《（5年高考3年模擬A版）江蘇省2020年高考英語(yǔ)總復(fù)習(xí) 專(zhuān)題七 主從復(fù)合句課件.ppt》由會(huì)員分享，可在線閱讀，更多相關(guān)《（5年高考3年模擬A版）江蘇省2020年高考英語(yǔ)總復(fù)習(xí) 專(zhuān)題七 主從復(fù)合句課件.ppt（71頁(yè)珍藏版）》請(qǐng)?jiān)谘b配圖網(wǎng)上搜索。

1、專(zhuān)題七主從復(fù)合句,高考英語(yǔ)（江蘇專(zhuān)用）,考點(diǎn)一定語(yǔ)從句 定語(yǔ)從句也稱(chēng)為關(guān)系從句或形容詞性從句,由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo),用來(lái)限制、描繪或說(shuō)明主句中的某一個(gè)名詞或代詞(有時(shí)也可以說(shuō)明整個(gè)主句或主句中的一部分),即此從句在復(fù)合句中作定語(yǔ)。在復(fù)合句中,被定語(yǔ)從句修飾的成分稱(chēng)為先行詞。根據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞之間關(guān)系的緊密程度,可將定語(yǔ)從句分為限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。 關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的作用有: 1.連接作用:引導(dǎo)從句并同時(shí)連接主句和從句; 2.替代作用:在從句中替代它前面的先行詞;,考點(diǎn)清單,3.充當(dāng)成分:在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分。如:主語(yǔ)(who,that,which);賓語(yǔ)(who,whom

2、,which,that);表語(yǔ)(that,as);定語(yǔ)(whose,...of whom/which);時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)(when),地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)(where)和原因狀語(yǔ)(why)。 說(shuō)明關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略,作其他成分時(shí)一般不可省略。,一、關(guān)系代詞的用法 1.關(guān)系代詞用法分類(lèi),2.關(guān)系代詞that和which的用法 (1)限制性定語(yǔ)從句中,只能用that而不用which的情況: 當(dāng)先行詞是不定代詞all,much,little,something,everything,anything,nothing,none等,且指物時(shí)。 You should hand in all that you ha

3、ve. 你應(yīng)該把你有的都上交。 當(dāng)先行詞被the only,the very(恰恰,正好),any,few,little,no,all等修飾時(shí)。 The only thing that we can do is to give you some advice. 我們唯一能做的事情就是給你一些建議。,當(dāng)先行詞是形容詞最高級(jí)或先行詞的前面有形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)。 This is the best way that has been used against pollution. 這是用于防止污染的最好方式。 當(dāng)先行詞是序數(shù)詞或它前面有序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)。 This train is the last th

4、at will go to Suzhou. 這是去蘇州的最后一列火車(chē)。 當(dāng)先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)。 Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?你知道他們?cè)谡務(wù)摰氖挛锖腿藛?,當(dāng)主句的主語(yǔ)是疑問(wèn)詞who或which時(shí),為避免重復(fù),其后的定語(yǔ)從句要用that引導(dǎo)。 Who is the girl that is sitting on the chair? 那個(gè)坐在椅子上的女孩是誰(shuí)? Which is the bike that you lost? 哪輛是你丟的自行車(chē)? 如果有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句,其中一個(gè)已經(jīng)用了關(guān)系代詞wh

5、ich,則另一個(gè)就要用that以避免重復(fù)。 He built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen be-fore.他建了一個(gè)生產(chǎn)一些以前從沒(méi)見(jiàn)過(guò)的東西的工廠。,以here,there開(kāi)頭的句子,先行詞指物時(shí)。 There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom. 桌子上有本屬于湯姆的書(shū)。 (2)當(dāng)先行詞指物時(shí),定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系代詞只用which而不用that的情況: 在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中,只用which,不用that。 Helen was much kinder to

6、her youngest son than to the others,which,of course,made the others envy him. 海倫對(duì)她最小的兒子比對(duì)其他的兒子都要好得多,這當(dāng)然讓他們對(duì)他很嫉妒。 當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句中的介詞提前時(shí),只用which,不用that。 This is the school in which I once studied. 這是我曾經(jīng)讀過(guò)書(shū)的學(xué)校。,注意在一些固定搭配的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)(如care for,deal with,hear from,see to等)中,由于動(dòng)詞和介詞不可分割,因此不能把介詞置于關(guān)系代詞之前。 This is the pen w

7、hich/that Im looking for.() This is the pen for which Im looking.() 這是我正在尋找的那支鉛筆。 先行詞為that,those時(shí),只用which。 Whats that which is on the desk? 課桌上的那個(gè)東西是什么?,3.關(guān)系代詞who/that,whom和whose的用法 (1)在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí),用who/that,不可省略。 She is the girl who/that lives next door. 她就是住在隔壁的那個(gè)女孩。 (2)在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí),用whom/who/that,可以省

