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1、word 第四講非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞指的是在句中起名詞， 形容詞或副詞作用的動(dòng)詞形式， 而不是作謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞 形式。動(dòng)詞的非謂語(yǔ)形式分為動(dòng)名詞，分詞，動(dòng)詞不定式。 一?謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的區(qū)別： 1.謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在句中可單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)，而非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)。 Miss Mary teaches us English. 瑪麗教我們英語(yǔ)。（teaches 動(dòng)詞作謂語(yǔ)） Mr.Victor came to our classroom to have a talk with us last week. 維克托先生上周來(lái)到了我們教室和我們談話。 （to have a talk....

2、 不定式作狀語(yǔ)） 2 ?謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞受主語(yǔ)的人稱和數(shù)的限制，而非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式?jīng)]有這種限制。 Larke likes the pop music. 拉克喜歡流行音樂(lè)。（動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)第三人稱形式 ） Larke has nothing to do today. 拉克今天沒(méi)什么事要做。 （do用原形） 3 ?非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的特征： 如果非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是及物動(dòng)詞，后面須跟賓語(yǔ)。 Studying English is my favorite. 學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)是我的愛(ài)好。 （studying 后跟賓語(yǔ)） To help him is my duty. 幫助他是我的責(zé)任。（help 后跟賓語(yǔ)） 4 ?非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)

3、詞可以帶有自己的狀語(yǔ)或邏輯主語(yǔ)。 Work ing un der such a con diti on is terrible. 在這樣的環(huán)境下工作太可怕了。 （under such a condition 是working 的狀語(yǔ)） It's too difficult for him to master En glish in such a short time. 他在這么短的時(shí)間內(nèi)掌握英語(yǔ)太難了。 （for him 作不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)） 5 ?非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍有語(yǔ)態(tài)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化。 I am sorry to have kept you wait ing long. 對(duì)不起讓你久等

4、了。 （to have kept... 是不定式的完成形式 ） Seen from the mountain, the city looks much more beautiful. 從山上看，這座城市美麗多了。 （Seen from... 是分詞的被動(dòng)形式） 6 ?非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在句中可以當(dāng)成名詞或者形容詞來(lái)使用。 Our ing made him happy. 我們的到來(lái)使他很高興。 （ing 起名詞作用） 起形 There are two big swimmi ng pools here. 這兒有兩個(gè)大型游泳池。 （swimmi ng 容詞作用） 二?非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式變化：

5、 不定式的形式：（以動(dòng)詞do為例） 不鈕 主動(dòng) 「 啟動(dòng) —般 to write to be written to bg writing I 完戒 to have written 1o havE been written to have b電包n writing f 主動(dòng) 被動(dòng) writing being written 気威 having wrtten havingbeen written written 主動(dòng) 械動(dòng) writing befrig wntten 完成 having writte

6、n havingbe&n writt的 三.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng) 詞的句法功 能 名稱 語(yǔ)法功能 不定式 主語(yǔ);賓語(yǔ);賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)；表語(yǔ);定語(yǔ);狀語(yǔ) 動(dòng)名詞 主語(yǔ);賓語(yǔ);表語(yǔ);定語(yǔ);狀語(yǔ) 現(xiàn)在分詞 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)；表語(yǔ);定語(yǔ);狀語(yǔ) 過(guò)去分詞 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)；表語(yǔ);定語(yǔ);狀語(yǔ) （一）動(dòng)詞不定式 動(dòng)詞不定式 主動(dòng) 被動(dòng) 一般式 to do to be done 進(jìn)行式 to be doing 完成式 to have done to have bee n done 否定式： not + to do (1) 一般式：所表示的動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)

7、生或發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之后。 To teach En glish is my job. We pla n to pay a visit. He seems to know a lot. The meeting to be held tomorrow is put off. The teacher ordered the work to be done. To catch the first bus, he got up early. (2) 進(jìn)行式：所表示的動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。 The boy prete nded to be work ing hard. He se

8、ems to be read ing in his room. (3) 完成式：表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之前。 I regretted to have told a lie. I happe ned to have see n the film. He is pleased to have met his frie nd. 不定式的完成時(shí)的特殊用法 ① 表示不定式中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞發(fā)生的動(dòng)作先于主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞發(fā)出的動(dòng)作。 The novel was said to have bee n published. I regret to have bee n with you for s

