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Changchun University of Science and Technology School of Optoelectronic Information Design graduate Disc tractor heavy aircraft structural design Profession: Mechanical Electronic Engineering Class: 05242 Name: Liu Jing-liang Teacher: Li Gang Contents Chapter I Introduction - 1 -- 1.1 A summary of the aircraft tractor - 1 -- 1.2 tractor aircraft development and the status quo - 1 -- 1.3 Rodless new tractor and the aircraft manufacturer's competition - 2 -- 1.4 aircraft tractor demand in China - 2 -- Chapter II the structure of the aircraft tractor - 3 -- Chapter III tractor disc characteristics of heavy aircraft - 4 -- 1.6.1 traction efficiency - 4 -- 1.6.2 shift flexible - 5 -- 1.6.3 Dynamic Characteristics of a good, smooth start, great traction - 5 -- 1.6.4 facilitate the safety of manipulation - 5 -- 1.6.5 facilitate the distribution of power - 5 -- 1.6.6 simple structure, easy manufacturing, low cost - 5 -- Chapter IV Design Power - 6 -- 4.1. Electric-wheel-drive unit - 6 -- 4.1.1 Motor choice - 6 -- 4.1.2 Selection of reducer - 6 -- 4.2. Synchronous motor steering options - 7 -- Chapter V of the vehicle steering system design transmission - 7 -- 5.1 Steering System overview - 7 -- 5.2 The first-class pair (high level) - 8 -- 5.1.1 checking tooth contact fatigue strength - 9 -- 5.2. Second Vice-worm drive (low level) - 11 -- 5.2.1 Preliminary estimates from the transmission center - 11 -- 5.2.2 determine the geometry of the major - 11 -- 5.2.3 checking tooth contact fatigue strength - 12 -- 5.2.4 Checking Dedendum strength - 13 -- 5.3. The choice of coupling - 15 -- 5.4. Structural Review - 15 -- Chapter VI round electric unit and check the structural design - 15 -- 6.1 Checking the strength of vertical shaft - 16 -- 6.1.1 to determine the risk of cross-section - 17 -- 6.1.2 cross-section of a stress on the - 18 -- 6.1.3 Stress Concentration Factor - 18 -- 6.1.4 Safety Factor - 18 -- 6.2 brake design - 19 -- Conclusion - 21 -- References - 21 -- Chapter I Introduction 1.1 A summary of the aircraft tractor Tractor aircraft is mainly used to move aircraft and special vehicles and aircraft in accordance with the difference between the role of relationship can be divided into non-rod tractor tractor and traditional (or rod tractor) the two types. Rodless traditional tractor tractor is a relative term, its the difference between the two aircraft is that the relationship between - the different interface. Interface as a result of the changes in the role of aircraft tractor means change. Rodless canceled tractor connected with the aircraft intermediate links - traction bar, using the special device itself directly with the aircraft's landing gear wheel of the role of the characteristics of tractor result in changes in vehicles and aircraft with Annex dual properties. Rodless tractor connection with the aircraft, as an independent vehicle, has all the characteristics of the vehicle traction; connection with the aircraft, the aircraft will become a subsidiary of the annex should be the characteristics of the aircraft. Traditional aircraft tractor and connected to the aircraft through the traction bar to the achievement of the traction bar independent of the aircraft and aircraft tractor, tractor and aircraft to connect the process, there must be a person in charge of the mounted traction bar operations; without rod tractor is responsible for traction and traction under par articulated the role of the tractor into a special device - the device line. The existence of devices based on-line or not, will be able to determine the type of the tractor, with a special device 1.2 The Development and Current Situation ?? Rodless large aircraft A380 aircraft around the tractor to improve their skills, increase the varieties at the same time, small and medium-sized tractor Rodless aircraft are also under development, the main work in the electrical driving force for the increase in tractor, on-line devices to improve performance and tractor miniaturization of the structure. Electricity as a driving force for small and medium-sized tractor Rodless changes in the emergence of new, specifically manifested in the high-power electric tractor direction. This has been reflected not only in aircraft Rodless electric tractor-driven products company Lektro tractor, but also in those conventionally-powered tractor main products of the company. Early aircraft walking tractor drive motor power only 7.5 kW, a new type of electric current Rodless drive motor tractor power has reached 20 kW. Rodless small and medium-sized tractor in the structure has been some progress, mainly in the clamping device. Focus on docking to facilitate and increase clamping device friendly aircraft landing gear, increase the adaptability of a wide range of models of aircraft safety and traction issues. If