8、略。 Thats the girl(whom/who/that)I met at the conference. 那就是我在會(huì)上遇到的女孩。 (3)在定語(yǔ)從句中作定語(yǔ)時(shí),用whose,不可省略。 This is the scientist whose achievements are well known. 這就是那位成績(jī)卓著的科學(xué)家。,溫馨提示如果指代事物,可以用“限定詞+名詞+of which”或“of which+限定詞+名詞”代替“whose+名詞”;如果指代人,可以用“限定詞+名詞+of whom”或“of whom+限定詞+名詞”代替“whose+名詞”。 This is the

9、house whose window broke last night. =This is the house,the window of which broke last night. =This is the house,of which the window broke last night. 這就是昨晚窗戶(hù)被打破的那所房子。,4.“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句 (1)當(dāng)介詞放在關(guān)系代詞的前面時(shí),關(guān)系代詞常用which或whom,關(guān)系代詞不能省略。 He paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows,most of which hadnt been

10、cleaned for at least a year. 他付給那個(gè)男孩10美元洗10扇窗戶(hù),其中大部分至少一年沒(méi)擦了。 In the dark street,there wasnt a single person to whom she could turn for help. 在黑暗的街道上,她沒(méi)有一個(gè)可以求助的人。,(2)在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中,當(dāng)介詞位于定語(yǔ)從句的末尾時(shí),可用that/which(指物),that/whom/who(指人)作介詞的賓語(yǔ),而且作介詞賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞可以省略。 This is the hero that/who/whom/不填 we are proud of. 這

11、就是我們引以為豪的英雄。 This is the pen that/which/不填 I wrote the letter with. 這就是我寫(xiě)那封信用的鋼筆。 (3)“介詞+which/whom+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)。 The poor little boy had no money with which to buy food. =The poor little boy had no money to buy food with. =The poor little boy had no money that he can buy food with. 這個(gè)可憐的小男孩沒(méi)有錢(qián)買(mǎi)食物。,5.關(guān)系代詞

12、as引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句 關(guān)系代詞as既可以引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句,也可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。as引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)常用于下列句式: (1),其中,關(guān)系代詞as在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)。 We have found such materials as are used in their factory.(as 作主語(yǔ))我們已找到了像他們工廠里用的材料。 These houses were sold at such a low price as people expected.(as作賓語(yǔ))這些房子以人們所期望的如此低的價(jià)格出售了。,He is not the same man as he was

13、.(as作表語(yǔ)) 他和過(guò)去不同了。 (2)...such as... such用作代詞,意為“這樣的人或物”,as引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句并在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)成分,定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞such。 The award-winning film is not such as I expect.(as作賓語(yǔ)) 這部獲獎(jiǎng)影片并不是我所期望的樣子。,6.關(guān)系代詞as與which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)的區(qū)別 (1)as 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句在句中的位置比較靈活,可以放在句首、句中和句末,而which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句只能置于主句之后。但兩者都可替代整個(gè)主句的內(nèi)容。 The weather turned out to b

14、e very good,which was more than we could ex-pect.結(jié)果天氣很好,這一點(diǎn)超出了我們的預(yù)料。 As is known to all, light travels much faster than sound. =Light travels much faster than sound, as/which is known to all.眾所周知,光的傳播要比聲音快得多。,(2)as在從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí),后面常接行為動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),如as is known, as was said,as is reported等。如果從句中的行為動(dòng)詞為主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),一般用wh

15、ich作主語(yǔ)。 As was reported,it rained all day yesterday. 正如報(bào)道的那樣,昨天下了一整天的雨。 (3)在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中,當(dāng)先行詞被the same,such修飾時(shí),其后的定語(yǔ)從句用as來(lái)引導(dǎo)而不用which,關(guān)系代詞as在從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)。(例句見(jiàn)上文),二、關(guān)系副詞的用法 1.引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系副詞有when,where,why等。其用法如下表所示:,I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.(when=on which)我仍然記得我第一次來(lái)北京的那天。 Can you

16、 tell me the office where he works?(where=in which) 你能告訴我他工作的辦公室嗎? That is the reason why I am not in favour of the plan. 那就是我不贊成這個(gè)計(jì)劃的原因。 2.關(guān)系副詞where的特殊用法 有時(shí),先行詞為situation,stage,point,case等抽象名詞,這些名詞是表示模糊化的地點(diǎn),可用where引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。 The accident has reached a point where both their parents are to be called in

