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111 知識(shí)感悟 一、詞匯詳解 1.attend vt.參加；出席；管理；照管vi.專心；留意 【典型例句】 We’ll attend to that problem later. 稍后我們將關(guān)注那個(gè)問題。 Could you attend to this matter immediately? 你能不能立刻處理這件事？ He attended a meeting yesterday. 他昨日參加了會(huì)議。 She attended to the wounded day and night. 她日夜護(hù)理傷員。 【知識(shí)小結(jié)】  attend to sb./sth.（to deal with sth. or help sb.）關(guān)照(某人、某事)；處理；注意 【相關(guān)鏈接】  attend church 上教堂；attend school 上學(xué)。 2.used to/be used to doing/be used to do 【典型例句】 The river used to be clean. 這條河過去很干凈。 He is used to working hard. 他習(xí)慣于努力地工作。 I have been used to rice (eating rice). 我已習(xí)慣了吃米飯。 【知識(shí)小結(jié)】 be used to sth./doing sth. 習(xí)慣(做)某事 used to do sth. 過去常做某事 be used for sth. 被當(dāng)作……之用 【相關(guān)鏈接】 used to與 would的區(qū)別: used to表示過去習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作,現(xiàn)在已不如此了,would則表示過去和現(xiàn)在均可能有的習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。兩者意思基本相同,但used to較為口語化，不常與表示時(shí)間的副詞短語或從句連用,而would則需要。例如: He used to get up early. 他過去起床很早(現(xiàn)在起床不早了)。 He would get up late when he was young,but now he is used to getting up early. 他年輕時(shí)習(xí)慣于晚起床,現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣于早起床。 3.average n.平均數(shù)adj.平均的vi.＆ vt.平均;平均達(dá)到…… 【典型例句】 Do you know how to work out an average? 你知道如何計(jì)算平均數(shù)嗎？ The average age of the teachers in our office is 35. 我們辦公室老師的平均年齡是35歲。 The workers’ average income in this factory is about 800 yuana month. 這家工廠的工人每月的平均收入大約是800元。 【相關(guān)鏈接】 on average 平均；平均而言 He can type 80 words per minute on average. 他平均每分鐘打80個(gè)字。 with an average of 平均為…… 4.hit vt.＆vi.擊；擊中;撞擊;(主意、念頭等)突現(xiàn)n. 打；擊；命中 【典型例句】 The bullet hit the police officer in the shoulder.子彈射中了警官的肩膀。 Just after his wounded body hit the ground a shell exploded only a few meters away. 他受傷的身子剛剛著地，一顆炮彈就在幾米遠(yuǎn)的地方炸開了。 The idea hit me when I woke up this morning. 我今天早晨醒來時(shí)突然想到了這個(gè)主意。 Strike waves hit several Western European countries. 罷工的浪潮襲擊了好幾個(gè)西歐國家。 The helicopter had taken eight hits,but somehow managed to land. 直升機(jī)雖然被擊中了8次，但還是安然著陸了。 【知識(shí)小結(jié)】  (1)表示“打擊；擊中”，如果強(qiáng)調(diào)“擊中某人某個(gè)部位”可以用“hit sb.in/on the+部位”。 (2)作名詞表示“打；擊；命中”，是可數(shù)名詞。 【相關(guān)鏈接】 beat/hit/strike/knock辨析： (1)beat著重連續(xù)性地打，如毆打或體罰，也指在游戲競賽或戰(zhàn)爭中擊敗對方，與win，defeat同義。 (2)hit作“擊中”或“打”解，并帶有瞄準(zhǔn)某物而擊中之意，強(qiáng)調(diào)打一下，而且是直接接觸某物。(3)strike作“敲打；撞擊”解，表示一次或多次有力地打一下，強(qiáng)調(diào)迅速性、突然性。 (4)knock“撞倒；重敲”，knock on/at the door敲門；knock into sb.撞傷某人。 5.defend vt.防護(hù)；辯護(hù)；防衛(wèi) 【典型例句】  She had to defend herself against the guard dog. 她不得不防備看門狗咬她。 The accused man had a lawyer to defend him. 被告有一律師為他辯護(hù)。 He’s better at defending than attacking.他的防守優(yōu)于進(jìn)攻。 【相關(guān)鏈接】  (1)defense=defence n.防衛(wèi)；防衛(wèi)設(shè)備;辯護(hù) (2)defensive adj.防御用的；自衛(wèi)的 (3)defend against 保衛(wèi);抵抗 (4)defend from保護(hù);保衛(wèi)(使不受傷害) (5)defend/guard/protect的區(qū)別： defend 表示用某種方法或武力來保護(hù)免受某種實(shí)際存在的威脅或攻擊,其保護(hù)的對象可以是具體的,也可以是抽象的。 