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摘要
摘要
數(shù)控車床今后將向中高當(dāng)發(fā)展，中檔采用普及型數(shù)控刀架配套，高檔采用動(dòng)力型刀架，兼有液壓刀架、伺服刀架、立式刀架等品種，預(yù)計(jì)近年來對(duì)數(shù)控刀架需求量將大大增加。數(shù)控刀架的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)是：隨著數(shù)控車床的發(fā)展，數(shù)控刀架開始向快速換刀、電液組合驅(qū)動(dòng)和伺服驅(qū)動(dòng)方向發(fā)展。根據(jù)加工對(duì)象不同，有四方刀架、六角刀架和八（或更多）工位的圓盤式軸向裝刀刀架等多種形式?；剞D(zhuǎn)刀架上分別安裝四把、六把或更多刀具，并按數(shù)控裝置的指令換刀。本部分主要對(duì)四工位立式電動(dòng)刀架的機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)和應(yīng)用繼電-接觸控制系統(tǒng)控制部分的設(shè)計(jì)。并對(duì)以上部分運(yùn)用CAXA做圖，對(duì)電動(dòng)刀架有更直觀的了解。最后的提出了對(duì)電動(dòng)刀架提出了意見和措施。
關(guān)鍵詞：數(shù)控刀架 ， 電動(dòng)刀架 ， 四工位
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目錄
目錄
第1章 引言……………………………………………………1
1.1概述………………………………………………………………1
1.2 數(shù)控車床自動(dòng)回轉(zhuǎn)刀架的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)……………………………1
1.3 刀架的設(shè)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則…………………………………………………2
1.4 刀架的主要技術(shù)參數(shù)……………………………………………2
第2章 數(shù)控車床自動(dòng)回轉(zhuǎn)刀架設(shè)計(jì)…………………………4
2.1刀架的工作原理…………………………………………………4
2.2 步進(jìn)電機(jī)的選用…………………………………………………5
2.3 蝸桿及蝸輪的選用與校核………………………………………6
2.3.1 選擇傳動(dòng)的類型和精度等級(jí)………………………………………6
2.3.2 選擇材料和確定許用應(yīng)力…………………………………………6
2.3.3 按接觸強(qiáng)度確定主要參數(shù)…………………………………………6
2.4 蝸桿軸的設(shè)計(jì)……………………………………………………8
2.4.1 蝸桿軸的材料選擇,確定許用應(yīng)力………………………………8
2.4.2 按扭轉(zhuǎn)強(qiáng)度初步估算軸的最小直徑………………………………8
2.4.3 確定各軸段的直徑和長度…………………………………………9
2.4.4 蝸桿軸的校核………………………………………………………10
2.4.5 鍵的選取與校核……………………………………………………14
2.5 蝸輪軸的設(shè)計(jì)…………………………………………………14
2.5.1 蝸輪軸的材料選擇,確定許用應(yīng)力………………………………14
2.5.2 按扭轉(zhuǎn)強(qiáng)度初步估算軸的最小直徑……………………………14
2.5.3 確定各軸段的直徑和長度…………………………………………15
2.6 中心軸的設(shè)計(jì)…………………………………………………15
2.6.1 中軸的材料選擇,確定許用應(yīng)力…………………………………15
2.6.2 確定各軸段的直徑和長度…………………………………………15
2.6.3 軸的校核……………………………………………………………16
2.7 齒盤的設(shè)計(jì)……………………………………………………17
2.7.1 齒盤的材料選擇和精度等級(jí)……………………………………17
2.7.2 確定齒盤的參數(shù)……………………………………………………17
2.7.3 按接觸疲勞強(qiáng)度進(jìn)行計(jì)算…………………………………………17
2.8 軸承的選用……………………………………………………19
2.8.1 軸承的類型………………………………………………………19
2.8.2 軸承的游隙及軸上零件的調(diào)配……………………………………19
2.8.3 軸承的配合…………………………………………………………19
2.8.4 軸承的潤滑…………………………………………………………19
2.8.5 軸承的密封裝置……………………………………………………19
第3章 刀架體的設(shè)計(jì)………………………………………………………21
第4章 結(jié)論………………………………………………………………………22
致謝…………………………………………………………………………………23
參考文獻(xiàn)…………………………………………………………………………24
第1章引言
第1章 引言
第1章 引言
1.1 概述
數(shù)控車床的刀架是機(jī)床的重要組成部分。刀架用于夾持切削用的刀具，因此其結(jié)構(gòu)直接影響機(jī)床的切削性能和切削效率。在一定程度上，刀架的結(jié)構(gòu)和性能體現(xiàn)了機(jī)床的設(shè)計(jì)和制造技術(shù)水平。隨著數(shù)控車床的不斷發(fā)展，刀架結(jié)構(gòu)形式也在不斷翻新。其中按換刀方式的不同，數(shù)控車床的刀架系統(tǒng)主要有回轉(zhuǎn)刀架、排式刀架和帶刀庫的自動(dòng)換刀裝置等多種形式。傳統(tǒng)的車床例如CA6140的刀架上只能裝一把刀，換刀的速度慢，換刀后還須重新對(duì)刀，并且精度不高，生產(chǎn)效率效率低，不能適應(yīng)現(xiàn)代化生產(chǎn)的需要，因此有必要對(duì)機(jī)床的換刀裝置進(jìn)行改進(jìn)。自1958年首次研制成功數(shù)控加工中心自動(dòng)換刀裝置以來，自動(dòng)換刀裝置的機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)和控制方式不斷得到改進(jìn)和完善。自動(dòng)換刀裝置是加工中心的重要執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)，它的形式多種多樣，目前常見的有：回轉(zhuǎn)刀架換刀，更換主軸頭換刀以及帶刀庫的自動(dòng)換刀系統(tǒng)。
初步了解了設(shè)計(jì)題目（電動(dòng)刀架）及發(fā)展概況，設(shè)計(jì)背景，對(duì)刀架有了一些印象，對(duì)整理設(shè)計(jì)思路 安排設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)間有很好的輔助作用。對(duì)一些參數(shù)的進(jìn)行了解同時(shí)按準(zhǔn)則要求來完成設(shè)計(jì)。
1.2 數(shù)控車床自動(dòng)回轉(zhuǎn)刀架的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)
數(shù)控刀架的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)是：隨著數(shù)控車床的發(fā)展，數(shù)控刀架開始向快速換刀、電液組合驅(qū)動(dòng)和伺服驅(qū)動(dòng)方向發(fā)展。?