17、.這次事故已經(jīng)發(fā)展到了雙方都被叫家長(zhǎng)的地步。,三、way和time后接定語(yǔ)從句的情況 1.當(dāng)先行詞是way(意為“方式,方法”)且定語(yǔ)從句中缺賓語(yǔ)時(shí),引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞有下列三種形式: The way that/which/不填 he explained to us was quite simple.(該句中的that為關(guān)系代詞) 他向我們解釋的那種方法很簡(jiǎn)單。 而當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句中缺狀語(yǔ)時(shí),引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞有以下三種形式: The way that/in which/不填 he explained the sentence to us was not diffi-cult to unders

18、tand.(該句中的that為關(guān)系副詞) 他向我們解釋句子的那種方法不難理解。,2.先行詞是time時(shí),若time作“次數(shù)”講,應(yīng)用關(guān)系詞that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句, that可省略;若time作“一段時(shí)間”講,應(yīng)用關(guān)系副詞when或“介詞dur-ing+which”引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。 This is the second time(that) the President has visited the country.這是總統(tǒng)第二次訪問(wèn)這個(gè)國(guó)家。 There was a time when/during which there were no radios,telephones or TV sets.

19、 曾經(jīng)有一段時(shí)期沒(méi)有收音機(jī),沒(méi)有電話,也沒(méi)有電視機(jī)。,四、定語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù) 當(dāng)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí),定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在人稱(chēng)、數(shù)方面應(yīng)該與先行詞保持一致。 1....one of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+關(guān)系代詞+動(dòng)詞復(fù)數(shù)形式... Titanic is one of the most wonderful movies that have been produced in Hollywood.泰坦尼克號(hào)是好萊塢制作的最精彩的電影之一。 2....the only one of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+關(guān)系代詞+動(dòng)詞單數(shù)形式... Titanic is the only one of these

20、wonderful movies that has been produced in Hollywood.在這些精彩的電影中,泰坦尼克號(hào)是唯一一部由好萊塢制作的電影。,3.當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞as與which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句修飾主句內(nèi)容時(shí),若as與which作主語(yǔ),則從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。 Great changes have taken place in China,as is known to all.眾所周知,中國(guó)已經(jīng)發(fā)生了巨大的變化。 題組訓(xùn)練用定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞填空 John invited about 40 people to his wedding,most of whom are

21、fam-ily members. He may win the petition,in which case he is likely to get into the national team.,He wrote a letter wherehe explained what had happened in the ac-cident. A lot of language learning, as has been discovered,is happening in the first year of life,so parents should talk much to their ch

22、ildren during that period. The two-storey building has turned into a teahouse, among whose previous owners were many well-known actors and actresses.,考點(diǎn)二名詞性從句 名詞性從句包括主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句。名詞性從句主要有三種類(lèi)型: 1.由從屬連詞that引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句; 2.由從屬連詞whether/if引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句; 3.由連接詞who,where,why,when,how,what及wh-ever引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句。

23、此外,as if/as though也可引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句。具體用法見(jiàn)下表:,一、that引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句 1.主語(yǔ)從句 that引導(dǎo)的從句作主語(yǔ)時(shí),常用it作形式主語(yǔ),常見(jiàn)的句型有: (1)It+be+形容詞(obvious,true,natural,surprising,good,wonderful,funny,possible,likely,certain,probable,etc.)+that從句 It is certain that every effect must have a cause. 無(wú)疑,每一個(gè)結(jié)果必定有其原因。 It is probable that he will tel

24、l her everything. 他可能會(huì)告訴她所有的事情。,(2)It+be+名詞(詞組)(no wonder,an honor,good news,a pity,no surprise,etc.)+that 從句 Its a pity that he should miss such a golden opportunity. 他竟錯(cuò)過(guò)如此大好的機(jī)會(huì),真是可惜。 Its no surprise that our team has won the game. 我們隊(duì)已經(jīng)贏得這場(chǎng)比賽并不令人驚奇。 (3)It+be+過(guò)去分詞(said,reported,thought,expected,de

25、cided,announced,ar-ranged,etc.)+that從句 It is said that Mr.Green has arrived in Beijing. 據(jù)說(shuō)格林先生已經(jīng)到達(dá)北京了。 It is decided that the meeting has been put off till next Monday. 已經(jīng)定了,會(huì)議推遲到下周一了。,2.賓語(yǔ)從句 常見(jiàn)的可以接that從句作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有see,say,know,imagine,discover,believe,tell,show,think,consider等。在可以接復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞(如:think,make,

