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1、Unit 1 Great scientists,知識歸納,1. ________ adj. 科學(xué)的 2. _______ vt. 分析 3. ______ vt. 打敗; 戰(zhàn)勝; 使受挫 n. 失敗 4. ______ adj. 熟練的; 經(jīng)驗或知識豐富的 n.專家; 行家 5. ______ vt. 照顧; 護(hù)理; 出席; 參加 6. ____ n. 治愈; 痊愈 vt. 治療; 治愈,scientific,analyse,defeat,expert,知識清單,(一) 基本單詞,attend,cure,7. ________ n. 挑戰(zhàn) vt. 向挑戰(zhàn) 8. ______ vt. 吸

2、收; 吸引; 使專心 9. _______ vt. 認(rèn)為; 懷疑 n. 嫌疑犯 10. ______ adj.嚴(yán)重的; 劇烈的; 嚴(yán)厲的 11. _____ vt. 責(zé)備; 譴責(zé) n. 過失; 責(zé)備 12. ______ n. 柄; 把手 vt. 處理; 操縱 13. ____ vi. 內(nèi)科醫(yī)生,challenge,absorb,suspect,severe,blame,handle,spin,enthusiastic,characteristic,physician,17. ______ n. 受害者 18. ____________ n. 附近; 鄰近 19. _______ v. 預(yù)見；

3、預(yù)知 20. ________ n. 煙火(燃放) 21. _____ n. 圖表 22. _______ adj. 積極的; 肯定的; 確實的 23. _________ n. 移動; 運動; 動作 24. _________ adj. 世界,victim,neighborhood,foresee,firework,chart,positive,movement,backward,cautious,universe,1. _________ vt. 宣告,conclude,conclusion,expose,exposed,pollute,pollution,(二) 派生單詞,announc

4、e,announcement,5. _________ vt. 說明,contribute,contribution,reject,rejection,instruct,instruction,1. 提出 2. 得出結(jié)論 3. 顯露; 暴露 4. 將和聯(lián)系或連接起來 5. 除之外; 此外 6. 對嚴(yán)格的 7. 講得通; 有意義,put forward,draw a conclusion,expose ... to,link ... to...,(三) 短語,apart from,(be) strict with,make sense,(四) 句式,1. Neither its cause no

5、r its cure was understood. neither... nor... 既不也不, 連接句中兩個相同成分。 2. So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak. every time 引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句, 相當(dāng)于whenever, 意思是 “每當(dāng)”。,3. A woman, who had moved away from Broad Street, liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered

6、 to her house every day. have sth. done 結(jié)構(gòu)。delivered是過去分詞, 作it的賓語補足語, 表示被動關(guān)系。,1. conclude vt. 推斷出,課文原句: Draw a conclusion. 得出結(jié)論。,核心要點,(一) 單詞,conclusion n. 結(jié)論; 結(jié)束,【歸納】,sth. (from sth.) conclude 推斷出; 斷定 (from sth.) that... with/on/as/by sth. conclude sth. 以......結(jié)束 by

7、 doing sth. draw/reach/e to a conclusion 得出結(jié)論 in conclusion 最后,,,2. defeat vt. 打敗; 戰(zhàn)勝; 使受挫 n. 失敗,課文原句: John Snow defeats “King Cholera”. 約翰斯諾擊敗“霍亂王”。,辨析defeat/beat/win defeat和beat是同義詞, 其賓語為人或團(tuán)體, ?？苫Q。defeat側(cè)重在戰(zhàn)場上打敗敵人。beat常用于游戲或比賽中。 win后接sth.，表示在較強的競爭中取得了勝利, 賓語多用game, war, prize等詞, 不能是人; win也可

8、用作不及物動詞, “贏, 獲勝”。,3. attend vt. 陪伴 課文原句: John Snow was a well-known doctor in London so expert, indeed, that he attended Queen Victoria as her personal physician. 約翰斯諾是倫敦一位著名的醫(yī)生 他的確醫(yī)術(shù)精湛，因而成為照料維多利亞女皇的私人醫(yī)生。,【歸納】 attend a meeting/a lecture/a wedding 參加會議/ 聽演講/ 參加婚禮 attend on/upon sb. 伺候某人；照顧某人 a