the TBL-25 type aircraft Rodless tractor, the clamping device to ensure the realization of the past in the TBL series tractor clamping device functions, but also the perspective of a certain level of rotation in order to ensure the safety of landing gear and the convenience of docking sexual. Rodless aircraft tractor body to minimize the height of the latest models of small-scale tractor Rodless RAM (Multi Aircraft Matrix System) fully reflects this thinking. Changed the conventional tractor, tractor operation to remove a tractor or traction of the console's joystick, using wire or remote control to achieve a variety of operations, makes a compact vehicle, body low, high vehicle not exceeding 400 mm, greatly enhancing the applicability of which can be used In a variety of small aircraft and helicopters. Tractor is a service of aircraft products, and its existence and development of the aircraft is closely related to product development. Each of the emergence of a new aircraft model, on the development of products for the tractor to create a turning point. 2005 Airbus A380 of the launch vehicle for the plane manufacturer will provide new opportunities for development, therefore, the strength of the world are actively manufacturing enterprises to meet new challenges. TLD companies gain an advantage over the A380 will be in 2004 to develop and produce two of the TPX-500S tractor without leveraged aircraft arrived in Toulouse in France Airbus assembly plant in January 18, 2005 were held in France, Britain and Germany , Spain and other countries attended the opening ceremony of the A380 skill初顯. GHH also own the original AM500 tractor-type aircraft Rodless developed based on the XL version of the AM 5 0 0, that is, to meet the AM500-XL operation to engage in the needs of traction A380. Goldhofer's new series of the AST-1X Rodless tractor aircraft, the operating device for the six structures in order to enhance the carrying capacity of driven and, in June 2005 tractor has two aircraft to the Airbus company is located in a related Hamhurg sector. Douglas Company in order to seize the market, starting in 2005 will be TBL-600-type tractor Rodless TBL-400 as a large increase, first of all, for commercial flights. The use of A380 in order to meet the needs of the structure size in the TBL-600 widening TBL-400 than 400 mm, extended 600 mm. These companies in Europe to step up preparations for the A380 at the same time, U.S. companies are ready to FMC their trump card - Expediter 600 tractor-type aircraft Rodless. the above-mentioned aircraft shall be no bar tractor tractor aircraft. Rodless aircraft tractor-line of the main structure of the type of device is not under the core of the tractor aircraft, due to different structures can be divided into back-driven and negative 1.3 Rodless new tractor and the aircraft manufacturer's competitiveness Tractor is a service of aircraft products, and its existence and development of the aircraft is closely related to product development. Each of the emergence of a new aircraft model, on the development of products for the tractor to create a turning point. 2005 Airbus A380 of the launch vehicle for the plane manufacturer will provide new opportunities for development, therefore, the strength of the world are actively manufacturing enterprises to meet new challenges. TLD companies gain an advantage over the A380 will be in 2004 to develop and produce two of the TPX-500S tractor without leveraged aircraft arrived in Toulouse in France Airbus assembly plant in January 18, 2005 were held in France, Britain and Germany , Spain and other countries attended the opening ceremony of the A380 skill初顯. GHH also own the original AM500 tractor-type aircraft Rodless developed based on the XL version of the AM 5 0 0, that is, to meet the AM500-XL operation to engage in the needs of traction A380. Goldhofer's new series of the AST-1X Rodless tractor aircraft, the operating device for the six structures in order to enhance the carrying capacity of driven and, in June 2005 tractor has two aircraft to the Airbus company is located in a related Hamhurg sector. Douglas Company in order to seize the market, starting in 2005 will be TBL-600-type tractor Rodless TBL-400 as a large increase, first of all, for commercial flights. The use of A380 in order to meet the needs of the structure size in the TBL-600 widening TBL-400 than 400 mm, extended 600 mm. These companies in Europe to step up preparations for the A380 at the same time, U.S. companies are ready to FMC their trump card - Expediter 600 tractor-type aircraft Rodless. 