目前國內(nèi)數(shù)控刀架以電動(dòng)為主，分為立式和臥式兩種。立式刀架有四、六工位兩種形式，主要用于簡易數(shù)控車床；臥式刀架有八、十、十二等工位，可正、反方向旋轉(zhuǎn)，就近選刀，用于全功能數(shù)控車床。另外臥式刀架還有液動(dòng)刀架和伺服驅(qū)動(dòng)刀架。電動(dòng)刀架是數(shù)控車床重要的傳統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)，合理地選配電動(dòng)刀架，并正確實(shí)施控制，能夠有效的提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率，縮短生產(chǎn)準(zhǔn)備時(shí)間，消除人為誤差，提高加工精度與加工精度的一致性等等。另外，加工工藝適應(yīng)性和連續(xù)穩(wěn)定的工作能力也明顯提高：尤其是在加工幾何形狀較復(fù)雜的零件時(shí)，除了控制系統(tǒng)能提供相應(yīng)的控制指令外，很重要的一點(diǎn)是數(shù)控車床需配備易于控制的電動(dòng)刀架，以便一次裝夾所需的各種刀具，靈活 方便地完成各種幾何形狀的加工。
數(shù)控刀架的市場分析：國產(chǎn)數(shù)控車床今后將向中高檔發(fā)展，中檔采用普及型數(shù)控刀架配套，高檔采用動(dòng)力型刀架，兼有液壓刀架、伺服刀架、立式刀架等品種，近年來需要量可達(dá)1000～1500臺(tái)。
? 國外數(shù)控車床的發(fā)展目的在于提高加工精度和縮短制造周期。實(shí)現(xiàn)上述目的之手段是實(shí)現(xiàn)機(jī)床多功能化和工序工種集成，開發(fā)多種多樣復(fù)合化加工的機(jī)種，如增添銑削功能的復(fù)合加工車削中心、雙主軸多刀塔(雙刀塔或四刀塔)數(shù)控車床和車削中心、雙主軸同步驅(qū)動(dòng)，雙刀塔同時(shí)進(jìn)行加工車削中心、五軸聯(lián)動(dòng)車銑復(fù)合中心、車磨復(fù)合加工機(jī)床、具有車、銑、鏜、磨和激光熱處理多種功能的高度復(fù)合化的復(fù)合加工中心等等。我國數(shù)控車床經(jīng)過多年的發(fā)展，特別是近幾年迅速的發(fā)展，與國際先進(jìn)水平的差距在逐年縮小。對(duì)于某些依賴于進(jìn)口的高檔數(shù)控車床，如高精度數(shù)控車床和車削中心(主軸徑跳軸跳≤0.001mm)、適用耐熱合金和鈦合金零件加工的大功率、高扭矩?cái)?shù)控車床和車削中心等等要加強(qiáng)產(chǎn)品開發(fā)研究攻關(guān)，突破其核心技術(shù)。
數(shù)控刀架的高、中、低檔產(chǎn)品市場數(shù)控刀架作為數(shù)控機(jī)床必需的功能部件，直接影響機(jī)床的性能和可靠性，是機(jī)床的故障高發(fā)點(diǎn)。這就要求設(shè)計(jì)的刀架具有具有轉(zhuǎn)位快，定位精度高，切向扭矩大的特點(diǎn)。它的原理采用蝸桿傳動(dòng)，上下齒盤嚙合，螺桿夾緊的工作原理。
1.3 刀架的設(shè)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則
我們的設(shè)計(jì)過程中，本著以下幾條設(shè)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則
1） 創(chuàng)造性的利用所需要的物理性能和控制不
2） 需要的物理性能
3） 判別功能載荷及其意義
4） 預(yù)測意外載荷
5） 創(chuàng)造有利的載荷條件
6） 提高合理的應(yīng)力分布和剛度而
7） 重量達(dá)到最輕
8） 應(yīng)用基本公式求相稱尺寸和最佳尺寸
9） 根據(jù)性能組合選擇材料
10）在儲(chǔ)備零件與整體零件之間精心的進(jìn)行選擇
11）進(jìn)行功能設(shè)計(jì)以適應(yīng)制造工藝和降低成本的要求
1.4 主要技術(shù)參數(shù)
（1）最大許用力矩（Nm）Mq 100 Mx 200 Ms 100
（2）重復(fù)定位精度：（mm）<0.005
（3）電機(jī)功率(w) 20
（4）電機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速（rpm）125
第2章 數(shù)控車床自動(dòng)回轉(zhuǎn)刀架設(shè)計(jì)
第2章 數(shù)控車床自動(dòng)回轉(zhuǎn)刀架的設(shè)計(jì)
2.1刀架的工作原理
回轉(zhuǎn)刀架的工作原理為機(jī)械螺母升降轉(zhuǎn)位式。工作過程可分為刀架抬起、刀架轉(zhuǎn)位、刀架定位并壓緊等幾個(gè)步驟。圖2.1為螺旋升降式四方刀架，其工作過程如下：
