pressure plate, driven plate and the flywheel work surface effect enough compaction force; Bearings after in under the action of reposition spring back mobile, produce free clearance, clutch engaging. The clutch adjustments: The clutch is in use process, driven plate for wear and will become thinner, and make the freedom clearance decrescent, will eventually affect the clutch normal answered close, so the clutch use over time need to adjust. The clutch adjustment the aim is to guarantee the freedom of appropriate clearance, the clutch The whole of the parts and methods in specific models and decide. The pressure plate is active components of the clutch, always with the flywheel spinning can usually be through the convex platform, key or pin transmission, together with the flywheel spinning turn, at the same time, pressure plate and can move back relatively the flywheel, make the clutch. Driven plate mainly by the driven plate ontology, friction piece and driven set up the hub. In the clutch from separation to reveal the process, friction piece with the flywheel and the pressure plate to friction between, produce a lot of heat. this some heat need timely spread out, in order to avoid friction piece for the temperature too high to damage, so in the clutch cover sets window, some still system a guide of the wind, in order to strengthen their internal ventilation cooling. The most common friction clutch pressure structure is spiral spring and diaphragm spring, diaphragm spring clutch have push type and rumsfeld two kind of structure. And the spiral spring clutch according to spring pressure in the way the pressure plate is divided into weeks cloth spring and the central spring type. The clutch operation into mechanical operation, hydraulic operation, in order to reduce the clutch pedal force. And not for transmission excessive transmission ratio and increase the pedal stroke, in some powered mechanical truck and some car used on the clutch. Board of power device. Another is pressure power type clutch control mechanism using engine driving air compressor as a major exercise. The energy, the driver's body as auxiliary or backup manipulate energy, and the automobile air brake system or other of pneumatic equipment With a set of compressed air source. The diaphragm spring clutch is to use the diaphragm spring instead of general spiral spring and separation stem institutions and make it of the clutch, because it cloth. Buy in the center, so also can calculate the central spring clutch. characteristics advantages 1, the diaphragm spring clutch force spiral spring clutch than needed, the power of the small, diaphragm spring clutch operation light. 2, the diaphragm spring clutch itself and press the spring and separation leverage in the role of the clutch structure greatly simplified and significantly reduced The clutch between shaft size; Moreover, the diaphragm spring has good nonlinear characteristics, design can make the right of friction wear to the limit. Compaction force can still maintain little changed, and reduce the separation of the clutch pedal force, to manipulate light. 3, because the diaphragm spring and the pressure plate the circumference of the contact, the pressure distribution uniformity, good contacts of friction and wear uniform; 4, the diaphragm spring is a rotational symmetrical parts, symmetrical, in high speed, the compaction force reduce small, and weeks for a spiral Spring in high speed by centrifugal force role will the transverse bending, spring serious drum out, which can reduce the pressure plate to the compaction force; 5 and easy to realize good ventilation cooling. Faults The diaphragm spring clutch shortcomings In ge