9、o many years. seem appear、be said、be supposed、be believed 、be thought 、be known、be reported等動(dòng)詞常用于上面句型。 此外，glad、happy、satisfied 、sorry、surprised 、disappo in ted 后也接完成時(shí), 但要注意與一般時(shí)的區(qū)別。 I ' m sorry to keep you waiting for a minute. 對(duì)不起，請(qǐng)稍等。 （說(shuō)話時(shí)還未等） I ' m sorry to have kept you waiting.對(duì)不起，讓你久等

10、了。 (說(shuō)話時(shí)已等了很久) ② 不定式的完成時(shí)還可表示“過(guò)去本想做某事但未做"的虛擬語(yǔ)氣。 (A) should like to / would like to / would love to + 不定式的完成時(shí)。 (B) was / were to + 不定式的完成時(shí)，表示該做某事或想做但未實(shí)現(xiàn)。 (C) expect / hope / mean / promise / suppose / think / want/ wish + 不定式 完成時(shí)， 表示過(guò)去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望。 不定式的成分： (1) 作主語(yǔ) To finish the work in ten minu tes

11、 is very hard. To lose your heart means failure. 動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，常用 it作形式主語(yǔ)，例如上面兩句可用如下形式： It is very hard to finish the work in ten minu tes. It means failure to lose your heart. (2) 作表語(yǔ)不定式作表語(yǔ)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的內(nèi)容或性質(zhì)。 His job is to guard.( 說(shuō)明內(nèi)容) be + to do sth.( 表示按計(jì)劃要做的事 ) Her job is to clea n the hall. He

12、appears to have caught a cold. 作表語(yǔ)的不定式通常帶 to，當(dāng)主語(yǔ)部分含有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞 do，不定式作表語(yǔ)可省 to。 The only thi ng I can do is (to)wait. ⑶作賓語(yǔ)： 以下詞語(yǔ)常不定式作賓語(yǔ)： afford 、promise、refuse、expect、hope、learn、offer、 wish、want、fail 、plan、agree、forget、like、prefer、decide、manage try、 arrange、determine、desire、ask、beg ,choose, help, plan

13、, pretend, prefer, refuse, 如果不定式(賓語(yǔ))后面有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，那么用 it作形式賓語(yǔ)，真正的 賓語(yǔ)(不定式)后置，放在賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)后面。 Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia. 動(dòng)詞不定式也可充當(dāng)介詞賓語(yǔ) I have no choice but to stay here. He did nothing last Sun day but repair his bike. There is nothing to do but wait. 動(dòng)詞不定式與疑問(wèn)詞連用作賓語(yǔ) He gav

14、e us some advice on how to lear n En glish. find , feel, consider, think, make + it + adj./n+to do I find it possible to ask the question (4) 作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)： ① 動(dòng)詞 see、watch、notice、hear、listen to 、observe、feel、taste、smell、 make let、have等的賓補(bǔ)用動(dòng)詞原形，變被動(dòng)時(shí)要加 to,此時(shí)的不定式就是主 語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。 ② 常用帶不定式作賓補(bǔ)的幾種情況： 主語(yǔ) + ask /

15、require / tell / order / force / get / want / like + sb.to do sth. ③ 主語(yǔ) + think / judge / suppose / believe / con sider /imagi ne/ con sider / feel + sb. + to be/ to have done ④ 主語(yǔ) + call on / upon / depe nd on / wait for / ask for + sb.+ to do sth. 總之以下動(dòng)詞使用不定式作賓補(bǔ)： want, wish, ask, tell, order

16、, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, i nvite. 有些動(dòng)詞女口 make, let, have, see, find, watch, observe, notice, listen to, hear, feel 與不帶to的不定式連用，但改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，不定式要加 to。 I saw him cross the road. He was see n to cross the road. get sth / sb. to do He got

17、 the car to start. ⑸作定語(yǔ)： 動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)，與所修飾名詞有如下關(guān)系： ① 動(dòng)賓關(guān)系： 不定式為不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)，應(yīng)用介詞。 He found a good house to live in. The child has nothing to worry about. 如果句子的主語(yǔ)是不定式的執(zhí)行者，不定式用主動(dòng)。 如果句子的主語(yǔ)不是不定式的執(zhí)行者，不定式用被動(dòng)。 Have you got anything to send? “ Have you got anything to be sent? " said the secretary. ② 說(shuō)明所修飾