9、ttend to 處理; 注意傾聽; 專心于; 照料,4. expose v. 暴露; 揭露; 使曝光,課文原句: But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera. 但當(dāng)他想到要幫助那些得了霍亂的普通百姓時, 他就感到很振奮。,【歸納】 expose sth. 揭露; 顯露出某事物 expose sth./ sb./ oneself (to sth.) 使某事/某人/自己暴露/顯露 expose sb. to sth. 讓某人接觸某物 be exposed to 暴露

10、于 【溫馨提示】 expose sth. to to是介詞, 后接名詞或動 名詞作賓語。,5. cure n. 治愈; 痊愈 vt. 治愈; 治療; 解決,課文原句: Neither its cause nor its cure was understood. 人們既不知道它的病源, 也不了解它的治療方法。,【歸納】 cure for sth. 治療的方法 cure sb. of sth. 治愈某人的疾病; 矯正某人的不良行為,辨析cure/ treat/ heal cure “治療, 治愈”, 多用于藥物治療并治愈某種疾病或改正不良習(xí)慣。cure sb. of sth. treat

11、 治療病人的全過程或活動, 并不涉及“治愈” 這個結(jié)果。treat sb. for sth. heal 指治好外傷或燒傷后的患部 (wound, cut, injury, burn, etc.), 使傷口愈合; heal不能用來表示 “感冒” 等疾病的治愈。,6. challenge n. 挑戰(zhàn) vt. 向挑戰(zhàn),課文原句: John Snow wanted to face the challenge and solve this problem. 約翰斯諾想面對這個挑戰(zhàn)，解決這個問 題。,【歸納】 face / meet the challenge of ... 面臨/迎接的挑戰(zhàn)

12、 take up / accept a challenge 接受挑戰(zhàn) 【拓展】 challenger n. 挑戰(zhàn)者 challenging adj. 挑戰(zhàn)性的,7. suspect 課文原句: John Snow suspected that the second theory was correct but he needed evidence. 斯諾推測第二種說法是正確的, 但是 他需要證據(jù)。,【歸納】 suspect作動詞時, 意為“以為, 懷疑”, 常 用結(jié)構(gòu)：suspect + that從句；suspect sb. / sth. to be ...；suspect sb

13、. of doing sth.。 suspect作名詞時, 意為“嫌疑犯”。 suspect作形容詞時, 意為“可疑的, 不可 信的”。,8. absorb v. 吸收; 吸引; 使專心,課文原句: The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals. 第二種看法是在吃飯的時候人們把這種病毒吸收到體內(nèi)的。,【歸納】 absorb ... into 把吸收進(jìn) absorb ... from 從中吸收/取 be absorbed in (doing) sth. 專心(做)

14、某事 absorb ones attention 吸引某人注意力 【溫馨提示】 be absorbed in (專心于) , 主語往往是人, 并不表示被動, 類似短語有: be buried in 專心于; be lost in 陷入; be caught in 被困 于; be devoted to 致力于。,9. blame v. 責(zé)備; 譴責(zé); 把歸咎于 n. 過失; 責(zé)備,課文原句: It seemed that the water was to blame. 看來水是罪魁禍?zhǔn)住?【歸納】 blame sb. for sth. /doing sth. 因而指責(zé)某人 blame

15、... on sb. 把......歸咎于某人 be to blame (for sth.) (主動表被動) 應(yīng)受責(zé)備 accept/ bear/ take the blame for sth. 對某事承擔(dān)責(zé)任 put/ lay the blame for sth. on sb. 把某事歸咎于某人,10. contribute v. 捐獻(xiàn); 貢獻(xiàn); 捐助,課文原句: to contribute (P4),【歸納】 contribute ... to ... 把貢獻(xiàn)給; 向投稿 contribute to ... 導(dǎo)致; 有助于; 為作貢獻(xiàn) make a contribution/contrib

16、utions to... 為作出貢獻(xiàn),1. put forward 提出; 推薦; 把(表)往前撥; 提前,(二) 短語,課文原句: Who put forward a theory about black holes? 誰提出的黑洞理論？,【溫馨提示】 在表示“提出”時, put forward和e up with 同義，都為及物動詞短語。e up也有提出的意思, 是不及物動詞短語。,【拓展】 put aside 節(jié)省; 儲蓄; 儲存 put away 放好; 積蓄 put off 延期; 推遲 put on 穿上; 演出 put out 熄滅; 生產(chǎn) put up 舉起