26、consider等)之后,可以用it作形式賓語(yǔ)。 Do you know(that) she has been married to a millionaire? 你知道她嫁給了一個(gè)百萬(wàn)富翁嗎? We think it highly probable that he has settled down in America. 我們認(rèn)為他很可能已經(jīng)在美國(guó)定居了。 We consider it necessary that he should improve his pronunciation. 他應(yīng)當(dāng)改進(jìn)他的發(fā)音,我們認(rèn)為這是必要的。 He has made it clear that he wi

27、ll quit the job. 他會(huì)辭去工作,這一點(diǎn)他已明確表示了。,3.表語(yǔ)從句 that引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句時(shí),一般不可省略。 My decision is that all of us are to start at 6 oclock tomorrow morning. 我的決定是我們所有人明天早上6點(diǎn)出發(fā)。 4.同位語(yǔ)從句 that引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句時(shí),應(yīng)放在某些抽象名詞(如:fact,hope,desire,thought,suggestion,idea,news,problem,possibility等)之后,對(duì)前面的名詞起解釋說(shuō)明的作用,that只起連接作用,在從句中不充當(dāng)任何成分,但不能

28、省略。 The possibility that pleasant smells might reduce pain has recently been suggested by new research. 愉悅的氣味可能降低疼痛的可能性最近已經(jīng)被新的研究所表明。,二、whether/if引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句 1.表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句常用whether引導(dǎo)不用if;當(dāng)主語(yǔ)從句放于句首時(shí),也常用whether引導(dǎo)不用if;當(dāng)it作形式主語(yǔ),主語(yǔ)從句放在句尾時(shí),用whether或if均可,但是如果被后置的主語(yǔ)從句中含有表選擇意義的or not時(shí)常用whether;discuss后接賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí),只能用w

29、hether。 The question is whether the meeting will be held. 問(wèn)題是是否要舉行會(huì)議。 I have no idea whether it is safe to sail in this weather. 我不知道這種天氣出航是否安全。 Whether the meeting will be held is still a question. 是否要舉行會(huì)議仍然是一個(gè)問(wèn)題。,It is doubtful whether/if he will e here.他是否會(huì)來(lái)這兒現(xiàn)在還不清楚。 Whether you can succeed or no

30、t depends on how hard you work.你能否成功取決于你努力的程度。 2.在介詞后只用whether,不用 if。 It depends on whether you can do the work well. 那要取決于你是否能把這項(xiàng)工作做好。,三、連接詞where,who,how,why等引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句 1.主語(yǔ)從句 連接詞引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí),常用it作形式主語(yǔ)。 It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting. 我們?cè)谀睦镩_(kāi)會(huì)都無(wú)所謂。 It has not been decided yet who wi

31、ll preside over the meeting. 由誰(shuí)來(lái)主持會(huì)議還沒(méi)有決定。 2.賓語(yǔ)從句 (1)能接連接詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句的動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞詞組有很多,常見(jiàn)的有see,tell,ask,know,decide,find out,imagine,suggest,doubt,wonder,show,discuss,understand,inform,advise等。,I cant imagine how he did it. 我不能想象他是如何做到的。 They couldnt understand why I refused. 他們不明白我為什么拒絕。 (2)連接詞作介詞的賓語(yǔ)。 It all

32、 depends on how we solve the problem. 這完全要看我們?nèi)绾谓鉀Q這個(gè)問(wèn)題。 We are worrying about what we should do next. 我們正在為下一步該做什么而煩惱。,3.表語(yǔ)從句 That is why English has so many difficult rules that confuse people.那就是英語(yǔ)有如此多又難又令人困惑的規(guī)則的原因。 4.同位語(yǔ)從句 My question how I shall get in touch with him has not been answered.我如何和他取得

33、聯(lián)系這一問(wèn)題還沒(méi)有得到答復(fù)。,四、wh-或wh-ever引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句 連接詞what,which,who分別表示“的東西或事情”“哪一個(gè)”“誰(shuí)”,表示疑問(wèn)含義;而whatever,whichever,whoever分別相當(dāng)于any-thing that,any...that,anyone who,意為“無(wú)論”,強(qiáng)調(diào)一切情況。 Whatever he likes will be given to him. 他喜歡的任何東西都會(huì)給他。 What they need is a good textbook. 他們需要的是一本好課本。,五、as if/as though,because,why引導(dǎo)的

34、表語(yǔ)從句 1.as if/as though引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句 as if/as though意為“好像,仿佛”,其引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句常位于系動(dòng)詞(如 seem,appear,look,feel等)之后。若表語(yǔ)從句表述的是非真實(shí)的情況,從句用虛擬語(yǔ)氣;若從句表述的是事實(shí)或極有可能發(fā)生的情況,從句用陳述語(yǔ)氣。 I felt as if we had known each other for years. 我感覺(jué)我們已經(jīng)相互認(rèn)識(shí)多年了。 It looks as if it is going to rain.天看起來(lái)好像要下雨。,2.because,why引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句 because,why引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句時(shí)