① 刀架抬起 當(dāng)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)發(fā)出換刀指令后, 通過接口電路使電機(jī)正轉(zhuǎn), 經(jīng)傳動(dòng)裝置2、驅(qū)動(dòng)蝸桿蝸輪機(jī)構(gòu)1、蝸輪帶動(dòng)絲桿螺母機(jī)構(gòu)8逆時(shí)針旋轉(zhuǎn) ,此時(shí)由于齒盤4、5處于嚙合狀態(tài)，在絲桿螺母機(jī)構(gòu)8轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)時(shí)，使上刀架體產(chǎn)生向上的軸向力將齒盤松開并抬起,直至兩定位齒盤4、5 脫離嚙合狀態(tài),從而帶動(dòng)上刀架和齒盤產(chǎn)生“上臺(tái)”動(dòng)作。
② 刀架轉(zhuǎn)位 當(dāng)圓套9逆時(shí)針轉(zhuǎn)過150°時(shí)，齒盤4、5完全脫開，此時(shí)銷釘準(zhǔn)確進(jìn)入圓套9中的凹槽中，帶動(dòng)刀架體轉(zhuǎn)位。
③ 刀架定位 當(dāng)上刀架轉(zhuǎn)到需要到位后（旋轉(zhuǎn)90°、180°或270°），數(shù)控裝置發(fā)出的換刀指令使霍爾開關(guān)10 中的某一個(gè)選通,當(dāng)磁性板11 與被選通的霍爾開關(guān)對(duì)齊后,霍爾開關(guān)反饋信號(hào)使電機(jī)反轉(zhuǎn),插銷7在彈簧力作用下進(jìn)入反靠盤 6地槽中進(jìn)行粗定位，上刀架體停止轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，電機(jī)繼續(xù)反轉(zhuǎn)，使其在該位置落下，通過螺母絲桿機(jī)構(gòu)8使上刀架移到齒盤4、5 重新嚙合, 實(shí)現(xiàn)精確定位。
④ 刀架壓緊 刀架精確定位后，電機(jī)及許反轉(zhuǎn)，夾緊刀架，當(dāng)兩齒盤增加到一定夾緊力時(shí)， 電機(jī)由數(shù)控裝置停止反轉(zhuǎn)，防止電機(jī)不停反轉(zhuǎn)而過載毀壞，從而完成一次換刀過程。
圖2.1 螺旋升降式四方刀架
2.2 步進(jìn)電機(jī)的選用
許多機(jī)械加工需要微量進(jìn)給。要實(shí)現(xiàn)微量進(jìn)給，步進(jìn)電機(jī)、直流伺服交流伺服電機(jī)都可作為驅(qū)動(dòng)元件。對(duì)于后兩者，必須使用精密的傳感器并構(gòu)成閉環(huán)系統(tǒng)，才能實(shí)現(xiàn)微量進(jìn)給。在開環(huán)系統(tǒng)中，廣泛采用步進(jìn)電機(jī)作為執(zhí)行單元。這是因?yàn)椴竭M(jìn)電機(jī)具有以下優(yōu)點(diǎn)：
●直接采用數(shù)字量進(jìn)行控制;
●轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量小，啟動(dòng)、停止方便；
●成本低；
●無誤差積累；
●定位準(zhǔn)確；
●低頻率特性比較好；
●調(diào)速范圍較寬；
采用步進(jìn)電機(jī)作為驅(qū)動(dòng)單元，其機(jī)構(gòu)也比較簡單，主要是變速齒輪副、滾珠絲杠副，以克服爬行和間隙等不足。通常步進(jìn)電機(jī)每加一個(gè)脈沖轉(zhuǎn)過一個(gè)脈沖當(dāng)量；但由于其脈沖當(dāng)量一般較大，如0.01mm，在數(shù)控系統(tǒng)中為了保證加工精度，廣泛采用步進(jìn)電機(jī)的細(xì)分驅(qū)動(dòng)技術(shù)。
因?yàn)榈都苌仙?、下降各轉(zhuǎn)150°，刀架轉(zhuǎn)位至少需90°，所以蝸輪轉(zhuǎn)的角度ａ=390°由課題要求的刀架選位少于3S
n≈0.36r/s=21.6r/min,為便于計(jì)算n取24r/min
蝸輪蝸桿傳動(dòng)比為45
電動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速n′=i*z1=45
考慮刀架只需小功率驅(qū)動(dòng)，為減少生產(chǎn)成本，選用JD60電動(dòng)機(jī)，其轉(zhuǎn)速為1400r/min,額定功率為60W。
2.3 蝸桿及蝸輪的選用與校核
2.3.1 選擇傳動(dòng)的類型
考慮到傳遞的功率不大，轉(zhuǎn)速較低，選用2A蝸桿，精度8級(jí)，GB10089-88
2.3.2 選擇材料和確定許用應(yīng)力
由《機(jī)械基礎(chǔ)》表17-4查得蝸桿選用45鋼，表面淬火，硬度為45～55HRC，蝸輪齒圈用ZCuSn10P1 砂模鑄造，為了節(jié)約貴重的有色金屬，僅齒圈用青銅制造，而輪芯用灰鑄鐵HT150制造。
由表17-6查得 ［e］h=200MPa，［e］f=51MPa
2.3.3按接觸強(qiáng)度確定主要參數(shù)