guard表示為了防御實(shí)際存在的或潛在的危險(xiǎn)而進(jìn)行格外小心謹(jǐn)慎、提高警惕的保衛(wèi)。例如： The man should raise two snakes to guard the house. 這個(gè)人竟然養(yǎng)了兩條蛇來看家護(hù)院。 protect側(cè)重表示提供某種掩蔽物或各種防護(hù)手段。三者都可與介詞 against,from搭配。例如： He raised his arm to protect his face.他舉起手臂護(hù)住臉部。 6.value n.&v.用途；價(jià)值；估價(jià)；珍視 【典型例句】 I think there is something of great value in the book. 我認(rèn)為在書中有一些很有價(jià)值的東西。 We valued the horse at 3000 dollars at least. 我們估計(jì)這匹馬至少值3000美元。 Everyone should value true friendship. 每個(gè)人都應(yīng)當(dāng)珍重真正的友誼。 【知識(shí)歸納】  be of value=valuable 有價(jià)值的 【相關(guān)鏈接】  different values不同的價(jià)值觀 value the staff評價(jià)員工 value our childhood珍惜我們的童年時(shí)代 7.doubt v.&n.懷疑；不相信 【典型例句】  I don’t doubt that he is telling the truth. 我毫不懷疑他在講真話。 I doubt that she will get the job. 我不相信她會(huì)得到那個(gè)工作。 There is no doubt that they will ask you for help. 毫無疑問,他們會(huì)請你幫忙的。 She had her doubts whether the new book would sell well. 她懷疑新書是否會(huì)暢銷。 【知識(shí)歸納】  (1)用于否定句或疑問句,后接that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。 (2)用于肯定句,一般接whether 或if引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。 (3)用于肯定句,后接that從句,表示“不相信”,疑慮很大，相當(dāng)于don’t believe/think。 (4)否定句中doubt多接that引導(dǎo)的同位語從句。 (5)肯定句中doubt多接whether(一般不用if代替)引導(dǎo)的同位語從句。 【相關(guān)鏈接】  doubt和wonder辨析： (1)doubt指對其后所述的事實(shí)表示“懷疑、不相信”，后面可接名詞或代詞作其賓語；也可接賓語從句。接從句時(shí)，其肯定句一般接whether或if引導(dǎo)的從句；否定句和疑問句一般接that引導(dǎo)的從句。例如： I doubt if he will come.我擔(dān)心他是否會(huì)來。 Do you doubt that he will come?你懷疑他會(huì)來嗎？ I don’t doubt that it will rain today.我相信今天會(huì)下雨。 (2)wonder表達(dá)“感到奇怪”時(shí)，其后接that從句、不定式等；當(dāng)表達(dá)“想知道”時(shí)，其后接if或whether或why,when,where 等詞引導(dǎo)的從句。例如： Can you wonder that she speaks French so well? 她法語講得這么好，你覺得奇怪嗎？ I wonder whether he has come.我想知道他來了沒有。 8.deserve vt.值得；該受到 【典型例句】 I think you’re playing with fire.You deserve it! 你是玩火自焚，真是自作自受! That goodhearted girl married her “prince” finally.She deserved it. 那個(gè)好心女孩終于嫁給了她的心上人。她是有好報(bào)。 You’re very able.You deserve a better job. 你很有能力，你應(yīng)該找到更好的工作才是! 【相關(guān)鏈接】  deserve to be done 應(yīng)當(dāng)被…… He deserved to be punished. 他應(yīng)當(dāng)受到懲罰。 9.instantly adv.立即地；立刻地 【典型例句】  Though he slept soundly,he awoke instantly. 盡管他睡得很沉，但他一下子就醒了。 She began reading instantly she arrived there. 她一到那里就開始讀書。 【知識(shí)歸納】  instantly adv.相當(dāng)于at once，意為“立刻，馬上”；conj.相當(dāng)于as soon as，意為“一……就……”。 10.confirm v.確定；批準(zhǔn)；證實(shí)；使堅(jiān)定 【典型例句】  The news confirmed my resolution.這消息加強(qiáng)了我的決心。 He looked around to confirm that he was alone. 他四處張望，要確定周圍沒人。 This latest information confirms him in the belief that we will surely win. 這一最新消息使他堅(jiān)信我們一定會(huì)勝利。 【相關(guān)鏈接】  confirmation n.證實(shí)；確定；確認(rèn) 11.abrupt adj.意外的；突然的；出其不意的 【典型例句】  The meeting came to an abrupt end.會(huì)議突然結(jié)束了。 come to an abrupt stop 突然停止 【相關(guān)鏈接】  同義詞:sharp adj.&adv.;sudden adj. The road turns sharp to the right. 路突然向右轉(zhuǎn)個(gè)彎。 There was a sudden storm,and we all got wet. 