18、名詞的內(nèi)容： We have made a plan to finish the work. ③ 被修飾名詞是不定式邏輯主語(yǔ)： He is the first to get here. 不定式作定語(yǔ)的特殊用法： ① 以下詞語(yǔ)后常接不定式作定語(yǔ)： chanee、wish、right、courage、need、promise、 time、 opportunity 、 way、 the first 、 the second 、 the last 、 the only 等。 ② 不定式作定語(yǔ)和所修飾的名詞在邏輯上有主謂關(guān)系。 There is no one to look after

19、her. ③ 不定式與被修飾的名詞在邏輯上有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。 She is now look ing for a room to live in. ⑹作狀語(yǔ)： 不定式作狀語(yǔ)，修飾動(dòng)詞，在句中表示行為目的、結(jié)果、原因。 only to do 表示出 人意料的結(jié)果。 ① 表目的: He worked day and ni ght to get the mon ey. She sold her hair to buy the watch cha in. ② 表結(jié)果： He arrived late to find the train gone. I visited him only

20、to find him out. ③ 表程度： It's too dark for us to see anything. The questi on is simple for him to an swer. ④ 作獨(dú)立成分： To tell you the truth, I don't like the way he talked. 總結(jié): 例句 She wanted to borrow my radio. TTiey began to read and write Stie w&nt to see her grandma last Sunday He cam

21、e to give us a talk yesterda/. 卜足諾 Lucy asked him to turn down the radio. She asked m&to speak more loudly Jim told Ling Feng to give his best wishes 件定語(yǔ) Hsve you got an/thing to say? 1 had something io eat this morning. 作主鑿 To leam a foreign language is no1 easy To play in ihe street is d

22、angeroua 特殊用法： remember to do/doing forget to/doi ng regret to do/d oing mean to do/d oing try to do/d oing stop to do/do ing (7)不定式的省略。 ① 同一結(jié)構(gòu)并列由and或or連接。 I want to finish my homework and go home. I ' m really puzzled what to think or say. 特例： To be or not to be,this is a questi on. He is

23、 better to laugh than to cry.（ 表示對(duì)比） ② 不定式作表語(yǔ)，其前面的主語(yǔ)從句中含有 do時(shí)，后面的to省略。 What he did was lose the game. ③ 句中含有動(dòng)詞 do時(shí)，but、except、besides、such as等后面to可省略。即“前 有do,后省to "。 Don' t do anything silly, such as marry him. ④ 主句含有不定式，后面有 rather than, rather than 后省to。 ⑤ Why not、had better 、would rather 、c

24、an' t but 等詞后省 to。 女口： He could not but walk home. （8）不定式的替代。 多用在同一句或聯(lián)系緊密的對(duì)話中，為了避免重復(fù)，作賓語(yǔ)或主補(bǔ)，賓補(bǔ)的不定式 再次出現(xiàn)時(shí)，to后的內(nèi)容常承前省略（只保留to即可）。但如果承前省略的不定式 有助動(dòng)用的have或be任何形式，后應(yīng)該保留原形 be或have。如： Susa n is not what she used to be. —You came late last ni ght. You ought to have fini shed your homework. —I know I oug

25、ht to have. 常見(jiàn)的有：I ' d like / love / be happy to. 注：①主語(yǔ)的不定式常用it帶代替，不定式放在后面。例： It is not easy to lear n a foreig n Ian guage. It is dan gerous to play in the street. ② 不定式的否定。n ot +不定式。例： Tell him not to be late. The policema n told the boys not to play in the street. ③ 不定式與疑問(wèn)詞連用 ，與what, whic

26、h , how ,where ,when 連用。 例：The question is when to start. I don ' t know where to go. He showed me how to use a puter. Nobody told us what to do. （二）動(dòng)名詞 動(dòng)名詞是由動(dòng)詞原形 + ing 構(gòu)成，同現(xiàn)在分詞形式一樣，在句中可作主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)，表 語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)。 1. 動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)： Talk ing like that is not polite. Lear ning from others is importa nt . Putt i

27、ng on more clothes is not so good . 動(dòng)名詞可以象動(dòng)詞不定式一樣，用 it It's no use wait ing here, let's go home. It's very difficult climb ing this mountain. 2. 動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ) The nurse's job is looking after the patients. See ing is believi ng. 眼見(jiàn)為實(shí)。 3. 動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ) 那樣談話不禮貌。 向別人學(xué)習(xí)很重要。 多穿衣服不一定好。 先行祠代替，而把動(dòng)名詞寫在后面。 在這兒等