根據(jù)閉式蝸桿傳動(dòng)的設(shè)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則，先按齒面接觸疲勞強(qiáng)度進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)，在校核齒根彎曲疲勞強(qiáng)度。傳動(dòng)中心距：
(2-1)
（1）確定作用在蝸輪上的轉(zhuǎn)距T2
按Z1=2，估取效率η=0.8，則
T2=T*η*i=3.5382N.M (2-2)
（2）確定載荷系數(shù)K
因工作載荷較穩(wěn)定，故取載荷分布不均系數(shù)Kβ=1；由使用系數(shù)KA表從而選取KA=1.15；由于轉(zhuǎn)速不高，沖擊不大，可取動(dòng)載系數(shù)KV=1.1；則
K=KA*Kβ*KV=1*1.15*1.1=1.265≈1.27(2-3)
（3）確定彈性影響系數(shù)ZE
因選用的鑄錫磷青銅蝸輪和蝸桿相配，故
（4）確定接觸系數(shù)Zρ
先假設(shè)蝸桿分度圓直徑d1和傳動(dòng)中心距a的比值=0.30，從而可查出Zρ=3.12。
（5）確定許用應(yīng)力[σH]
根據(jù)蝸輪材料為鑄錫磷青銅zcusn10p1，金屬模鑄造，蝸桿螺旋齒面硬度＞45HRC，從而可查得蝸輪的基本許用應(yīng)力[σH]‘=268MPA。
因?yàn)殡妱?dòng)刀架中蝸輪蝸桿的傳動(dòng)為間隙性的，故初步定位、其壽命系數(shù)為KHN=0.92，則
[σH]= KHN[σH]‘=0.92×268=246.56≈247MPA(2-4)
（6）計(jì)算中心距
(2-5)
取中心距a=50mm，m=1.25mm，蝸桿分度圓直徑d1=22.4mm，這時(shí)=0.448，從而可查得接觸系數(shù)=2.72，因?yàn)椋糧ρ，因此以上計(jì)算結(jié)果可用。
蝸桿和蝸輪主要幾何尺寸計(jì)算
⑴蝸桿
分度圓直徑：d1=8mm
直徑系數(shù)：q=17.92，
蝸桿頭數(shù)：Z1=1
分度圓導(dǎo)程角：γ=3°11′38″
蝸桿軸向齒距：PA==3.94mm；(2-6)
蝸桿齒頂圓直徑：(2-7)
蝸桿齒根圓直徑：（2-8）
蝸桿軸向齒厚：=2.512mm(2-9)
蝸桿軸向齒距：（2-10）
⑵蝸輪
蝸輪齒數(shù)：Z2 =45
變位系數(shù)Χ=0
驗(yàn)算傳動(dòng)比：i=/=45/1=45(2-11)
蝸輪分度圓直徑：d2=mz2=72mm (2-12)
蝸輪喉圓直徑：da2=d2+2ha2=93.5(2-13)
蝸輪喉母圓直徑：rg2=a-1/2 da2 =50-1/293.5=3.25(2-14)
蝸輪齒頂圓直徑：（2-15）
蝸輪齒根圓直徑：（2-16）
蝸輪外圓直徑：當(dāng)在z=1時(shí)，（2-17）
2.4 蝸桿軸的設(shè)計(jì)
2.4.1 蝸桿軸的材料選擇，確定許用應(yīng)力
考慮軸主要傳遞蝸輪的轉(zhuǎn)矩，為普通用途中小功率減速傳動(dòng)裝置。
選用45號(hào)鋼，正火處理，
2.4.2 按扭轉(zhuǎn)強(qiáng)度初步估算軸的最小直徑
（2-18）
扭轉(zhuǎn)切應(yīng)力為脈動(dòng)循環(huán)變應(yīng)力，取α=0.6
抗彎截面系數(shù)W=0.1d3
取dmin=15.14mm
2.4.3 確定各軸段的直徑和長度
根據(jù)各個(gè)零件在軸上的定位和裝拆方案確定軸的形狀及直徑和長度。
d1=d5 同一軸上的軸承選用同一型號(hào)，以便于軸承座孔鏜制和減少軸承類型。
d5軸上有一個(gè)鍵槽，故槽徑增大5%
d1=d5=d1′×(1+5%)=15.89mm ,圓整d1=d5=17mm
所選軸承類型為深溝球軸承，型號(hào)為6203，B=12mm，D=40mm，
d2起固定作用，定位載荷高度可在（0.07～0.1）d1范圍內(nèi)，
d2=d1+2a=19.38～20.04mm，故d2取20mm
d3為蝸桿與蝸輪嚙合部分，故d3=24mm
d4=d2=20mm,便于加工和安裝
L1為與軸承配合的軸段，查軸承寬度為12mm，端蓋寬度為10mm，
則L1=22mm
L2尺寸長度與刀架體的設(shè)計(jì)有關(guān)，蝸桿端面到刀架端面距離為65mm，
故L2=43mm
L3為蝸桿部分長度L3≥（11+0.06z2）m=21.92mm
圓整L3取30mm
L4取55mm，L5在刀架體部分長度為（12+8）mm，伸出刀架部分通過聯(lián)軸器與電動(dòng)機(jī)相連長度為50mm，故L5=70mm
兩軸承的中心跨度為128mm，軸的總長為220mm
2.4.4蝸桿軸的校核
作用在蝸桿軸上的圓周力
(2-19)
其中d1=28mm
則
徑向力 (2-20)
切向力 (2-21)
圖2.1 軸向受力分析
(2-22)
(2-23)
求水平方向上的支承反力
圖2.2 水平方向支承力
(2-25)
求水平彎矩,并繪制彎矩圖
圖2.3 水平彎矩圖
求垂直方向的支承反力
(2-26)
查文獻(xiàn)[9]表2.2—4，，，，
其中，，
