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gkxx精品課件,Unit 1 Getting along with others,Grammar and usage To-infinitive and Verb-ing form as a noun,,gkxx精品課件,Part 1 To-infinitive,gkxx精品課件,1.to do as a subject The cat said, “To take roller coaster is terrible ”.,不定式短語作主語時，可以直接放在句首，但在很多情況下，尤其是在疑問句和感嘆句中，往往放在謂語之后，而用先行代詞it作形式主語。,The cat said, “It’s terrible to take roller coaster.”,How long did it take you to take roller coaster? How terrible it is to take roller coaster!,gkxx精品課件,不定式作主語常見句型：,a) It is + adj. (easy, important, difficult…) + 不定式,b) It is + n. (a pity, a pleasure, one’s duty, a shame…) + 不定式,c) It takes/needs/requires + some time (hours, months, days, patience…) + 不定式,It requires patience to be a good teacher.,It’s my duty to teach you how to be a student of Nanjing No.3 Middle School.,gkxx精品課件,2.to do as a predictive,Our most important task now is to make a plan.,當句子的主語是aim, idea, policy, question, suggestion, wish, task, duty, job, purpose等或者主語是what引導的名詞性從句時，后面可以用不定式做表語，用以說明主語所包含內(nèi)容。,注：作表語的不定式都帶to，但當主語部分有實義動詞do時，to可以省略。,Now the only thing we can do is wait.,gkxx精品課件,3.to do as an object The cat said “Remember not to take it next time!” (Tips:不定式否定為not to),,a) 可以直接用不定式作賓語的動詞很多，如agree, afford, tend, ask, decide, determine, expect, fail, hope, learn, intend, manage, offer, plan, promise, refuse, want, wish,2005年天津卷12題：I don’t want _____ like I’m speaking ill of anybody, but the manager’s plan is unfair. to sound B. to be sounded C. sounding D. to have sounded,gkxx精品課件,當不定式短語比賓補長時，往往將 不定式放到賓補后，而用先行代詞it 作形式賓語，常用動詞有feel, think, find, believe, consider, make等。,,The cat felt it terrible to take roller coaster.,b) 只有少數(shù)介詞如but, except等后面可以跟不定式作賓語。一般情況下作介詞賓語的不定式都帶to，但如果but或except所在句子里的謂語動詞含有do, does, did時，通常省略to。,We have no choice but to wait.,Cf. We can do nothing but wait.,gkxx精品課件,4. to do as an object complement,You should get them to help you . (They will help you.),They believed him to be honest. (He was honest.),(常用謂語動詞有: get,ask,force, order, tell, invite, allow, wish, want,like ,expect,advise , beg等。),但在謂語動詞believe, find , think, feel, consider, suppose, imagine, prove 等后面 跟to be…作賓補,不跟to do…,gkxx精品課件,The boss made her work long hours. 主語 謂語 賓語 賓補,,,,She 主語,was made 謂語,to work 主補,long hours (by her boss).,gkxx精品課件,2005全國卷(I)No.18 While watching television, ______. A. The doorbell rang B. The doorbell rings C. We heard the doorbell ring D. We heard the doorbell rings,2005福建卷No.23 If anyone happens to drop in while I’m out, _____ him or her leave a message. A. have B. get C. ask D.tell,,,,,gkxx精品課件,Tips:有些動詞后面須接不帶to 的不定式做賓語補足語,常用的動詞有:,make,let,have,see; hear,watch,notice,feel; look at, listen to; help, observe 等,,但是句子變成被動語態(tài)后, 不定式成為句子的主語補足語,需帶to.,,gkxx精品課件,I would rather ____ (go) swimming.,You had better ______ (tidy) your bedroom.,Why not ______ (visit) your cousin in Japan?,go,tidy,visit,Tips:有些句型后面須接不帶to的不定式。,gkxx精品課件,She told me _______(be) cheerful and ______(look) on the bright side.,We had nothing ______(do) but _____(watch) TV.,to be,look,to do,watch,Tips: 當兩個不定式and, or, expect, but, than或rather than連接起來時，第二個不定式符號省略。,gkxx精品課件,,5. to do as an attributive,,①能帶不定式作賓語的動詞，其同源名詞可以帶不定式作定語。常見的有 attempt, decision, promise, plan等,He has not kept his promise _________(write) to his parents regularly.,不定式可以在句子充當后置定語，修飾名詞。以下幾類情況常用不定式作定語：,She made a decision ______(go)abroad for a year.,to write,to go,gkxx精品課件,②常與不定式搭配的形容詞，其 同源名詞一般可以用不定式作定語。,常見的有ability, determination, anxiety, eagerness等,His eagerness to finish his homework was quite clear.,③序數(shù)詞,形容詞最高級或被only, last, next等修飾的名詞可以用不定式作定語。