28、著也沒(méi)用，我們回家吧。 爬這座山很困難。 護(hù)士的工作是護(hù)理病人。 ① 以下動(dòng)詞后只能接動(dòng)名詞： suggest, finish, avoid, stop, can ' t help, mind. enjoy, require, practise, miss, escape, pard on, advise, con sider, imagi ne, keep, appreciate, permit 。 Please stop smok ing in the house. 請(qǐng)不要在家里扌由煙。 I like readi ng in the forest. 我喜歡在樹林里讀書。

29、Do you mind my ope ning the win dows? 你介意我打開(kāi)窗戶嗎？ She is found of collect ing stamp. 她喜歡集郵。 ② 以下動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)接動(dòng)名詞： leave off, put off, give up, look forward to, feel like, have trouble / difficulty(in) doing sth. devote to, get used to, pay attention to, be fond of, be worth ③ 介詞后要接動(dòng)名詞。 what about 、how

30、 about、without 、be fond of 、be good at 等介詞后接動(dòng)名詞。 4. 動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ) She is study ing in the readi ng room. 她在閱覽室學(xué)習(xí)。 He slept in the sleep ing bag. 他在睡袋里睡覺(jué)。 5.動(dòng)名詞的否定形式：not + 動(dòng)名詞 He prete nd not knowing it at all. 他假裝全然不知。 We con sidered not doing it now. 我們考慮現(xiàn)在不做這件事。 6.動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)態(tài): 動(dòng)名詞的一般時(shí)動(dòng)名詞的一般

31、時(shí)表示動(dòng)作與句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，或在謂語(yǔ) 動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之后發(fā)生。 I enjoy swimmi ng in the big river. 我喜歡在大河里游泳。 I am used to watch ing TV in the evening. 我習(xí)慣于晚上看電視。 動(dòng)名詞的完成時(shí)動(dòng)名詞的完成時(shí)表示動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生。 She regret not hav ing studied the puter hard. 她后悔沒(méi)有努力學(xué)習(xí)計(jì)算機(jī)。 Do you remember hav ing promised me that? 你記得給我許愿了嗎? 7.動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)

32、形式: 當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞和它的邏輯主語(yǔ)是被動(dòng)關(guān)系時(shí)，用動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)形式來(lái)表示。 His being looked dow n upon made him sick. 他被人冷落使他很傷感。 I can't really sta nd being treated like that. 我簡(jiǎn)直受不了這樣的對(duì)待。 8.動(dòng)名詞的幾個(gè)特殊情況: (1)有些動(dòng)詞的后面能跟動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ)，有些動(dòng)詞能跟不定式, 有些兩者都可以，它們 的具體含義有時(shí)還不一樣。 能跟動(dòng)名詞的動(dòng)詞有： avoid, con sider, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, escape, forg

33、ive, finish, imagine, keep, mind, miss, pardon, prevent, resist, suggest, un dersta nd, can't help 等。 能跟不定式的動(dòng)詞有： decide, desire, expect, hope, mean, prete nd, promise, refuse, un dertake, want, wish, agree, man age 等。 能跟動(dòng)名詞和不定式的動(dòng)詞有： love, like, hate, prefer, dislike, begi n, continue, intend,

34、 attempt, propose, want, need, remember, forget, regret, try, deserve, start 等。 動(dòng)詞后面跟動(dòng)名詞還是不定式，含義不相同，總的來(lái)說(shuō)，表示習(xí)慣的，一般性的動(dòng) 作多跟動(dòng)名詞，一次性的具體的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作多跟不定式。 I like to go with you. 我想和你一塊兒去。 I like read in g. 我喜歡閱讀。 He promised to help her. 他答應(yīng)過(guò)要幫助她。 We love watching VCD. 我們喜歡看 VCD ⑵remember, forget, regret 后

35、面跟動(dòng)名詞時(shí)，動(dòng)名詞表示過(guò)去的動(dòng)作，后面跟不 定式時(shí)，不定式表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作。 I remember meet ing him in the street. 我記得在街上見(jiàn)過(guò)他。 I remember to write a letter to my paren ts. 我想起來(lái)要給我父母親寫信。 ⑶"stop + 動(dòng)名詞"表示停止動(dòng)名詞所表示的動(dòng)作， "stop + 不定式"表示停下來(lái) 做 不定式所表示的動(dòng)作。 Stop smok ing, please. 請(qǐng)不要抽煙。 Let's stop to have a rest. 咱們停下來(lái)休息一下吧。 (4) 動(dòng)名詞和分詞的區(qū)別：