(2-27)
圖2.4 垂直方向支承反力
求垂直方向彎矩，繪制彎矩圖
圖2.5 垂直彎矩圖
求合成彎矩圖，按最不利的情況考慮
(2-28)
圖2.6 合成彎矩圖
計(jì)算危險(xiǎn)軸的直徑
(2-29)
查文獻(xiàn)[9]表15—1，材料為調(diào)質(zhì)的許用彎曲應(yīng)力，則
所以該軸符合要求。
2.4.5 鍵的選取與校核
考慮到d5=105%×15.14=15.89mm, 實(shí)際直徑為17mm，所以強(qiáng)度足夠
由GB1095-79查得，尺寸b×h=5×5，l=20mm的A型普通平鍵。
按公式進(jìn)行校核
，，，。查文獻(xiàn)[9]表6—2，取則
(2-30)
該鍵符合要求。
由普通平鍵標(biāo)準(zhǔn)查得軸槽深t=30mm,轂槽深t1=2.3mm
2.5 蝸輪軸的設(shè)計(jì)
2.5.1 蝸輪軸材料的選擇，確定需用應(yīng)力
考慮到軸主要傳遞蝸輪轉(zhuǎn)矩，為普通中小功率減速傳動(dòng)裝置
選用45號(hào)鋼，正火處理，， ［eь］-1=55MPa
2.5.2 按扭轉(zhuǎn)強(qiáng)度，初步估計(jì)軸的最小直徑
查文獻(xiàn)[9]表15—1，取45號(hào)調(diào)質(zhì)剛的許用彎曲應(yīng)力，則
由于軸的平均直徑為34mm，因此該軸安全。
2.5.3 確定各軸段的直徑和長度
根據(jù)各個(gè)零件在軸上的定位和裝拆方案確定軸的形狀及直徑和長度
d1即蝸輪輪芯為68mm
d2為蝸輪軸軸徑最小部分取34mm
d3軸段與上刀架體有螺紋聯(lián)接，牙形選梯形螺紋，根據(jù)文獻(xiàn)表8-45
取公稱直徑為d3=44mm，螺距P=12mm，H=6.5mm
查表8-46得，外螺紋小徑為31mm
內(nèi)、外螺紋中徑為38mm
內(nèi)螺紋大徑為45mm
內(nèi)螺紋小徑為32mm
旋合長度取55mm
L2尺寸長度為34mm，蝸輪齒寬b2 當(dāng)z1≤3時(shí)，b2≤0.75da1=15.6mm
取b2=15mm
2.6 中心軸的設(shè)計(jì)
2.6.1 中軸的材料選擇,確定許用應(yīng)力
考慮到軸主要起定位作用，只承受部分彎矩，為空心軸，因此只需校核軸的剛度即可。
選用45號(hào)鋼，正火處理，， ［eь］-1=55MPa
2.6.2 確定各軸段的直徑和長度
根據(jù)各個(gè)零件在軸上的定位和裝拆方案確定軸的形狀及直徑和長度
d1=15mm,
d2與軸承配合，軸承類型為推力球軸承，型號(hào)為51203，d=17mm,d1=19,T=12mm,D=35mm
所以d2=17mm
d3與軸承配合，軸承類型為推力球軸承，型號(hào)為51204，
d=25mm,d1=27mm,T=15mm,D=47mm
圖2.7 中心軸受力圖
分配各軸段的長度L1=80mm,L2=93mm,L3=20mm
2.6.3 軸的校核
軸橫截面的慣性矩
車床切削力F=2KN,E=210GPa
(2-31)
(2-32)
因此
＜［］
y＜［y］
中心軸滿足剛度條件
2.7 齒盤的設(shè)計(jì)
2.7.1 齒盤的材料選擇和精度等級(jí)
上下齒盤均選用45號(hào)鋼，淬火，180HBS
初選7級(jí)精度等級(jí)
2.7.2 確定齒盤參數(shù)
考慮齒盤主要用于精確定位和夾緊，齒形選用三角齒形，上下齒盤由于需相互嚙合，參數(shù)可相同
當(dāng)蝸輪軸旋轉(zhuǎn)150°時(shí)，上刀架上升5mm，齒盤的齒高取4mm
由
(2-33)
得算式 4=（2×1+0.25）m
標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值ha*=1.0, c*=0.25
求出m=1.78mm,取標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值m=2mm
故齒盤齒全高h(yuǎn)=（2ha*+c*）m=(2×1+0.25)×2=4.5mm
取齒盤內(nèi)圓直徑d為120mm，
外圓直徑為140mm
齒頂高 ha=ha*m=1×2=2m
齒根高 hf=(ha*+c*)m=2.5mm
齒數(shù)z=38
齒寬b=10mm
齒厚
齒盤高為5mm
2.7.3 按接觸疲勞強(qiáng)度進(jìn)行計(jì)算
⑴確定有關(guān)計(jì)算參數(shù)和許用應(yīng)力
(2-35)
⑵取載荷系數(shù)kt=1.5
⑶由文獻(xiàn)表9-12取齒寬系數(shù)Фd=1.0
⑷由表9-10查得材料的彈性影響系數(shù)Ze=189.8，
?。?20°，故ZH=2.5
⑸查圖9-34取бHlim1=380
取бHlim2=380
⑹Lh=60×24×1×(8×300×15)
N2=5.18×107
⑺由圖9-35查得接觸疲勞壽命系數(shù)ZN1=1.1 ，ZN2=1.1
⑻計(jì)算接觸疲勞需用應(yīng)力
取安全系數(shù)SH=1，由式（9-44）得
(2-36)