35、,常用于以下句型: This/That/It is because+原因這/那是因?yàn)?This/That is why+結(jié)果這/那就是的原因 Thats because he didnt work hard enough. 那是因?yàn)樗ぷ鞑粔蚺Α?That was why I asked for three days leave. 那就是我請(qǐng)了三天假的原因。,注意because引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句時(shí),主語(yǔ)不能是reason或cause,而且since,as不能引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句;主語(yǔ)為名詞reason,表語(yǔ)從句用that而不用why引導(dǎo),這種用法常見(jiàn)于句型“The reason why...is that

36、...的原因是”中。 The reason why he was late for class is that he didnt catch the early bus. 他上課遲到的原因是他沒(méi)有趕上早班車(chē)。,題組訓(xùn)練用名詞性從句的連接詞填空 Whenwe can set off depends on the weather. It is by no means clear what the president can do to end the strike. Its good to knowthatthe dogs will be well cared for while were awa

37、y. We promisewhoeverattends the party a chance to have a photo tak-en with the movie star. The notice came around two in the afternoon that the meeting would be postponed.,考點(diǎn)三狀語(yǔ)從句 狀語(yǔ)從句是在句中起副詞作用的句子。引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞被稱(chēng)為從屬連詞,狀語(yǔ)從句需用陳述語(yǔ)序,可位于復(fù)合句的句首或句末。 狀語(yǔ)從句按其意義和作用可分為時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、方式、讓步和比較狀語(yǔ)從句。,一、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句 1.when

38、,as與while引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別,When I lived there,I used to go to the seashore on Sundays. 我住在那里時(shí),星期天常到海濱去。 As time goes on,its getting warmer and warmer. 隨著時(shí)間的推移,天氣變得越來(lái)越暖和了。 Do not fasten all the windows up while you sleep. 睡覺(jué)時(shí)不要將所有的窗戶(hù)都關(guān)緊。 注意如果主句表示的是短暫性動(dòng)作,而從句用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)表示在一段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作時(shí),when,while與as可互換使用。 Wh

39、en/While/As I was walking down the street,I came across an old friend of mine. 我正沿著大街走時(shí),偶然遇到了我的一個(gè)老朋友。,2.表示“一就”的連詞引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句,注意no sooner...than...,hardly/scarcely...when...這類(lèi)結(jié)構(gòu)的時(shí)態(tài)搭配:no sooner與hardly/scarcely所在的主句應(yīng)用過(guò)去完成時(shí),而than與when引導(dǎo)的從句應(yīng)用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。此外,當(dāng)把no sooner和hardly/scarcely提到句首時(shí),主句應(yīng)用倒裝語(yǔ)序。 I had hardly

40、got home when it began to rain. Hardly had I got home when it began to rain. 我一到家就開(kāi)始下雨了。 3.till,until和not...until引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句 (1)肯定句:主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,主句、從句都為肯定式,表示“某動(dòng)作一直延續(xù)到某時(shí)間點(diǎn)為止”。 You may stay here till/until the rain stops. 你在這里可待到雨停。,(2)否定句:主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須是非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,從句為肯定式,表示“某動(dòng)作直到某時(shí)間才開(kāi)始”。 He wont go to bed t

41、ill/until she returns. 直到她回來(lái)他才去睡覺(jué)。 (3)not...until句型中的強(qiáng)調(diào)和倒裝用法 It was not until you told me that I had any idea of it.(強(qiáng)調(diào)句型) Not until you told me did I have any idea of it.(not until引導(dǎo)從句置于句首,主句要部分倒裝) 直到你告訴我后,我才知道這件事。,4.before引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句 (1)表示“在之前”。 Mankind must first of all eat, drink, have shelter and

42、 clothing before they can pursue politics, science, art and religion. 人類(lèi)在追求政治、科學(xué)、藝術(shù)和宗教之前必須先吃、喝、有房子住和有衣服穿。 (2)表示“還未就;不到就;還沒(méi)來(lái)得及就”。 We had sailed four days and four nights before we saw land. 我們航行了四天四夜才看到陸地。 We hadnt run a mile before he felt tired. 我們跑了還不到一英里他就累了。,Before I could get in a word,he had m