36、動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，動(dòng)名詞和它所修飾的詞沒(méi)有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系， 而分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)， 分詞和它所修飾的詞有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。 readi ng text 閱讀課文〔動(dòng)名詞〕 develop ing cou ntry 發(fā)展中國(guó)家〔分詞〕 a sleep ing bag 睡袋〔動(dòng)名詞〕 boiled water 開(kāi)水〔分詞〕 （三）分詞 英語(yǔ)中的分詞分兩種：現(xiàn)在分詞 （the prese nt participle） 和過(guò)去分詞 （the past participle） 現(xiàn)在分詞的形式同動(dòng)名詞一樣， 在動(dòng)詞后面加ing 。而過(guò)去分詞的形式那 么在動(dòng)詞后面加ed.分詞在句中可作定語(yǔ)，狀語(yǔ)

37、或表語(yǔ)。雖然它們?cè)诰渥又卸伎勺髅?詞修飾語(yǔ)、接系動(dòng)詞補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)等，但是它們形式不同，而且語(yǔ)義也有差別。 現(xiàn)在從四方面舉例說(shuō)明： （1） 現(xiàn)在分詞表示動(dòng)作是主動(dòng)的和正在進(jìn)行的 （例①-③）；過(guò)去分詞的動(dòng)作是被動(dòng)的和完 成的（例④-⑥）: ① The boili ng water is hot. ② A sleep ing baby is good to look at. ③ She has a smiling face. ④ You can use the boiled water to make tea. ⑤ Where is my lost key? ⑥ A bro

38、ke n mirror cannot be repaired. 有時(shí)，由于兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞“異詞同義"，其分詞也跟著不同，如： ⑦ a. Have you see n the man weari ng a T-shirt? b. Who is the man dressed in a blue shirt? ⑧ a. His new book con sist ing of useful data has bee n well received. b. Do you like the book made up of un true stories? （2） 在語(yǔ)義上，現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞反映

39、的心理狀態(tài)不同。 前者有 “令人厖〃的含義（見(jiàn) 例⑨）；過(guò)去分詞那么有“感到厖〃的意思 （見(jiàn)例⑩）： ⑨ The soccer match last night was thrilling.（ 令人緊 X） ⑩ The soccer fans were delighted.（ 感至U高興 ） 其他例子有： ? amaz ing, amazed ? annoying, anno yed ? bori ng, bored ? confusing, con fused ? surprising, surprised ? terrify ing, terrified 試比較11a

40、和b以及12a和b: lla. This is the most confusing system I have ever see n. llb. The childre n will get con fused if asked to lear n too much at a time. 12a. David came with some surpris ing n ews. 12b. All were surprised at Sam's sudde n quit. (3) 在作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，如果賓語(yǔ)是有關(guān)分詞邏輯上的主語(yǔ)，就用現(xiàn)在分詞，如 ： Don't keep the v

41、isitor wait ing. 如果賓語(yǔ)和有關(guān)分詞有“動(dòng)詞 +賓語(yǔ)'’關(guān)系，那么這個(gè)分詞就要是過(guò)去分詞了，如： Where did you get your book prin ted? (4) 分詞短語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于副詞從句， 但現(xiàn)在式表示的是主動(dòng)的行動(dòng)， 過(guò)去式表示被動(dòng)的行動(dòng)， 如： En teri ng the room, she found the wall n ewly pain ted. Writte n in haste, the essay had some errors. 1. 現(xiàn)在分詞 (1) 現(xiàn)在分詞在句中作時(shí)間、原因、伴隨、條件、結(jié)果等狀語(yǔ)。 ① 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)(

42、分詞作狀語(yǔ)前面可加 when, while 等) Heari ng the good n ews, he jumped with greatjoy. Not having finished her work in time, the boss fired her. ② 原因狀語(yǔ) Seeing no body at home, he decided to leave them a note ③ 伴隨狀語(yǔ) The girls came in, follow ing their pare nts. ④ 結(jié)果狀語(yǔ) The poor old man died, leav ing noth