按齒根抗彎強(qiáng)度設(shè)計(jì)
由式（9-46）得抗彎強(qiáng)度的設(shè)計(jì)公式為
(2_37)
確定公式內(nèi)的各參數(shù)數(shù)值
⑴由文獻(xiàn)圖9-37查得，抗彎疲勞強(qiáng)度極限
⑵由文獻(xiàn)圖9-38查得，抗彎疲勞壽命系數(shù)YN1=1.0，YN2=1.0
⑶查圖取
⑷計(jì)算抗彎疲勞許用應(yīng)力，取抗彎疲勞安全系數(shù)SF=1.4
由式（9-47）得
(2-38)
⑸彎曲疲勞強(qiáng)度驗(yàn)算
(2-39)
故滿足彎曲疲勞強(qiáng)度要求
2.8 軸承的選用
滾動(dòng)軸承是現(xiàn)代機(jī)器中廣泛應(yīng)用的部件之一。它是依靠主要元件的滾動(dòng)接觸來支撐轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)零件的。與滑動(dòng)軸承相比，滾動(dòng)軸承摩擦力小，功率消耗少，啟動(dòng)容易等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。并且常用的滾動(dòng)軸承絕大多數(shù)已經(jīng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化，因此使用滾動(dòng)軸承時(shí)，只要根據(jù)具體工作條件正確選擇軸承的類型和尺寸。驗(yàn)算軸承的承載能力。以及與軸承的安裝、調(diào)整、潤滑、密封等有關(guān)的“軸承裝置設(shè)計(jì)”問題。
2.8.1 軸承的類型
考慮到軸各個(gè)方面的誤差會(huì)直接傳遞給加工工件時(shí)的加工誤差，因此選用調(diào)心性能比較好的深溝球軸承。此類軸承可以同時(shí)承受徑向載荷及軸向載荷，安裝時(shí)可調(diào)整軸承的游隙。然后根據(jù)安裝尺寸和使用壽命選出軸承的型號(hào)為：6203
2.8.2 軸承的游隙及軸上零件的調(diào)配
軸承的游隙和欲緊時(shí)靠端蓋下的墊片來調(diào)整的，這樣比較方便。
2.8.3 滾動(dòng)軸承的配合
滾動(dòng)軸承是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件，為使軸承便于互換和大量生產(chǎn)，軸承內(nèi)孔于軸的配合采用基孔制，即以軸承內(nèi)孔的尺寸為基準(zhǔn)；軸承外徑與外殼的配合采用基軸制，即以軸承的外徑尺寸為基準(zhǔn)
2.8.4 滾動(dòng)軸承的潤滑
考慮到電動(dòng)刀架工作時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)速很高，并且是不間斷工作，溫度也很高。故采用油潤滑，轉(zhuǎn)速越高，應(yīng)采用粘度越低的潤滑油；載荷越大，應(yīng)選用粘度越高的。
2.8.5 滾動(dòng)軸承的密封裝置
軸承的密封裝置是為了阻止灰塵，水，酸氣和其他雜物進(jìn)入軸承，并阻止?jié)櫥瑒┝魇ФO(shè)置的。密封裝置可分為接觸式及非接觸式兩大類。
唇形密封圈靠彎折了的橡膠的彈性力和附加的環(huán)行螺旋彈簧的緊扣作用而套緊在軸上，以便起密封作用。唇形密封圈封唇的方向要緊密封的部位。即如果是為了油封，密封唇應(yīng)朝內(nèi)；如果主要是為了防止外物浸入，密封唇應(yīng)朝外。
第3章 刀架體設(shè)計(jì)
第3章 刀架體設(shè)計(jì)
刀架體設(shè)計(jì)首先要考慮刀架體內(nèi)零件的布置及與刀架體外部零件的關(guān)系，應(yīng)考慮以下問題：
(a) 滿足強(qiáng)度和剛度要求。因?yàn)榈都荏w的剛度不僅影響傳動(dòng)零件的正常工作，而且還影響部件的工作精度。
(b) 結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)合理。如支點(diǎn)的安排、開孔位置和連接結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)等均要有利于提高刀架體的強(qiáng)度和剛度。
(c) 工藝性好。包括毛坯制造、機(jī)械加工及熱處理、裝配調(diào)整、安裝固定、吊裝運(yùn)輸、維護(hù)修理等各方面的工藝性。
(d) 造型好、質(zhì)量小。
刀架體的常用材料有：
鑄鐵，多數(shù)刀架體的材料為鑄鐵，鑄鐵流動(dòng)性好，收縮較小，容易獲得形狀和結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的箱體。鑄鐵的阻尼作用強(qiáng)，動(dòng)態(tài)剛性和機(jī)加工性能好，價(jià)格適度。加入合金元素還可以提高耐磨性。
鑄造鋁合金，用于要求減小質(zhì)量且載荷不太大的箱體。多數(shù)可通過熱處理進(jìn)行強(qiáng)化，有足夠的強(qiáng)度和較好的塑性。
