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第2課時(shí)高瞻遠(yuǎn)矚——鎖定主旨大意類(lèi)題目,⊙怎么考主旨大意類(lèi)題目主要考查全文的主旨大意、段落的中心思想，作者的寫(xiě)作目的和文章標(biāo)題。常見(jiàn)的設(shè)問(wèn)方式有：1.Themainidea/keypointofthispassageisthat________.2.Thepassageismainlyabout________.3.Thebesttitle/headlineforthispassageis________.,4.Thetopic/subjectdiscussedinthispassageis________.5.Fromthepassagewecanlearn/concludethat________.6.Thelastparagraphischieflyconcernedwith________.7.Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestexpressesthemainideaofthepassage?8.Whichofthefollowingbeststatesthethemeofthepassage?,⊙怎么學(xué)在平時(shí)的閱讀練習(xí)中，注意文章的體裁，把握作者的寫(xiě)作目的與思路，學(xué)會(huì)抓主題句、主題段，關(guān)注文章的首段、尾段、每段的首句和尾句等。另外，掌握略讀與細(xì)讀的基本技巧，學(xué)會(huì)積累、尋找關(guān)鍵詞像themostimportant，finally等，像概括類(lèi)詞therefore，inaword等。,⊙怎么解做此類(lèi)題目時(shí)做到：1.高瞻遠(yuǎn)矚，不可以偏概全；不可以個(gè)人的思想代替作者的思想。2.在了解全文大意的基礎(chǔ)上，仔細(xì)考慮選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容與文章主題有沒(méi)有聯(lián)系；3.看選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容對(duì)文章概括得是否正確；4.要注意選項(xiàng)中所給出的題目范圍是否過(guò)大或過(guò)小。要避免以下三種錯(cuò)誤：概括不夠，過(guò)度概括，以事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)替代概括性強(qiáng)的大意。,5.找主題句的四個(gè)小竅門(mén)：①段落中出現(xiàn)表轉(zhuǎn)折的詞語(yǔ)(如however，but，infact，actually，while，onthecontrary，incontrast等)時(shí)，其后的句子很可能是主題句。②首段出現(xiàn)疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，對(duì)該問(wèn)題的回答很可能就是主題句。③作者有意識(shí)地反復(fù)強(qiáng)調(diào)的觀點(diǎn)，通常是主旨；反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的詞語(yǔ)，一般為體現(xiàn)文章主旨的關(guān)鍵詞。④表示總結(jié)或結(jié)論的詞或短語(yǔ)有therefore，thus，inshort，conclude，inconclusion等。,【典例剖析1】體裁：說(shuō)明文話(huà)題：房子與健康詞數(shù)：380時(shí)間：8′(2015新課標(biāo)全國(guó)卷Ⅱ，B)Yourhousemayhaveaneffectonyourfigure.Expertssaythewayyoudesignyourhomecouldplayaroleinwhetheryoupackonthepoundsorkeepthemoff.Youcanmakeyourenvironmentworkforyouinsteadofagainstyou.Herearesomewaystoturnyourhomeintopartofyourdietplan.,Openthecurtainsandturnupthelights.Darkenvironmentsaremorelikelytoencourageovereating，forpeopleareoftenlessself-conscious(難為情)whenthey’reinpoorlylitplaces—andsomorelikelytoeatlotsoffood.Ifyourhomedoesnthaveenoughwindowlight，getmorelampsandfloodtheplacewithbrightness.Mindthecolors.Researchsuggestswarmcolorsfuelourappetites.Inonestudy，peoplewhoatemealsinablueroomconsumed33percentlessthanthoseinayelloworredroom.Warmcolorslikeyellowmakefoodappearmoreappetizing，whilecoldcolorsmakeusfeellesshungry.Sowhenitstimetorepaint，goblue.,Dontforgettheclock—ortheradio.Peoplewhoeatslowlytendtoconsumeabout70fewercalories(卡路里)permealthanthosewhorushthroughtheirmeals.Beginkeepingtrackofthetime，andtrytomakedinnerlastatleast30minutes.Andwhileyoureatit，actuallysitdowntoeat.Ifyouneedsomehelpslowingdown，turnonrelaxingmusic.Itmakesyoulesslikelytorushthroughameal.Downsizethedishes.Bigservingbowlsandplatescaneasilymakeusfat.Weeatabout22percentmorewhenusinga12-inchplateinsteadofa10-inchplate.Whenwechoosealargespoonoverasmallerone，totalintake(攝入)jumpsby14percent.Andwellpourabout30percentmoreliquidintoashort，wideglassthanatall，skinnyglass.,【語(yǔ)篇解讀】這是一篇科普說(shuō)明文。短文主要說(shuō)明了人的食量與房子粉刷的顏色、燈光的明暗等有著密切的關(guān)系。它們對(duì)人的身材會(huì)產(chǎn)生一定的影響。1.Thetextisespeciallyhelpfulforthosewhocareabout________.A.theirhomecomfortsB.theirbodyshapeC.housebuyingD.healthydiets答案B[推理判斷題。短文主要說(shuō)明了飲食與室內(nèi)光線(xiàn)、墻壁的顏色、餐具的尺寸及進(jìn)餐的速度等有著密切的關(guān)系。顯然這對(duì)于那些注重體型的人是有所幫助的。故答案為B。],2.Ahomeenvironmentinbluecanhelppeople________.A.digestfoodbetterB.reducefoodintakeC.burnmorecaloriesD.regaintheirappetites答案B[事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第三段“...peoplewhoatemealsinablueroomconsumed33percentlessthanthoseinayelloworredroom.”