天突然下起暴雨，我們都淋濕了。 12.possession n.所有物；財(cái)產(chǎn)(可數(shù)，多用復(fù)數(shù))；擁有；占有(不可數(shù)) 【經(jīng)典例句】  The rare stamp is in the possession of an unknown collector. 那枚珍奇郵票現(xiàn)在為一不知名的收藏家所有。 I’ve had possession of this house for 7 years.  我擁有這房子已經(jīng)七年了。 He lost all his possessions in the fire. 在那場火中他失去全部財(cái)產(chǎn)。 He is in lawful possession of a short gun. 他合法地?fù)碛幸恢欢虡?。? They took possession of the island in 16th century. 16世紀(jì)，他們占領(lǐng)了這個(gè)島嶼。 【知識(shí)歸納】  be in possession of 擁有 be in the possession of 為……所有 take/get/gain possession of 占有，占領(lǐng) 13.adequate adj.充足的;充分的;勝任的 【經(jīng)典例句】  Their earnings are adequate to their needs. 他們掙的錢夠用了。 He is adequate to the job. 他能勝任這個(gè)職務(wù)。 【相關(guān)鏈接】  enough與adequate辨析： enough 為常用詞,它除表示“足以滿足需要的”外,還含有“數(shù)量很多使人感到心滿意足的”的意思。例如: We have enough money to spend.我們有足夠的錢花。 adequate 指“足夠符合特定(有時(shí)可指最低)的資格、分量、才能等”，著重“符合一個(gè)客觀要求或標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的”。 14.absorb vt.吸收；吸引注意力；接受；使(精神)貫注 【經(jīng)典例句】  A sponge absorbs water.海綿吸水。 The heat is absorbed by the water.熱量被水吸收了。 His task absorbs him.他的工作占了他全部精神。 He absorbed the point of view of his teacher.他接受了老師的觀點(diǎn)。 【相關(guān)鏈接】  be absorbed by 被……吞并；為……所吸收  be absorbed in 一心從事；熱衷于；全神貫注在…… absorb sb.’s attention 吸引某人注意 二、句型剖析 There is no doubt that...毫無疑問 【典型例句】  There is no doubt that he is an excellent student. 毫無疑問，他是一名優(yōu)秀的學(xué)生。 【相關(guān)鏈接】  without doubt(=undoubtedly)無可置疑地; in doubt 對……表示疑惑 三、語法解讀 構(gòu)詞法 (一)轉(zhuǎn)化 英語的實(shí)詞不但多義，而且同一詞也可以有不同詞性。此外，還可以從一種詞性轉(zhuǎn)化到另一種詞性，我們稱之為轉(zhuǎn)化法。主要有如下幾種： 1.動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞 smoke,wash,rest,taste,call,study,guess,drive等。 2.名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞 The hall can seat 2000 people. I have never thought they have booked their plane tickets. 3.形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞 The train slowed down to half its speed. The skill can be perfected by constant practice. We should try our best to better living conditions. 4.形容詞或副詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞 The strong should help the weak in some ways. Richard looked like a silly in such a situation. The secretary knows the ins and outs of the accident. Though Mr.Smith is very rich,yet his life is marked by ups and downs. 5.分詞也可轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞 the wounded the disabled (二)派生法 在一個(gè)詞的詞根(root)的前面或后面加上某個(gè)詞綴來構(gòu)成新詞，這種構(gòu)詞法稱為派生法(derivation)。加在前面的詞綴叫前綴(prefix)，加在后面的詞綴叫后綴(suffix)。 詞根前加前綴多數(shù)不改變詞性，只引起詞義的變化。如： En-可以同名詞或形容詞endanger,enlarge構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞；許多名詞、形容詞、副詞和動(dòng)詞是由詞根加后綴構(gòu)成的。 1.前綴： (1)表示相反意義的前綴有：un-,dis-,in-,im-,over-,de- (2)表示其他意思的前綴有：re-,mis-,ex-,fore-,self-,pre- 2.后綴： (1)構(gòu)成名詞的常用后綴有：-er,-or,-ist,-ance,-(a)tion,-sion (2)構(gòu)成形容詞的常用后綴有：-able,-ful,-less,-ish,-ive,-ous 注意：構(gòu)成副詞和動(dòng)詞的后綴還有：-ly,-wise;-ise/-ize,-ify,-en等 活學(xué)巧用 翻譯 (1)He decided to attend the meeting in person. _______________________________________________________________________________ (2)他的祖父堅(jiān)持他該上法律學(xué)校。 _______________________________________________________________________________ (3Dr.Smith attended her in hospital. _______________________________________________________________________________ (4)He offered to go out and attend to these matters. _______________________________________________________________________________ 答案：(1)他決定親自出席這次會(huì)議。 (2)His grandfather insisted that he attend a law school. (3)史密斯醫(yī)生在醫(yī)院中給她治病。 (4)他提出出去處理這些事情。 選擇 (1)Anna_________be a heavy smoker,which damaged her health badly. A.would　　　 B.used to  C.had to　 D.managed to 提示：used to be a heavy smoker曾經(jīng)是一個(gè)煙癮很大的人。 答案：B (2)Once you _________getting up early and taking exercise,you’ll become strong. A.are used to B.used to  C.insist D.addict 提示：be used to sth./doing sth. 習(xí)慣做某事。 答案：A (3)He used to_________,but now he has given up. A.smoking　 B.smoke C.be smoked　 D.be smoking 提示：句意為“他過去常常吸煙，但是現(xiàn)在他已經(jīng)戒掉”。used to do sth. 過去常做某事。 答案：B 翻譯 (1)What is the average temperature in January in this country? _______________________________________________________________________________ (2)我平均一天收到20封電子郵件。 _______________________________________________________________________________（3）他每場平均得分30分。 _______________________________________________________________________________ 答案：(1)這個(gè)國家一月份的平均氣溫是多少？ (2)I receive 20 e-mails a day on average. (3)He got 30 points with an average of per game. 選擇 (1)The ship_________a rock and slowly it began to go down. A.hit B.knocked  C.beat  D.broke 提示：hit a rock意思是“撞到一塊巖石上了”。hit有“擊，撞”的意思。 答案：A (2)The clock _________twelve and I realized it was late. A.hit  B.rang  C.struck  D.beat  提示：鐘表敲了幾下應(yīng)該用動(dòng)詞strike。 答案：C (3)Tom was so angry with Bob that he hit _________. A.Bob in the head  B.Bob’s head  C.Bob on the head  D.on Bob’s head 提示：hit sb.on the head意思是“打在某人頭上”。打在某人頭部要用介詞on,臉上用in。 答案：C  (4)Quite a few people used to believe that a disaster if a mirror was broken. A.was sure of striking  B.was sure of having stuck C.was sure to be struck D.was sure to strike 提示：動(dòng)詞不定式表示將要發(fā)生的事，在“be+sure+to do sth.”這一結(jié)構(gòu)中，disaster與strike是主謂關(guān)系，不用被動(dòng)式。 答案：D 選詞填空 defend/guard/protect (1)Every nation keeps their own army with the purpose of _________their country. (2)The President is always_________by secret service men. (3)They are not_________some animals well enough. (4)Do you know why wild animals should be_________ ? (5)The union said that they would take action to _________their members’ jobs. (6)The gate is_________by soldiers;you can’t go without a pass. 答案：(1)defending　(2)guarded　(3)protecting　(4)protected(5)defend　(6)guarded 填空 用括號(hào)內(nèi)的單詞的正確形式填空 (1)The different people in different countries always have different_________ (value). (2)I’m sure my information is quite_________ (value). (3)I think the product is of little _________ (value),so I don’t want to buy it. (4)Here your way of life is _________ (value)by all. 