我所設(shè)計(jì)的下刀架體采用HT150鑄造，其具體結(jié)構(gòu)見零件圖。
第4章 結(jié)論
第4章 結(jié)論
本次設(shè)計(jì)采用了四工位刀架，通過電機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)，渦輪蝸桿的傳動(dòng)，有效的實(shí)現(xiàn)了縮短輔助時(shí)間,減少多次安裝零件引起的誤差。本次設(shè)計(jì)的四工位自動(dòng)回轉(zhuǎn)刀架結(jié)構(gòu)比較簡單，滿足時(shí)間短,刀具重復(fù)定位精度夠,足夠的刀具存儲(chǔ)以及安全可靠等基本要求。
回轉(zhuǎn)刀架在結(jié)構(gòu)上必須具有良好的強(qiáng)度和剛度，以承受粗加工時(shí)的切削抗力和減少刀架在切削力作用下的位移變形，提高加工精度。由于車削加工精度在很大程度上取決于刀尖位置，對(duì)于數(shù)控車床來說，加工過程中刀架部位要進(jìn)行人工調(diào)整，因此更有必要選擇可靠的定位方案和合理的定位結(jié)構(gòu)，以保證回轉(zhuǎn)刀架在每次轉(zhuǎn)位之后具有高的重復(fù)定位精度（一般為0.001～0.005mm)。
致謝
致 謝
終于完成了畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)了，在幾個(gè)月的緊張生活中，首先我要感謝我的指導(dǎo)老師張老師，沒有他的指點(diǎn)和教誨，就沒有這次設(shè)計(jì)的完成，他在我無能為力的時(shí)候給我提出了很多建設(shè)性的意見和建議，開拓了我的思路 ，同時(shí)也感謝其它的各科老師。此次設(shè)計(jì)要求把以前所學(xué)到的專業(yè)課知識(shí)貫通起來，我不時(shí)的向各位老師請(qǐng)教過，他們都很負(fù)責(zé)的幫我解釋我提出的問題 。在此我也感謝寧波工程學(xué)院為我提供的良好的生活和學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境。
最后，對(duì)所有幫助過我的老師和同學(xué)表示感謝!
2008年5月
參考文獻(xiàn)
參考文獻(xiàn)
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[6] 舒志兵.嚴(yán)彩忠.黃益群.張海榮.數(shù)控機(jī)床和數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展綜 述[J].伺服控制，2006，（01）：23-27
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英語原文：
Design Of Tool Machine Prop
Research significance
The original knife machine control procedures are designed individually, not used tool management system, features a single comparison, the knife only has to find the tool knife, knife positioning the shortest path, axis tool change, but does not support large-scale tool.
Automatic knife in the knife election, in the computer memory knife-election on the basis of using the Siemens 840 D features, and the election procedures knife more concise, and complete the space Daotao View. ATC use the knife rapid completion of STEP-7 programming, and have been tested in practice. In the positioning of the knife, PLC controlled modular design method, which future production of similar machines will be very beneficial, it is easy to use its other machine. Automatic tool change systems will be faster growth, reduced tool change time, increase the positioning accuracy tool is an important means to help NC technology development.