,She was the only person to survive after the earthquake.,gkxx精品課件,Tips: 不定式在作定語時，有時與被修飾的名詞有意義上的主謂關系、同位關系、動賓關系，如果該不定式是不及物動詞，它后面需要加上適當介詞。,He’s always the first to come and the last to leave. (=The first comes and the last leaves.)(主謂關系),I have no time to listen to your excuse. (同位關系),She has a meeting to attend. （=attend a meeting),There’s nothing to worry about. (=worry about nothing)(動賓關系),gkxx精品課件,6. to do as an adverbial不定式可以作狀語， 表示目的、結(jié)果、原因、條件等。,,,,,①so as to (不能放句首), to, in order to作目的狀語,2005年遼寧卷22題：All these gifts must be mailed immediately _____ in time for Christmas. in order to have received B. in order to receive C. so as to be received D. so as to be receiving,②在so…as to, such…as to, only to …結(jié)構中不定式作結(jié)果狀語，其中only to…用于表示意想不到的結(jié)果。,He hurried to the station only ___ that the train had gone. A. to find B. finding C. found D. to have found,gkxx精品課件,③enough to, too…to結(jié)構,,The boy isn’t old enough to go to school. = The boy is too young to go to school.,④形容詞（glad, happy , lucky, fortunate, surprised, angry, anxious, ready, quick, slow, cruel, clever等）+ 不定式結(jié)構作原因狀語,I’m glad to meet you.,,gkxx精品課件,7. 作插入語，用來說明說話人的 態(tài)度、看法、對整個句子進行解釋， 如to be frank（坦白地說），to be sure（確實）等。,,To tell you the truth, I hate you.,8. 作同位語,The order to start the general attack soon came.,gkxx精品課件,不定式復合結(jié)構:以it為形式主語或形式賓語引導的復合結(jié)構，如前面的形容詞指行為的性質(zhì)就用：for sb. to do sth.這種復合結(jié)構在句中可作主、表、賓、定、狀等。,,,It is necessary for us to go there.(主語),There is no need for him to leave.(定語),My suggestion is for you to do the job.(表語),gkxx精品課件,如果該形容詞是指行為的性質(zhì)，同時又指行為的人，則用of sb. to do sth.。這種句式中的常用形容詞有：right, wrong, brave, careful, careless, clever, wise, stupid, cruel, foolish, good, honest, kind, nice, silly等。,It’s very kind of you to come to see me.,It was foolish of him to believe her.,I think it wise of her not to accept their offer.,gkxx精品課件,Tips:連接代（副）詞+不定式（包括whether, what, which, whom, where, when, how, （不包括why/if），在句中起名詞作用，通常跟在tell, know, show, decide, learn, wonder, explain等動詞后作主、賓或表語。,,No one can tell me where to find John.,When to the exam is still unknown.,The problem is how to get enough money.,gkxx精品課件,不定式的進行式、完成式和被動式,,①不定式的進行式：to be + V-ing, 用來表示謂語動詞動作發(fā)生時，不定式的動作正在進行。,Some students pretended to be reading English when the teacher came in.,gkxx精品課件,②不定式完成式：to have + V-ed 構成，用來表示動作發(fā)生在謂語動作之前。,,,,2005年江蘇卷No.25 --- Is Bob still performing? --- I’m afraid not. He is said _______ the stage already as he has become an official. A. to have left B. to leave C. to have been D. to be left,gkxx精品課件,,,,,,2006年四川卷No.26 The Chinese are proud of the 29th Olympic Games _____ in Beijing in 2008. A. hold B. holding C. held D. to be held,The book is said to have been translated into many languages.,當不定式的邏輯主語是不定式所表示 的動作的承受者時，不定式要用被動語態(tài)。 ③不定式的被動式分為一般式被動to be V-ed和完成式被動to have been V-ed,gkxx精品課件,The question is difficult to answer.,=The question is difficult for me to answer.,=It is difficult for me to answer the question.,He is hard to get along with.,=It is hard to get along with him.,gkxx精品課件,表語,主語,賓語,,不定式,賓語補足語,定語,狀語,,gkxx精品課件,Homework: P.9 Fill in the blankets, using to-infinitives. P.92 C1 Answer the questions using to-infinitives.,,gkxx精品課件,Thank you for attention,gkxx精品課件,,Part 2 Verb-ing form as a noun,gkxx精品課件,1.動名詞的句法功能：動名詞由動詞加ing構成，與現(xiàn)在分詞的形式相同。動名詞主要起名詞作用，在句中擔任主語、表語、賓語和定語。,①作主語，可以直接放在句首，也可以用先行代詞it作為形式主語，而把動名詞后置。,Seeing is believing. (眼見為實),Collecting stamps is a good hobby.,(單個動名詞短語作主語時，動詞用單數(shù)),gkxx精品課件,動名詞作主語還有以下兩個習慣表答法：,It is no use (good) + 動名詞：做某事沒用(不好),It’s no use crying over spilt milk. (覆水難收) It’s no good spitting in public.,There is no + 動名詞 (= It is impossible to do sth.),There is no knowing what may happen.