17、; 張貼; 公布; 掛起; 建造,2. link ... to ... 將和連接/ 聯(lián)系起來,課文原句: In another part of London, he found supporting evidence from two other deaths that were linked to the Broad Street outbreak. 在倫敦的另一個地區(qū)，他從兩個與寬街暴發(fā)的霍亂有關(guān)系的死亡病例中發(fā)現(xiàn)了有力的證據(jù)。,【拓展】 be linked to 和有聯(lián)系 link up (with) 連接; 結(jié)合; 有聯(lián)系 link ... with 用把連接起來; 聯(lián)系 join

18、... to 把與連接/ 聯(lián)合 connect ... to 把連接到 connect ... with 把與聯(lián)系/連接起來 be connected with 與有聯(lián)系,3. apart from 除之外; 此外,課文原句： Apart from the construction mentioned above, you have also learned the following phrases. 除了上面提到的結(jié)構(gòu), 下面這些短語也是你學(xué)過的。,【辨析】 apart from “除了之外”, 可意為包括 在內(nèi), 也可意為不包括在內(nèi)。 other than “除了”, 用于否定句。

19、in addition 用于銜接上下文, 可單獨用于句首, 也可以用于句中或句尾, 用于句首或句中時要用逗號隔開。,in addition to, as well as, besides 除之外(還有) (包括在內(nèi)) except/except for/but 除之外 (不包括在內(nèi)) except + 從句 當(dāng)時除外,4. make sense 有意義; 講得通,課文原句: Only if you put the sun there did the movements of the other planets in the sky make sense. 只有當(dāng)你把太陽放在中心位置上, 天空中

20、其他行星的運動才能說得清楚。,【拓展】 make sense of 理解; 明白 make no sense 沒道理; 沒意義 there is no sense in doing sth. 做某事沒道理 in a sense 在某一方面; 就某種意義來說 in no sense 決不 sense of humor 幽默感 【溫馨提示】 in no sense 置句首時, 句子用部分倒裝。,【考例】 See,yourputerhasbrokendownagain! Itdoesnt___sensetobuythecheapest brandofputerjusttosaveafewdoll

21、ars. A.have B.make C.display D.bring 句意: 看, 你的電腦又壞了！只為省幾美元買 最便宜牌子的電腦是沒有意義的。 考點: 考查動詞短語。 考查動詞短語的固定搭配：makesense有意 義。根據(jù)句意可知選B。,B,1. Neither its cause nor its cure was understood. 人們既不知道它的起因, 又不知道它的治療方法。 neither... nor... 既不也不, 連接句中兩個相同成分。,(三) 句式,【拓展】 類似并列詞組還有： either... or... 要么要么 not... but... 不是而是 n

22、ot only... but also 不但而且 它們連接并列主語時, 其謂語動詞的單 復(fù)數(shù)都遵循就近原則。(主謂一致),e.g. Either you or she is good at drawing. Neither dad nor mum is at home today. Not only the students but also their teacher is enjoying the film.,2. So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak. 每次爆

23、發(fā)霍亂時, 都有大批驚恐的老百姓病死。 every time引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句, 相當(dāng)于whenever, 意思是“每當(dāng)”。 由名詞充當(dāng)連詞, 引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句的還有: the first time (第一次), the last time (最后一次), next time (下次), the moment (一就), any time (任何時候) 等。,e.g. Every time Tom listens to her advice, he gets into trouble. 每次湯姆聽從了她的建議, 就會陷入麻煩。 Every time he came, he brought me

24、 a nice book. 他每次來都給我?guī)硪槐竞脮?3. A woman, who had moved away from Broad Street, liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day. 有一位婦女是從寬街搬過來的, 她特別喜歡那里的水, 每天都要派人用水泵打水運到家里來。 have sth. done 結(jié)構(gòu)。delivered是過去分詞, 作it的賓語補足語, 表示被動關(guān)系。,語法,過去分詞作定語和表語 I. 過去分詞作定語 【用法歸納】 1.