1.4 aircraft tractor demand in China ?? With the development of China's aviation industry, airport ground equipment market growing number of international aircraft tractor business in China's market competition; and as a result of the aircraft and the development of tractor production in China's relatively short history relatively weak capacity, variety of domestic products, the operating capacity is still difficult to fully meet the demand for civilian airport used tractor also had to rely mostly on imports. In recent years, aircraft tractor Rodless gradual increase in the use of foreign manufacturers of products in some of our large-scale use of the airport, such as Douglas's TBL-180, Goldhofer's AST-3 in Beijing Capital International Airport, FMC Corporation Expditer300 with the Baiyun airport in Guangzhou. At present, only China's Beijing, Shandong few production aircraft tractor. Products are mainly used in small and medium-sized aircraft, made the traditional tractor traction in more than 200 kN models small aircraft tractor Rodless products are concentrated in traction in the grade below 80 kN. China-made aircraft tractor Rodless Although a late start, but the rapid development in recent years, the current domestic Rodless smallest aircraft tractor series has gradually been formed, the product may be covered by the existing fleet of 120 t of the majority of the following aircraft models. Hydraulic-driven, two-way driving and to adapt to this type of tractor and more models are the common characteristics of the internal combustion engine is the main power source. Other forms of non-power tractor was also developed under the aircraft, and has recently emerged Rodless electric tractor products. Although the domestic tractor Rodless coverage of aircraft, operating capability and foreign products are still gaps, but in the structure of the gap between performance gradually decreased, some of the structure of Chinese-made products, performance has reached even more than similar foreign products. Chinese and foreign parties in accordance with the forecast that by 2020, China increased by 1 at least 500 large aircraft, procurement of these aircraft need to spend 1 000 million. Held in January 2006 the National Conference on Science and Technology, the Premier Wen Jiabao referred to the national medium and long-term development plans, talking about the problem on the large aircraft, and this set of data statements. A few days ago, the former aviation aircraft Industry Secretary Hu Tao River to the data provided by the next 15 years China's demand for large-scale structure of the aircraft: 100 276, 150 802, 200 338, 300 250, 400 Block more than 77, Total 1 743. Generally refers to the so-called large aircraft to take off a total mass exceeding 100 t of transport category aircraft, including large-scale military and civilian aircraft, including more than 150 aircraft line. Therefore, traction research aircraft have important practical application value. Chapter II the structure of the aircraft tractor This article described the structure of disk-type tractor as shown in Figure 1: (Figure 1) Look for the disc-shaped non-directional, eight wheels evenly distributed on the circumference. Independent suspension, driven by electricity, the wheel motors are equipped with single wheels 5 and 6 directly connected groups constitute an independent unit of the electric 4-wheel drive. Electric wheel through the vertical shaft is installed in their aircraft round 3. Round frame hinge l2 through the installation of the center of the polygon on the cabin 2, which equipped with a damping spring 11. Cabin equipped with battery and generator power. The top of the cabin is the cockpit 1. Electric wheel by each vertical shaft mounted on the top of the worm wheel 7 driven to rotate around their vertical shaft. All motor-driven worm wheel all through the chain with the worm 8, synchronous rotation, in order to achieve the body turn. There is a similar worm gear 9 mounted on the vertical shaft on the cockpit, so the cockpit can be synchronized with the electric wheel rotation and to ensure that the direction of the cockpit has always rhyme with the vehicle moving direction. The cockpit of the vertical shaft is hollow, the electric control line from the adoption. The periphery of the vertical shaft bearing rings, traction hook on the lead from here. According to this principle the design of the structure of the vehicle to verify the diameter of 8.8 meters, 1.4 meters high vehicles (excluding cockpit), weighing about 4o tons. 4000AH by 110-volt battery pack and 2 sets of 300KW diesel generator hybrid. Design speed 5kM / h, the maximum traction 250kN. 