43、ing to his childre n. 注意：現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)的幾個(gè)特性。 -時(shí)間性。與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生，用一般時(shí)，如發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前時(shí)那么用完 成式 having done 。 ?語(yǔ)態(tài)性。與句子的主語(yǔ)之間的關(guān)系, 是主謂關(guān)系或動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。遵循的規(guī)那么“主 動(dòng)進(jìn)行，被動(dòng)完成"。 -人稱一致性。分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)就是句子的主語(yǔ)。 例句: Being a stude nt, he likes to help others. 作為一個(gè)學(xué)生，他喜歡幫助別人。 Weari ng a new pair of glasses, she can read easily. 戴了一副新眼鏡，

44、她看 書就好多了。 She is there wait ing for us. 她在那兒等我們呢。 Told by the teacher, she knew she was wrong. 經(jīng)老師一說(shuō)，她知道自己不對(duì)。 (2)現(xiàn)在分詞作表語(yǔ)。 S. + be + 動(dòng)詞-ing :表示主動(dòng)。 S. + be + 動(dòng)詞-ed :表示被動(dòng)。 The story is interesting . 故事有趣。 We are in terested in puter. 我們對(duì)計(jì)算機(jī)感興趣。 (3)現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ) China is a develop ing country.

45、中國(guó)是一個(gè)發(fā)展中國(guó)家。 That's an in terest ing story. 這是一個(gè)有趣的故事。 The girl singing for us is ten years old. 給我們唱歌的女孩十歲了。 作定語(yǔ)的分詞要放在被修飾的名詞之前，如果是分詞詞組那么放在被修飾的名詞之 后，如被修飾的名詞是 someth ing, anything, everyth ing, nothing 等，分詞放 在被修飾名詞的后面。 The work ing people have played a great role in the activity. 工人在這次活 動(dòng)中起

46、主要作用。 There is nothing in teresti ng. 沒(méi)什么有趣的事。 分詞和動(dòng)名詞都可以作定語(yǔ)，判斷是分詞還是動(dòng)名詞，可以根據(jù)它們和被修飾詞有 無(wú)邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系來(lái)判斷，有主謂關(guān)系的是分詞，否那么判斷為動(dòng)名詞。 a swimmi ng girl 游泳的女孩。 (分詞) a swimming pool 游泳的池子(動(dòng)名詞) (4)現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) 可以跟賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有 see, watch, hear, set, keep, fin d, have, get 等詞。 I saw him walk ing in the street. 我看見(jiàn)

47、他在街上走。 I heard them si ngi ng in the classroom. 我聽(tīng)見(jiàn)他們?cè)诮淌依锍琛? We fou nd the boy sleep ing. 我們發(fā)現(xiàn)小孩睡著了。 (5) 分詞的時(shí)態(tài) 分詞的一般時(shí)表示動(dòng)作同謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或之前發(fā)生。 Seeing the teacher is ing, the stude nts stopped play ing. 看到老師進(jìn)來(lái)，學(xué)生們停下來(lái)不玩了。 ing into the room, he lied on his bed. 回至U家后，他就躺在床上。 分詞的完成時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的前面發(fā)生。

48、 Having received a latter, I knew everything is all right. 收到一封信后，我知道一切都很好。 Having had my supper, I went out for a walk. 晚飯后，我出去散步了。 Havi ng known that he won the match, he threw the cap into the sky. 他知道自己比賽獲勝，高興地把帽子扔上了天。 (6) 分詞的被動(dòng)形式 分詞的被動(dòng)形式表示分詞動(dòng)作同所修飾的名詞有一種被動(dòng)關(guān)系。 The en terta inment buildi n

49、g being built will be pleted next year. 正在建設(shè)的娛樂(lè)大樓明年完工。 (7) 分詞的否定形式：not + 分詞 Not knowing what to do n ext, she stopped to wait. 不知道下一步干什么，她停下來(lái)等著。 Not hav ing fini shed the homework, the little girl does n't dare to go to school. 小女孩沒(méi)完成作業(yè)不敢去學(xué)校。 2. 過(guò)去分詞 1) 過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ) 過(guò)去分詞是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的一種形式 ，表示完成和被動(dòng)的

50、動(dòng)作。它在句子中可以充當(dāng)表 語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等成份。 (1)過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ) ① 前置定語(yǔ) 單個(gè)的過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)，通常放在被修飾的名詞之前，表示被動(dòng)和完成意義。 A類：被動(dòng)意義： an honored guest 一位受尊敬的客人 The injured workers are now being take n good care of in the hospital. 受傷的工人現(xiàn)正在醫(yī)院受到良好的照料。 B類：完成意義： a retired teacher 一位退休的教師 They are clea ning the falle n leaves in the yard. 他