25、 過去分詞作定語，一般表示其與所修飾 的名詞之間是被動關(guān)系，且表示的動作已完成。,如： Youd better use the boiled water to make tea. The nurse was sent to attend the injured man.,2. 單個的過去分詞作定語一般放在名詞前面，而過去分詞短語作定語一般放在名詞后面。如： Drunk people are not allowed to drive a car. Have you read the novel written by Charles Dickens? In the end, the sugg

26、estion given by Mr. Smith was adopted.,3. 不及物動詞的過去分詞作定語，只表示完成的含義，不表示被動的含義。如： The police are searching for the escaped prisoner. The old man over there is a retired worker.,【拓展】 done, to be done和being done 作定語的區(qū)別：它們都可作定語，表示被動意義，但時間含義上有所不同。過去分詞表示被動的動作已完成；不定式的被動式表示被動的動作將要發(fā)生；動詞-ing形式的被動式表示被動的動作正在進(jìn)行。如：

27、,Lucy knows little about the research plan discussed at yesterdays meeting. The five players are expected to take part in the football match to be held next week. All of us must keep a secret of the things being talked about here.,II. 過去分詞作表語 【用法歸納】 1. 過去分詞可用在be, keep, remain, stay, seem, appear, lo

28、ok, feel, get等系動詞后作表語，常表被動意義，用來說明主語的狀態(tài)、性質(zhì)、特征等。如： Mrs. Green is convinced that her husband is telling a lie. The living room is covered with dust.,2. 很多過去分詞已經(jīng)形容詞化，此類詞作表語或定語時，強調(diào)被動的含義不大，而更強調(diào)狀態(tài)。常見的此類詞有：satisfied, excited, bored, amazed, tired, pleased, astonished等。如： As far as Tom is concerned, he is

29、 extremely satisfied. Jim seems astonished to see his mother.,【拓展】 有些動詞如frighten, interest, worry, surprise等通常用其過去分詞形式來說明人的感受, 也可用來描述與人有關(guān)的事物, 如look(表情), expression等；常用動詞-ing形式來說明物的情況。如： The little girl gets frightened when her father shouts at her. Sara told me a surprising thing just now.,【運用】用括號內(nèi)

30、所給單詞的正確形式填空。 1. I found myself in an ______________ (embarrass) situation last night. 2. The thief tried to open the ________ (lock) box. 3. The ________ (expect) event didnt occur. 4. The ________ (injure) woman was sent to hospital quickly.,embarrassing,locked,expected,injured,5. We need a(n) ____

31、____ (balance) diet in order to keep fit. 6. The dragon was a(n) ________ (terrify) sight for the villagers. The ________ (terrify) villagers ran for their lives.,balanced,terrifying,terrified,說服性文章屬于議論文。它是提出見解或主張并說明理由，從而使讀者信服的文章。 在寫作的過程中，要用有說服力的論據(jù)來支撐自己的觀點。 說服性文章的寫作通常按照以下步驟進(jìn)行: 一、引入話題，表明觀點；二、闡述理由

32、，支撐觀點；三、總結(jié)全文。,寫作,如何寫說服性文章,【寫作任務(wù)】 最近, 你校不吃早餐的同學(xué)越來越多, 請你以“Do not skip your breakfast”為題給校報英語專欄寫一篇短文, 呼吁大家改掉這一不良習(xí)慣。 注意: 1. 詞數(shù)100左右； 2. 可以適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié), 以使行文連貫； 3. 開頭已給出, 但不計入總詞數(shù)。 Do not skip your breakfast Recently, the number of the students in our school who skip breakfast has increased greatly.,【寫作指

33、導(dǎo)】 審題定調(diào) 這是一篇勸說大家勿漏掉早餐的議論文。寫作時多用第一人稱或第三人稱，時態(tài)常用 一般現(xiàn)在時。 謀篇布局 短文可以分成三段： 第一段: 引入話題(不吃早餐的同學(xué)越來越多), 表明觀點(不吃早餐是應(yīng)該被摒棄的壞習(xí)慣);,第二段： 闡述理由, 支撐觀點 (早餐的重要性及不吃早餐的危害)； 第三段： 總結(jié)全文(綜述不吃早餐的影響，并呼吁大家勿漏掉早餐)。,組織語言 1. 第一段：引入話題，表明觀點。,2. 第二段：闡述理由。,3. 第三段：總結(jié)全文。,【范文展示】 普通范文 Do not skip your breakfast Recently, the number of the st

34、udents in our school who skip breakfast has increased greatly. I think it is a bad habit to have nothing for breakfast. First, breakfast is the most important meal in a day. If we dont have,breakfast, we wont have enough energy to do our work. Second, if we dont have breakfast, we will eat more foo

35、d at noon and in the evening. Therefore, we may get fat by not eating breakfast. All in all, we should eat breakfast for the good of our health and keeping a good body shape. No matter how busy we are, we should have breakfast on time every day.,高級范文 Do not skip your breakfast Recently, the number