可知，藍(lán)色的用餐環(huán)境有助于減少食物攝入量。因此B項(xiàng)正確。],3.Whatarepeopleadvisedtodoatmealtimes?A.Eatquickly.B.Playfastmusic.C.Usesmallerspoons.D.Turndownthelights.答案C[事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。由第四段第二句可知，進(jìn)餐快的人比進(jìn)餐慢的人每頓飯多消耗70卡路里的熱量。由此可知A項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。由第四段倒數(shù)第二句中的“turnonrelaxingmusic”可知B項(xiàng)不對(duì)。而由第二段首句中的“turnupthelights”可知D項(xiàng)也是錯(cuò)誤的。根據(jù)最后一段“whenwechoosealargespoonoverasmallerone，totalintakejumpsby14percent.”也可直接推知答案為C。],4.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.IsYourHouseMakingYouFat?B.WaysofServingDinnerC.EffectsofSelf-ConsciousnessD.IsYourHomeEnvironmentRelaxing?答案A[標(biāo)題歸納題。短文首句即為主題句：房子可能影響住戶(hù)的身材。接下來(lái)從房子的顏色、室內(nèi)燈光等方面說(shuō)明了對(duì)飲食的影響。用A項(xiàng)作標(biāo)題，既能總括全文，又能吸引讀者。],【典例剖析2】體裁：議論文話(huà)題：社會(huì)生活詞數(shù)：266時(shí)間：5′(2014重慶卷，E)Itsgenerallybelievedthatpeopleactthewaytheydobecauseoftheirpersonalitiesandattitudes.Theyrecycletheirgarbagebecausetheycareabouttheenvironment.Theypay$5foracaramelbrulelattebecausetheylikeexpensivecoffeedrinks.,Itsundeniablethatbehaviorcomesfromourinnerdispositions(性情)，butinmanyinstanceswealsodrawinferencesaboutwhoweare，assuggestedbythesocialpsychologistDarylBem，byobservingourownbehavior.Wecanbestrangerstoourselves.Ifweknewourownminds，whywouldweneedtoguesswhatourpreferencesarefromourbehavior？Ifourmindswereanopenbook，wewouldknowexactlyhowmuchwecareabouttheenvironmentorlikelattes.Actually，weoftenneedtolooktoourbehaviortofigureoutwhoweare.,Moreover，wedontjustuseourbehaviortolearnaboutourparticulartypesofcharacter－weinfercharactersthatwerenttherebefore.Ourbehaviorisoftenshapedbylittlepressuresaroundus，whichwefailtorecognize.Maybewerecyclebecauseourwivesandneighborswoulddisapproveifwedidnt.Maybewebuylattesinordertoimpressthepeoplearoundus.Weshouldnotmistakenlybelievethatwealwaysbehaveasaresultofsomeinnerdisposition.,Whateverpressurestherecanbeorinferencesonecanmake，peoplebecomewhattheydo，thoughitmaynotbeincompliance(符合)withtheirtruedesires.Therefore，weshouldallbearinmindKurtVonnegutsadvice：“Wearewhatwepretendtobe，sowemustbecarefulaboutwhatwepretendtobe.”,【語(yǔ)篇解讀】本文講述了人的性格和態(tài)度決定人的行為。5.Accordingtothepassage，personalitiesandattitudesarecommonlybelievedto________.A.determineonesbehaviorB.reflectonestasteC.influenceonessurroundingsD.resultfromoneshabits答案A[事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)文章第一段中“Itsgenerallybelievedthat...andattitude.”可知性格和態(tài)度決定一個(gè)人的行為，故選A。],6.WhichofthefollowingwouldDarylBemmostprobablyagreewith?A.Thereturnofawalletcanindicateoneshonesty.B.Akindpersonwillofferhisseattotheold.C.Onerecyclesplasticstoprotecttheenvironment.D.Onebuyslatteoutoftrueloveofcoffee.答案A[推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段中“Itsundeniablethat...aboutwhoweare.”可知拾金不昧表明人的誠(chéng)實(shí)，故選A。],7.Whatcanbeinferredfromtheunderlinedsentenceinthepassage?A.Wefailtorealizeourinnerdispositions.B.Wecanbeinfluencedbyoutsidepressures.C.Ourbehavioristheresultofourtruedesires.D.Ourcharacterscanshapeoursocialrelationships.答案B[推理判斷題。根據(jù)畫(huà)線(xiàn)句子可知如果我們不重復(fù)利用的話(huà)，妻子和鄰居會(huì)反對(duì)，可以推出我們會(huì)受外界壓力的影響，故選B。],8.Whatdoestheauthormainlydiscussinthepassage?A.Personalitiesandattitudes.B.Preferencesandhabits.C.Behaviorandpersonalities.D.Attitudesandpreferences.答案C[主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第一句話(huà)“Itsgenerallybelievedthat...andattitudes.”可知這是本文主題句，所以本文討論了性格和行為的關(guān)系，故選C。],