51、們正在打 掃院子里的落葉。 ② 后置定語(yǔ) 過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常放在被修飾的名詞之后，它的作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ) 從句。女口 ： This will be the best novel of its kind ever written (=that has ever been writte n). 這將是這類小說(shuō)中寫得最好的。 Who were the so-called guests in vited (=who had bee n in vited) to your party last ni ght? 昨晚被邀請(qǐng)參加你的晚會(huì)的那些所謂的客人是誰(shuí)呀 ？ ③ 過(guò)去分詞作定

52、語(yǔ)時(shí)，所表示的時(shí)間概念： ?多表示已完成的動(dòng)作，例如： The broke n glasses are mine. The book written in Englis h is about “The differences between American English and British English ". ?表示分詞的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之前，例如： A letter posted yesterday will probably reach her next week. He wants to buy a used car. ?沒(méi)有一定的時(shí)間性，例如： I

53、don ' t like to see letters written in pencil. His spoke n En glish is excelle nt. ?某些動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí) ，多半用來(lái)修飾人。這類過(guò)去分詞多是表示人 物的心理特征或情感變化的動(dòng)詞。如： delighted , devoted , discouraged , amused , ast oni shed , frighte ned , moved , in spired , en couraged , puzzled , tired , worried , excited. 例如： The tire

54、d boy fell into asleep very soon . The puzzled mother e to her daughter ' s teacher for help . The frighte ned baby kept crying . (2) 過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ) ①過(guò)去分詞做表語(yǔ)與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的差異 ： 要區(qū)別“系動(dòng)詞 +過(guò)去分詞(系表結(jié)構(gòu))〃和“系動(dòng)詞+過(guò)去分詞(被動(dòng)語(yǔ) 態(tài))"。女口 : The library is now closed. 圖書館現(xiàn)在關(guān)門了。 The library is closed at six. 圖書館經(jīng)常在六點(diǎn)鐘關(guān)門。 說(shuō)明：

55、作表語(yǔ)用的過(guò)去分詞表示主語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)或所處的狀態(tài) ，強(qiáng)調(diào)主謂關(guān)系。這種 結(jié)構(gòu)中的過(guò)去分詞前可加 quite, very, rather 等修飾詞。系動(dòng)詞可有多種 ,表 示不同的意義；被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示動(dòng)作，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，絕大多數(shù)被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的行為 執(zhí)行者還可以用 by短語(yǔ)來(lái)表示。因此，我們不難看出在上面兩句中,A句是系表 結(jié)構(gòu),B句是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 The store is now closed .（ 系表） The library is usually closed at 8:00 p.m.（ 被動(dòng)） The novel is well written .（ 系表） The novel is

56、written by LuXun .（ 被動(dòng)） ②某些過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)，多半用來(lái)表示人物所處的心理狀態(tài)或情感變化 ，其主語(yǔ) 多半是人，這類過(guò)去分詞通常為以下過(guò)去分詞：delighted, devoted, discouraged , ast oni shed, frighte ned, excited, in spired, en couraged, in terested, conten ted, pleased, puzzled, satisfied, tired, worried, ect . 這些分詞幾乎都可以看作形容詞 ，其中很多可以被 very修飾.在口語(yǔ)中，用 very

57、代替much來(lái)修飾過(guò)去分詞的現(xiàn)象，越來(lái)越普遍.例如： On heari ng the good n ews every one was excited . We are very pleased at the n ews . 作表語(yǔ)的過(guò)去分詞主要來(lái)自及物動(dòng)詞 ，在主-系-表句型中，說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)所處的一種 狀態(tài)。其中系動(dòng)詞有包括 be在內(nèi)的多種形式。如： You seem frighte ned. 你看樣子受了驚嚇。 少數(shù)不及物動(dòng)詞（如go, e, set）的過(guò)去分詞也能作表語(yǔ)，但它們不表示被動(dòng)意義 只是表示動(dòng)作完成。如： They are gone for vacatio n. 他們

58、度假去了。 2）過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ) 過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)修飾謂語(yǔ)，大多說(shuō)明動(dòng)作發(fā)生的背景或情況，表示時(shí)間、條件、原因、 伴隨情況等。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，這一結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語(yǔ)是主句的主語(yǔ)。過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)，表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成。作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，可單獨(dú)使用，也可以在其連詞的前面加上適當(dāng)?shù)倪B詞表 示時(shí)間、原因、條件、結(jié)果、伴隨、方式等。 ⑴ 過(guò)去分詞作原因狀語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于 as, since, because 引導(dǎo)的從句,多放在句首。 Greatly in spired by the teacher's words, I have made up my mind to work to En glish even harde