答案：(1)values　(2)valuable　(3)value　(4)valued 選擇  (1)—Brad was Jane’s brother! —_________he reminded me so much of Jane. A.No doubt　  B.Above all  C.No wonder　  D.Of course 提示：句意為“Brad是Jane的哥哥!”“怪不得他讓我想起了那么多有關(guān)Jane的事!”。no wonder表示“怪不得，毫不奇怪”。 答案：C (2)What _________!They’ve finished more than 30% of the task within one week. A.doubt  B.a wonder  C.wonder  D.doubt 提示：wonder作“奇跡”講時(shí)是可數(shù)名詞。 答案：B (3)—Excuse me,sir.Would you do me a favor? —Of course.What is it? —I_________if you could tell me how to fill out this form. A.had wondered  B.was wondering C.would wonder　 D.did wonder 提示：既然“of course”已經(jīng)表明第二個(gè)說話人愿意幫忙,所以應(yīng)用“was wondering”表示第一個(gè)說話人在詢問前心里在盤算別人是否會(huì)幫忙. 答案：B (4) _________ is no doubt that he will pass the exam. A.There  B.It C.This  D.That 提示：There is no doubt about sth./There is no doubt that都為固定結(jié)構(gòu)，表示“對……毫不懷疑”。 答案：A 翻譯 (1)他得到這一切應(yīng)是受之無愧。 _______________________________________________________________________________ (2)他們應(yīng)該入獄。 _______________________________________________________________________________ 答案：(1)He richly deserved all that happened to him. (2)They deserved to be sent to prison. 選擇  They set out _________the heavy rain stopped. A.at once B.instant  C.instance D.as soon as 提示：as soon as=instantly一……就…… 答案：D 選擇  Evidence obtained from observation and experiment is often used to_________a scientific theory. A.confirm　　　 B.confine C.conform D.conceive 提示：confirm“證實(shí)”，根據(jù)句意選A項(xiàng)；confine限制;conform遵守；conceive想出。 答案：A 完成句子  (1)The _________ _________of the schedule gave me lots of trouble.(突然改變行程給我造成許多麻煩。) (2)That young man has an__________________ .(那個(gè)年輕人態(tài)度很無禮。) (1)abrupt change　 (2)abrupt manner 選擇  (1)Will the company be in the_________of Mr.Mark when his uncle dies? A.mind  B.possession C.management　 D.possess 提示：be in the possession of 為……所有。 答案：B 完成句子  (2)You can’t_________ (占有)the house until all the papers have been signed. (3)I ‘m sorry to say that your car is now _________ (被占有)him. (4)All his personal_________of his nephew.(他所有個(gè)人財(cái)產(chǎn)都被他侄子占有了。) 答案：(2)take possession of　(3)in the possession of　(4)possessions are in the possession 完成句子  (1)I want a salary_________ _________support my family. (我要一份足夠養(yǎng)家的薪水。) (2)That’s not an_________explanation. (這并不足以說明問題。) 答案：(1)adequate to　 (2)adequate 選擇  Once one is _________to Cocaine cigarette, it’s not easy for him to kick it off. A.attracted　 B.absorbed C.devoted　 D.addicted 提示：attract“吸引（某人）”,在此句中不合題意,搭配也不對;be absorbed 后接介詞in,意為“集中注意力于……”;be devoted to指“獻(xiàn)身于……”，be addicted to “對……上癮”。 答案：D 選擇  Some researchers believe that there is no doubt_________a cure for AIDS will be found. A.which　 B.that C.what　 D.whether 提示：there is no doubt that...