搜索(Figure 2) Chapter III disc characteristics of heavy aircraft tractor Compared with the existing tractor, tractor disc has the following advantages: 1.6.1 traction efficiency As a result of active all-wheel and all-wheel steering, traction and thus able to do the moving direction and the direction of the body has always been consistent. This was turning a corner and push the plane to improve the efficiency and traction traction safety is very important. According to the structural design of the tractor vehicle is incapable of doing this. 1.6.2 flexible shift As a result of the all-wheel steering shaft, therefore, able to do so under the local body turning in the static, zero turning radius. Moving in all directions can be turned 360 ° degrees arbitrary. The use of vertical shifting, general vehicle sales must be considered after the main dump, extraversion, and other issues before the beams do not exist, it can naturally maintain stability and steering traffic light and flexible. This disc features aircraft tractor relatively small in size is especially suitable for the airport, which is the basic national conditions of China's consistent, the majority of the city airport is not very large, so we need this kind of flexible aircraft tractor shift in What is China's broad application prospects. 1.6.3 Dynamic Characteristics of a good, smooth start, great traction This was mainly due to the use of power-driven reason. Apart from the battery pack, the machine is also equipped with diesel generators. No-load generator to charge batteries, work together from the generator and battery-powered motor to the wheel. Taken together with the use of configuration can reduce the volume of the battery, the capacity of generators can be smaller. At the same time, this configuration allows the tractor also offering the use of high-power power vehicles to further improve its efficiency. This combination of the power source can be energy-efficient performance to the limit to reach the purpose of environmental protection and energy saving. 1.6.4 facilitate the safety control As a result of power-driven, this car is easy to achieve full power operation, not only light effort, and good maneuverability. Also, because the body center is located at the top of the cockpit, view 360 °, the direction is always automatically in line with the direction of traction, it can ensure that drivers can see under any circumstances including all traction point location, there is no need to ground-based command autonomous operation, to improve traction at the time of the security, effectively avoided collision accidents scratch. Uses an additional drive, you can effectively reduce the noise pollution, so that staff feel safe and comfortable driving. 1.6.5 facilitate the high-power distribution For traction in the more than 250 kW heavy-duty tractor, power configuration required 1000 kW,. And then it is very difficult vehicle control system structure, the round of power distribution and transmission, clutch and differential, as well as the design of driving tractor will also be difficulty. Disc layout used, supplemented by power-driven, these issues can be resolved. In addition to high-power tractors and small power can also be used under the disc layout. 1.6.6 simple structure, easy manufacturing, low cost In addition to disc-shaped body frame, the main part of the vehicle structure is exactly the same number of electric-wheel-drive unit, it is easy to achieve by standardization of mass production. Because of its interchangeability, disassembly and maintenance very convenient. In comparing the small airport, this feature is particularly important, very low maintenance costs Chapter IV Design Power 4.1. Electric-wheel-drive unit 4.1.1 Motor choice By the speed 5kM / h, the maximum traction 250kN design; Tractor output power: P = FV = 250kN 5kM / h = 347.2kW The total electrical power output: P = kP / η = 1.2 × 347.2kW/0.94 = 443.2kW Each drive unit with two motors, one for each motor in order to reduce the power, and the other is to take such a symmetrical arrangement of the assembly, so that the structural design of drive unit more reasonable. That is part of the locomotive were used electric wheel motors 16. Each of the output of the motor. By "A New Mechanical Design Manual", select the small DC motor, Model Z3-73, N the amount of rated speed = 1500r/min P amount of rated power = 30kW Rated current I amount = 212A (V volume = 220V) 4.1.2 Selection of reducer Cycloid reducer as a result of the following advantages (1) the transmission ratio range. 9-87 single-stage transmission. (2) small size, light weight. Levels instead of using his common cylindrical gear reducer, reduce the size of 1/2-2/3; to reduce the weight of about 1/3-1/2. (3) and high efficiency. 0.9-0.94 general efficiency of up to 0.97. (4) running a smooth, great過載能力. (5) reliability, long life. Its life expectancy as compared with ordinary gear reducer can increase 2-3 times, so we have adopted in the design of this reducer. One to make the smallest possible size of locomotives, and secondly to improve the practical performance of the locomotive. Table 25.1-60 selected in accordance with the work of coefficient KA = 1.0; i = 43 to select a single-stage cycloid reducer, check ? = 0.94 = = 29.5 (kW) Table 25.1-36 selec