（未來的事無法知道）,,gkxx精品課件,②作表語：通常是說明主語的內(nèi)容，注意它與謂語動詞進行時的區(qū)別,His hobby is collecting stamps. (此句為SVC結(jié)構),可改為：Collecting stamps is his hobby.,Cf. He is collecting stamps. (is collecting是謂語動詞進行時，此句為SVO結(jié)構),不能改為：Collecting stamps is he.,gkxx精品課件,,,2005年上海卷No.32 He got well-prepared for the job interview, for he could not risk _____ the good opportunity. A. to lose B. losing C. to be lost D. being lost,2006年北京卷No.35. I can’t stand _____ with Jane in the same office. She just refuses _____ talking while she works. A. working; stopping B. to work; stopping C. working; to stop D. To work; to stop,,gkxx精品課件,③作賓語,A.作及物動詞的賓語,,(stand, admit, dislike, imagine, delay, consider, mind, understand, avoid, enjoy, practise, miss, finish, keep, suggest, appreciate, escape, miss),2006年江蘇卷N0.32 ---There is a story here in the paper about a 110-year-old man. ---My goodness! I can’t imagine ___ that old. A. to be B. to have been C. being D. having been,,,gkxx精品課件,Tips:有些動詞（ continue, prefer,begin, hate, like, start,love）后面既可以接不定式作賓語，也可以接動名詞作賓語，意義差別不大。通常認為用動名詞泛指一般的傾向性，用不定式則表示特定或具體某一種動作。,I like swimming but I don’t like to swim in winter.,I prefer to drive rather than to be driven.,I prefer driving to riding.,,gkxx精品課件,有些動詞，如forget, remember, regret等，后面接動 名詞表示的動作先于謂語動詞動作，不定式表示的動 作后于謂語動詞。,,,2005年北京卷No.30 When asked by police, he said that he remembered _____ at he party, but not ______. A. to arrive, leaving B. to arrive, to leave C. arriving, leaving D. arriving, to leave,在下列句型中動名詞作真正賓語： 動詞+it（形式賓語）+賓補+動名詞（真正賓語）,,gkxx精品課件,B. 作介詞的賓語,,,,2005年浙江卷No.3 The president spoke at the business meeting for nearly an hour without ______ his notes. A.bringing up B. referring to C. looking for D. trying on,be used to doing 習慣于做；look forward to doing 盼望做；devote one’s life to doing 致力于做；spend time (in) doing 花時間做；be fond of doing 喜愛做；be good at doing 擅長做；be proud of doing 為做…而自豪；be tired of doing 對做…感到厭倦；feel like doing 欲想做；,gkxx精品課件,go on doing 繼續(xù)做（原來的事）； keep on doing 不停地做；what about doing 做…怎么樣；think of doing 考慮做；be interested in doing 對做…感興趣；have some difficulty/trouble (in) doing 做某事有困難；be busy (in) doing 忙于做；instead of doing 做…而不做…,,,,2005年江蘇卷No.23 Everybody in the village likes Jack because he is good at telling and ______ jokes. A. turning up B. putting up C. making up D. showing up,,gkxx精品課件,④作定語,動名詞可作前置定語，表示所修飾的詞的用途或目的，可用for改寫；而現(xiàn)在分詞作定語時，可用定語從句改寫。,swimming pool, waiting room, walking stick,a sleeping car =a car for sleeping,a sleeping child=a child who is sleeping,gkxx精品課件,⑤作同位語,That’s the queen’s full-time job, laying eggs.,這就是蟻后的專職工作——產(chǎn)卵。,2．動名詞的邏輯主語,①人稱代詞做邏輯主語時應用所有格，即形容詞性物主代詞。,Do you mind my smoking here?,②邏輯主語是不定代詞或指示代詞時，很少用所有格，而用普通格。,He was awakened by someone knocking at the door.,There’s no need for that being done.,gkxx精品課件,③邏輯主語是名詞時，用所有格， 但是如果名詞為無生命物體時，則用普通格。,,,,Mary’s laughing made Tom angry.,There is no hope of the factory making profit.,④在口語中，動名詞如果不在句首，可以用名詞普通格或人稱代詞賓格作邏輯主語。,2005年安徽卷No.34 I really can’t understand _____ her like that. A. you treat B. you to treat C. why treat D. you treating,,gkxx精品課件,3. 動名詞的完成式(having done)、 一般式被動(being done)和完成式 被動(having been done)。,After having finished his work, he went home.,He attended the meeting without being asked.,She never told me about her having been interviewed by the police.,,gkxx精品課件,表語,主語,賓語,,動名詞,定語,,gkxx精品課件,Homework: 1. P.11 Fill in the blank, s using verb-ing form. 2. P.92 Fill in the blanks using the correct forms in blanks.,gkxx精品課件,Thank you for attention,,同學們,來學校和回家的路上要注意安全,同學們,來學校和回家的路上要注意安全,