43、easured me. 我還沒(méi)來(lái)得及插話,他就已經(jīng)給我量好了尺寸。 (3)It will be+一段時(shí)間+before...多久之后才。 It will be half a year before I e back. 半年后我才會(huì)回來(lái)。 5.since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句 (1)since從句的時(shí)態(tài)若是一般過(guò)去時(shí),主句中的時(shí)態(tài)是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)或現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。 I have written home four times since I came here. 自從我來(lái)到這里,我已經(jīng)給家里寫(xiě)了四次信了。 She has been working in this factory since she le

44、ft school. 她畢業(yè)以后就一直在這家工廠工作。,(2)常見(jiàn)句型:It is/has been+一段時(shí)間+since從句 It is three years since the war broke out. 自戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)爆發(fā)以來(lái)有三年了。 6.every time,each time,next time,the first time等名詞短語(yǔ)用來(lái)引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句,表示“每當(dāng);每次;下次”等。 Every time I watch a DVD he sends me to bed or tells me to spend more time studying. 每次我看碟片的時(shí)候,他就會(huì)讓我去睡

45、覺(jué)或者告訴我要把更多的時(shí)間花在學(xué)習(xí)上。 Next time you e,do remember to bring your son here. 下次來(lái)這兒時(shí),一定記得帶著你兒子。,二、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句 1.引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞有where,wherever等。 If you happen to get lost in the wild,youd better stay where you are and wait for help. 如果你碰巧在野外迷路的話,你最好待在原地等待救援。 You are free to go wherever you like. 你愿意去哪里就去哪里。 2.注意

46、區(qū)分where引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句與狀語(yǔ)從句。 where引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí),它是連接副詞,其引導(dǎo)的從句用來(lái)說(shuō)明主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的地點(diǎn),它前面沒(méi)有表示地點(diǎn)的先行詞;where引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),,它是關(guān)系副詞,在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ),其前有表示地點(diǎn)的先行詞,where引導(dǎo)的從句修飾先行詞。 Youd better make a mark where you have questions.(狀語(yǔ)從句) Youd better make a mark at the place where you have questions.(定語(yǔ)從句) 你最好在你有問(wèn)題的地方做標(biāo)記。,三、原因狀語(yǔ)從句 引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞

47、有because,as,since等,每個(gè)連詞的含義不盡相同。,注意并列連詞for也可表示原因,位于句后,用于補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明原因,語(yǔ)氣弱,不能回答why,也不能被強(qiáng)調(diào)。 As it is raining,we shall not go to the park. 因?yàn)樵谙掠?所以我們不去公園了。 Since you cant answer the question, perhaps wed better ask someone else.既然你無(wú)法回答這個(gè)問(wèn)題,也許我們最好再問(wèn)問(wèn)別人。,四、目的狀語(yǔ)從句 引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞有in order that,so that,for fear that

48、,in case(以防)等。 1.in order that與so that 兩者都表示“以便;為了”,引導(dǎo)的目的狀語(yǔ)從句常與情態(tài)動(dòng) 詞can,could,may,might等連用;in order that比so that正式,引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句可置于主句之前或之后,而so that引導(dǎo)的從句只能置于主句之后。 Ill speak slowly so that you can understand me. 我會(huì)說(shuō)得慢一些以便你能明白我的意思。 In order that every student might understand it, the teacher explained that p

49、assage again. 為了使每個(gè)學(xué)生都能理解,老師又講解了一遍那篇文章。,2.for fear that與in case 引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí),for fear that表示“害怕、擔(dān)心”某事會(huì)發(fā)生;in case表示“以防(萬(wàn)一)”出現(xiàn)某種情況。 Mary didnt want to get out of bed for fear that she might wake her baby (up).瑪麗不想起床,擔(dān)心吵醒她的寶寶。 Take your raincoat in case it rains.帶上雨衣以防下雨。,五、結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句 1.引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞有so...tha

50、t...,such...that...,表示“如此以至于”。其結(jié)構(gòu)如下:,Mike is such an honest worker that we all believe in him. =Mike is so honest a worker that we all believe in him. 邁克是一個(gè)如此誠(chéng)實(shí)的工人,以至于我們都信任他。 It is such fine weather that we all want to go to the park. 天氣這么好,我們都想去公園。 He earned so little money that he couldnt support

51、his family. 他賺的錢(qián)如此少,以至于養(yǎng)不起他的家人。 2.當(dāng)so或such以及所修飾的部分置于句首時(shí),主句要用倒裝語(yǔ)序。 So excited was she that she began to dance about. 她是如此興奮以至于跳來(lái)跳去。,六、條件狀語(yǔ)從句 引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞有if(假設(shè);如果),unless(=if...not除非),so/as long as(只要),in case(以防,假使),on condition that(條件是),suppose/supposing(that)(假設(shè)),providing/provided that(如果)等。 Yo