36、 of the students in our school who skip breakfast has increased greatly. In my opinion, skipping breakfast is a bad habit that should be kicked. For one thing, breakfast offers us the energy we need for the whole morning.,When we are hungry, its hard for us to keep our mind on our studies. For anot

37、her, people who skip breakfast will consume more food at noon and in the evening. Therefore, the extra calories will be stored in our body and make us gain weight easily. In short, skipping breakfast leads to poor school performance and poor health, even a bad figure. Therefore, do not skip breakfa

38、st and have a proper breakfast every day.,【實戰(zhàn)演練】 假設(shè)你是某國際學(xué)校的學(xué)生李華, 請你代表同學(xué)們給美籍校長布朗先生寫一封信, 勸說他修建校內(nèi)游泳池。要點如下: 1. 游泳運動的必要性； 2. 場地問題：操場旁邊的空地； 3. 經(jīng)費問題：學(xué)生們愿設(shè)法募款。,注意: 1. 詞數(shù)100左右； 2. 可以適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié), 以使行文連貫; 3. 信件的開頭和結(jié)尾已給出, 但不計入總詞數(shù)。 Dear Mr. Brown, I am writing to you on behalf of the students in our school. _________

39、__________________________ ___________________________________ Yours sincerely, Li Hua,I.用括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式填空。 1. Keller is ________ (caution) about making predictions for the success of the program. 2. The study included a(n) ________ (analyse) of accident statistics. 3. The chemicals have been

40、 identified as a source of _________ (pollute).,鞏固練習(xí),cautious,analysis,pollution,4. ______________ (announce) of births, marriages and deaths appear in the local newspaper. 5. Both products e with detailed ____________ (instruct) for use. 6. Theres nothing ________ (science) about the process they u

41、se to select people. 7. The gallery is showing the work of abstract ________ (paint).,painters,Announcements,instructions,scientific,II.選用方框內(nèi)合適的動詞并用正確形式填空(每個單詞限用一次)。,amaze build depress display injure take embarrass entertain involve lock,1. He looked ____________ and nervous when I asked him where

42、hed been. 2. The scientists ________ in this project have been trying to get to this stage for 13 years.,involved,embarrassed,3. The thief tried to open up the ______ cupboard but failed. 4. They are reconstructing the house ______ in the 17th century. 5. The new theatre is going to cost a(n) ____

43、____ amount of money. 6. The type of vitamin _______ should depend on the general state of health.,amaze build depress display injure take embarrass entertain involve lock,taken,locked,built,amazing,7. All the toys _________ in the shop window attracted the childs attention. 8. My uncle was _______

44、___ after his terrible experience. 9. The ________ woman was put into an ambulance and sent to hospital. 10. The pany produces ___________ and informative programs.,amaze build depress display injure take embarrass entertain involve lock,entertaining,displayed,depressed,injured,III. 閱讀下面材料, 在空白處填入適當(dāng)

45、的內(nèi)容(1個單詞)或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。,In the late 1970s British industrial designer James Dyson became 1. _______ (tire) of his vacuum cleaner (真空吸塵器) getting blocked. After analyzing the problem, he came to the 2. __________ (conclude) that the trouble lay in dust,conclusion,tired,collecting in the cleaners bag an

46、d decided 3. ________ (find) a solution. After over 5,000 tries he came up with a(n) 4. __________ (plete) new kind of vacuum cleaner, which because of its bagless construction didnt get blocked and didnt lose suction (吸力). Refusing to accept defeat when 5. ________ (reject),rejected,to find,pletely

47、,by every manufacturer he approached, Dyson launched his own pany, Dyson Limited. From one man and one idea, Dyson Limited 6. ___________ (bee) the Dyson Group, a technology pany that is now worth more than 3 billion pounds. At its center is a team of engineers and scientists 7. ________ (work) on m

48、ore ideas and inventions.,working,has bee,Dyson Groups latest invention is the cordless vacuum cleaner, 8. _______ can be used for twenty minutes before needing to be recharged. James Dyson believes 9. _______ engineers are the worlds problem solvers and more are always needed. For this reason he has established the James Dyson Foundation, a charitable,which,that,foundation that contributes to STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) education by providing students and teachers 10. ______ much needed money, education programs and teaching materials.,with,