毫無疑問…… 答案：B 猜測詞性詞義 (1)The boy stood close to me when he talked to me. _______________________________________________________________________________ (2)My teacher asked me to close the door when I came in. _______________________________________________________________________________ (3)You are my close friend and you can help me when I have difficulty. _______________________________________________________________________________ (4)There is a lot of smoke in the room. _______________________________________________________________________________ (5)The river is twenty meters wide. _______________________________________________________________________________ 答案：(1)adv.靠近地　(2)v. 關(guān)門　(3)adj. 親密的　(4)n.煙(5)adv. 寬 猜測詞義 (6)Society has the right to see the law-breakers punished. _______________________________________________________________________________ (7)Holidaymakers who are bored with baking beaches and overheated hotel rooms head for a big igloo(冰屋). _______________________________________________________________________________ (8)The concern for a safer and cleaner environment is making companies rethink how they do business in order to get better. _______________________________________________________________________________ (9)From the Congo in West Africa to Rwanda and Uganda further east,they are endangered by hunting and the cutting down of forests. _______________________________________________________________________________ (10)There is one foreign product the Japanese are buying faster than others,and its popularity has caused an uneasy feeling among many Japanese. _______________________________________________________________________________ 答案：(6)違法者　(7)灼熱的　(8)重新思考　(9)面臨威脅　(10)流行；不安的 課文濃縮  下面的文章為課文原文的濃縮,仔細(xì)閱讀,根據(jù)原文章內(nèi)容將其補(bǔ)充完整,并盡量背誦。 Ⅰ.Michael Jordan—Head and Shoulders Above the Rest Michel Jordan was probably the_________athlete in the world.He was the_________scorer in the NBA,and played for Chicago Bulls from 1984 to 1993. _________his famous number 23 shirt,he became the most _________basketball player.He was born in New York and grew up in North Carolina.He finished his first season as one of the top　scorers in the league, _________an _________of 28.2 points per game.He was the top scorer in the NBA for seven_________seasons. He also played in the dream team.He _________the Chicago Bulls and won three more championships from 1996 to 1998. _________the basketball court,he opened his own steak restaurant. Ⅱ.Wilt the Stilt—the Tower of Power Chamberlain was born in Philadelphia on 21th August 1936.As a child,he had _________ health problems.He was the only NBA player who_________over 50 points per game for an _________season.During14 seasons with four_________teams,he was named the most_________ player in the league four times.He ended his career after five_________seasons with Los Angeles Lakers.There is no_________that he deserves the title “outstanding player of his generation”. 答案：Ⅰ.best-known;top;Wearing;successful;with;average;consecutive;rejoined;Off Ⅱ.various;averaged;entire;different;valued;amazing;doubt 111