52、ull fail the exam unless you study hard. 如果你不努力學(xué)習(xí),你考試就會(huì)不及格。 You will make it as long as you put your heart into it. 只要你用心投入,你就會(huì)成功。 You can borrow my car in case you promise not to drive too fast. 假如你答應(yīng)不開(kāi)得太快,我就可以把車(chē)借給你。,七、方式狀語(yǔ)從句 引導(dǎo)方式狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞有as,as if,as though等。方式狀語(yǔ)從句應(yīng) 放在主句之后。其中as if或as though引導(dǎo)的從句一般

53、用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,但如果從句中所陳述的情況與事實(shí)相符,一般不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。 Do as you are told,or youll be fired. 按照要求做,否則你將被開(kāi)除。 The old lady treats the boy as if he were her own son. 那位老太太對(duì)待那個(gè)男孩就像他是她自己的兒子似的。 I feel as if I have a fever. 我感覺(jué)好像發(fā)燒了。,八、讓步狀語(yǔ)從句 引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞有though,although,while(盡管;雖然),even if/though(即使),as,whether(...) or not.

54、..,whether...or...(不管是還是 ),疑問(wèn)詞+-ever,no matter+疑問(wèn)詞(不管;無(wú)論)。 1.although/though,even though/even if,while引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句 although與though兩者意思相同,一般可互換,都可以與yet,still或never-theless連用,但不能和but連用。 He is unhappy,though/although he has a lot of money. 雖然有很多錢(qián),但他并不開(kāi)心。 Although/Though it was raining hard,yet they went o

55、n playing football.盡管雨下得很大,他們還是繼續(xù)踢足球。,While I always felt I would pass the exam,I never thought I would get an A.雖然我總是感覺(jué)我會(huì)通過(guò)考試,但我根本沒(méi)有想到我會(huì)得A。 注意though還可作副詞,意為“可是;然而”,置于句末。 2.as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句需形式倒裝。 Child as he is,he knows a lot. 盡管他是個(gè)孩子,他卻懂得很多。 Much as I like it,I wont buy it,for its too expensive. 雖然我很喜歡它

56、,但我不會(huì)買(mǎi)的,因?yàn)樘F了。 注意though引導(dǎo)的從句可以像as引導(dǎo)的從句一樣用倒裝語(yǔ)序,也可以不倒裝,但是although引導(dǎo)的從句只能用正常語(yǔ)序。,3.whether...or...,疑問(wèn)詞+-ever,no matter+疑問(wèn)詞引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句 However hard you try,it is difficult to lose weight without cutting down the amount you eat. 不管你多么努力,如果不減少食量,想要減肥會(huì)很難。 Whatever(=No matter what)you say,he wont believe you.

57、無(wú)論你說(shuō)什么,他都不會(huì)相信你。 Whoever(=No matter who)you are,you must obey the rules. 無(wú)論你是誰(shuí),都必須遵守這些規(guī)則。 注意whoever,whatever,whomever,whichever還可以引導(dǎo)名詞性從句。 You can take whatever you like.(whatever引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句) 你喜歡什么就拿什么。,九、比較狀語(yǔ)從句(詳見(jiàn)附錄形容詞和副詞的比較等級(jí)) 題組訓(xùn)練用狀語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞填空 Standwhereyou are, and I will e and help you. I dont believe

58、weve met before,although/thoughI must say you do look familiar. Ones life has value as long as one brings value to the life of oth-ers. Coach,can I continue with the training? Sorry,you cant as you havent recovered from the knee injury.,方法一根據(jù)句子成分確定關(guān)系詞 解答考查定語(yǔ)從句的試題的關(guān)鍵就是找到先行詞,然后分析從句結(jié)構(gòu),可將先行詞代入從句,看其在從句里充

59、當(dāng)什么成分。如果先行詞作從句的主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ),關(guān)系詞一般要用which,that,who或whom;如果先行詞作從句的狀語(yǔ),關(guān)系詞一般要用when,where或why;如果先行詞和定語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)為所屬關(guān)系,關(guān)系詞一般要用whose。當(dāng)然,還要結(jié)合定語(yǔ)從句的其他規(guī)則(如先行詞是不定代詞時(shí),用that指代事物)才能做出最后的選擇。,方法技巧,例1The president of the World Bank says he has a passion for China, started as early as his childhood. A.whereB.which C.what D.whe

60、n,解析本題的重點(diǎn)是判斷句子結(jié)構(gòu),確定從句類(lèi)型。一旦確定是定語(yǔ)從句,就可以側(cè)重分析從句,判斷從句中缺少什么成分,這也是我們解決從句類(lèi)考題的基本方法。根據(jù)句意和句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,設(shè)空處引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,先行詞是passion,指物,關(guān)系詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ);where和when是關(guān)系副詞,在定語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ);what不引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。因此which正確。,例2The singer confirmed her claim she had made to the media she said she would not leave the band. A.whatB.thatC.whenD.where