59、r 。 在老師的鼓勵(lì)下，我決心更加努力地學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)。 Greatly moved by the film, they all cried. 他們看了那部電影深受感動(dòng)，都 哭了。 Surroun ded by a group of young people, the old man felt happy. 身邊圍著 一群年輕人，老人感到很高興。 翻譯： Con fused by the stones flying at them from all sides, the boys ran into the buildi ng. Separated at birth, the twin

60、s do not know each other. (2)過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)，表示伴隨情況或方式。 The trainer appeared, followed by six little dogs. 著六條小狗。 He walked up and dow n the room, lost in thought. 入了沉思。 Filled with extraordinary strength, he raised himself. 站了起來(lái)。 The teacher came in, followed by his stude nts. 學(xué)生。 訓(xùn)練員出現(xiàn)了，后面跟 他在屋

61、子時(shí)走來(lái)走去，陷 他使出全身的力氣 老師進(jìn)來(lái)了 ，后面跟著他的 24 / 28 word # / 28 word 翻譯： Seen (表方式)from a spaceship, the earth looks like a blue green white She sat by the win dow, lost i n thought. 她坐在窗前，陷于沉思。 ball. 表伴隨)by her little She walked out of the house, followed ( daughter. （3）過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ),表

62、示條件，相當(dāng)于if, uni ess 引導(dǎo)的從句。如： Given more attention, the cabbages could have grown better.=lf they had been give n more atte nti on, the cabbages could have grow n better. 女口果更精心一 點(diǎn),這些大白菜可以長(zhǎng)得更好一些。 pared with you, we still have a long way to go.=If we are pared with you, we still have a long way to

63、go. 和你相比，我們還有很大的差距。 Given much time, we could do it better.（ 條件）多給點(diǎn)時(shí)間的話，我們會(huì)做得 更好。 翻譯： Given （ 表?xiàng)l件）more water, the fish couldn ' t die. pared with you, we still have a long way to go. ⑷ 作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，如果分詞表示的動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同 時(shí)發(fā)生，可在分詞前用 when, while, until 等使其時(shí)間意義更明確。 When heated, ice can be cha

64、 nged into water.（ 時(shí)間）冰加熱時(shí)變成水。 Built in 1192, the bridge is over 800 years old. 這座橋是1192年建的，已 經(jīng)有八百多年的歷史了。 Whe n heated, water can be cha nged into steam. 水加熱后可以變成水蒸汽。 翻譯： Once seen （ 表時(shí)間）,it can never be forgotten. Questi oned about the murder, he came ten se. （5）作讓步狀語(yǔ) Much tired, he

65、 still kept on work in g.=Though he was tired, he still kept on working. 雖然他很累，他仍然繼續(xù)工作著。 翻譯： Even though defeated （ 表讓步）again, the scientist didn ' t give up. 注意：分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)要與句子的主語(yǔ)保持一致 ，否那么分詞短語(yǔ)就 要有自己的邏輯主語(yǔ)，構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，在很多情況下，這種結(jié)構(gòu)表示伴隨動(dòng)作或 情況。 女口: He rushed into the room, his face covered with swea

66、t. 他沖進(jìn)屋內(nèi) ,滿 為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)） 臉是汗。（his face covered with sweat 總之，當(dāng)句子的主語(yǔ)和前面分句的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成被動(dòng)關(guān)系時(shí) ，一般要用過(guò)去分詞。 3) 過(guò)去分詞作賓補(bǔ)的用法 過(guò)去分詞在句子中可作表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ) (主補(bǔ)、賓補(bǔ))等。下面就過(guò)去分詞作 賓補(bǔ)的用法作一總結(jié)。 I. 能夠接過(guò)去分詞作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞有以下三類: (1)表示感覺(jué)或心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞。如： see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, feel, no tice, think 等。 I heard the song sung in En glish. 我聽(tīng)到有人用英語(yǔ)唱過(guò)這首歌。 He found his hometow n greatly cha nged. 他發(fā)現(xiàn)他的家鄉(xiāng)變化很大。 ⑵ 表示"致使"意義的動(dòng)詞。如： have, make, get, keep, leave 等。 I ' ll have my hair cut tomorrow. 明天我要理發(fā)。 He got his tooth pul