61、,解析根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,設(shè)空處引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,先行詞為claim,而不是media,句子可還原為In her claim she said she would not leave the band。由此可見(jiàn),關(guān)系詞在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ),應(yīng)用where引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。此處容易被誤認(rèn)為是同位語(yǔ)從句而選用that,如果從句中的she said去掉,則是同位語(yǔ)從句,補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明claim的具體內(nèi)容。,方法二根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)確定從句類(lèi)型 如果確定從句是名詞性從句,就要進(jìn)一步確定它是賓語(yǔ)從句、主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句還是同位語(yǔ)從句,然后再仔細(xì)分析從句結(jié)構(gòu),看從句是否完整(先看結(jié)構(gòu),再看意義),最后根據(jù)“缺什么補(bǔ)什么”的原則,

62、確定恰當(dāng)?shù)倪B接詞。,例1Do not let failure discourage you,for you can never tellclose you may be to victory. A.howB.thatC.whichD.where,解析分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,本題考查名詞性從句。句意:不要讓失敗使你泄氣,因?yàn)槟阌肋h(yuǎn)也不會(huì)知道你可能離成功有多近。動(dòng)詞tell后面的close you may be to victory為賓語(yǔ)從句,設(shè)空后的close為形容詞,只能用how來(lái)修飾,表示程度,故選A項(xiàng)。,例2A problem has occurred we should develop inn

63、ovative think-ing abilities in the classroom by giving students opportunities to generate new ideas. A.whatB.whereC.whetherD.that,解析分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,本題考查名詞性從句。句意:我們是否應(yīng)該通過(guò)給學(xué)生創(chuàng)造新思想的機(jī)會(huì),來(lái)培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的創(chuàng)新思維能力, 這個(gè)問(wèn)題已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)了。由此可見(jiàn),設(shè)空處引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句,對(duì)problem的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行具體說(shuō)明,從句不缺少成分,根據(jù)句意可知,此處表示“是否”,故用whether引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句。,方法三根據(jù)句子含義確定主、從句之間的邏輯關(guān)系 在解答

64、狀語(yǔ)從句考題時(shí),首先,考生對(duì)從屬連詞的基本用法、基本含義必須爛熟于心;其次,在解題時(shí),考生應(yīng)根據(jù)句意和主、從句之間的邏輯關(guān)系選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)膹膶龠B詞。不同的從屬連詞,其功能有所區(qū)別,較為容易選擇,但有的連詞形式一樣,含義不同,這就需要考生仔細(xì)甄別,充分利用與之相關(guān)的內(nèi)容或與其搭配的相關(guān)詞語(yǔ)的意思來(lái)判斷狀語(yǔ)從句的類(lèi)別。,例1In the global economy,a new drug for cancer,it is discovered,will create many economic possibilities around the world. A.whateverB.whoeverC.w

65、hereverD.whichever,解析根據(jù)本題句意,主干內(nèi)容是說(shuō)在全球經(jīng)濟(jì)中,一種治療癌癥的新藥會(huì)在全世界創(chuàng)造很多經(jīng)濟(jì)機(jī)會(huì)。 it is discovered應(yīng)該表示“無(wú)論它是在哪里被發(fā)現(xiàn)”。由此可見(jiàn),本題考查讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。若考生熟知whatever, whoever, wherever和whichever的意思,就很容易確定此處應(yīng)用wherever來(lái)引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。讓步狀語(yǔ)從句一般在主句之前或之后,但是本題命題者有意把從句置于主句中間,這無(wú)疑會(huì)迷惑考生,增加了考題的難度?？忌诮忸}時(shí)可以把它調(diào)整為自己熟悉的結(jié)構(gòu)。,例2The majority of new businesses fai

66、l because, they have a product or service that fills a gap in the market, they usually lack the skills in sales, marketing, and administration. A.now thatB.even if C.as long asD.as though,解析本題中的because引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句來(lái)說(shuō)明大多數(shù)新的公司失敗的原因;而在原因狀語(yǔ)從句中還包含一個(gè)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句,表示“即使這些新公司有產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)填補(bǔ)市場(chǎng)空缺,但它們經(jīng)常缺少在銷(xiāo)售、營(yíng)銷(xiāo)和管理方面的技巧”。now that既然,引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句;as long as只要,引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句;as though好像,常引導(dǎo)方式狀語(yǔ)從句。even if盡管,引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句,符合語(yǔ)境,故選B項(xiàng)。,