Tool and inventory components of modern production is an important link in the management, especially for large workshop management. The traditional way of account management, and low efficiency, high error rate, and not sharing information and data, tools and the use of state can not track the life cycle, are unable to meet the current information management needs. With actual production, we have to establish a workshop tool for the three-dimensional tool storage system to meet the knife workshop with auxiliary storage and management needs.
The system uses optimization technology, a large number of computer storage inventory information, timely, accurate, and comprehensive tool to reflect the inventory situation. The entire system uses a graphical interface, man-machine dialogue tips from the Chinese menu, select various functions can be realized and the importation of all kinds of information. Management system using online help function. Through the workshop management, network management and sharing of information. Have automated inventory management, warehousing management tool, a tool for the management and statistical functions.
1.System components and control structure
The entire system, including the structure and electrical machinery control systems.
1.1.1Mechanical structure and working principle
Tool from the stent, drive, drive system, Turret, shielding, control system, and electrical components. Support from the column, beam, the upper and lower guide Central track, and track support component.
1) Drive for the system chosen VVVF method. Cone used brake motors, with VVVF by Cycloid reducer through sprocket drive.
2) Drag a variable frequency drive system and control technology. VVVF adopted, will speed drive shaft in the normal range adjustment to control the speed rotary turret to 5 ~ 30mm in, the drive shaft into two, two under through sprocket, the two profiled rollers Chain driven rotating shelves. Expansion chain adopted by the thread tight regulation swelling, swelling the regular way. - Conditioned, under the same chain-of-conditioning, so that the chain of uniform.
3) Turret and shields the entire total of 14 independent Turret. 13 of them as a socket-Turret, as a drawer-Turret, each Turret back through the pin and, under the conveyor chain link chain plate, installed at the bottom roller, chain driven rotating turret rotation along the track. Outlet-Turret and BT50-BT40 Turret Turret two kinds of forms. To strengthen management, security, landscaping modeling, shelf peripherals and shields. Turret-drawer drawer placed at six other Des Voeux a knife, can be categorized with some of knife auxiliary equipment, such as bits, such as turning tools.
1.1.2.Electrical Control System
This tool storage systems is the main electrical control their shelves for operational control and position control. Operational control equipment, including operation of the start of braking control. Position Control is the main location and address of the shelves for testing. Control system as shown in Figure 1.
圖 1 Tool Control System for the
1) Electric Transmission horizontal rotary tool storage systems are the mechanical movements are repeated short-term work system. And the run-time system needs some speed, speed transmission needs, the system will use VVVF method can be used simple structure, reliable operation of the motor and frequency inverter.
2) Control of the system is divided into two kinds of manual control and automatic control, manual control as a general reserve and debugging methods of work; ways to the system control computer (IPC) and the control unit (inverter contactor , etc.) consisting of a control system.
3) location and positioning accuracy of the system automatically identify the site and location using a detection device as proximity switches, relays through the plate-point isolation and the number plate recorded close to the switching signal acquisition and operation of Hutchison with a Optimal Path addressable identify the current location and shelves of the purpose of the shelf location. In order to enable a more accurate positioning system, adopted two photoelectric switches, to detect the two shelves of the two films.
1.2.The functions of the knife
knife The is the role of reserves a certain number of tools, machine tool spindle in hand to achieve the fungibility a disc cutter knife is the type of library, the chain knives, and other means, in the form of the knife and capacity according to the Machine Tool to determine the scope of the process.
1.3.Common types
The knife is a tool storage devices, the common knife mainly in the following forms:
(1) the turret knife
Including the first level turret vertical turret and the first two, see Figure 2.6 a) and b):
(2) the disc cutter
Disc knife in the library with discoid knife, cutting tool along See how vertical arrangement (including radial and axial from knife from knife), along See how radial array into acute or arranged in the form of the knife. Simple, compact, more applications, but are ring-cutter, low utilization of space. Figure 2.7 a) to c). If the knife storage capacity must be increased to increase the diameter of the knife, then the moment of inertia also increased correspondingly, the election campaign long knife. Tool number not more than 32 general. Cutter was multi-loop order of the space utilization knife, but inevitably given the knife from complex institutions, applicable to the restricted space Machine Tool storage capacity and more occasions. Two-disc structure is two smaller capacity knife on both sides of the sub-spindle place, more compact layout, the number of certificates corresponding increase knife, apply to small and medium-sized processing center.
(3) the chain knife
? Including single-and multi-ring chain ring chain, chain link can take many forms change, see Figure 2.8 a) to c), the basic structure shown in Figure 2. 8 do
Features: knife apply to the larger capacity of the occasion, the space of the small number of generally applicable to the tool in the 30-120. Only increase the length of the chain tool will increase the number should not be increased circumferential speed of its moment of inertia of the knife does not increase the disc as large.
(4) linear combination knife and the knife library
The linear knife simple structure in Figure 2.9, tool single order, the capacity of small knife, used for CNC lathe and drill press on. Because the location of fixed knife, ATC completed action by the spindle without manipulator. The cutter knife is generally the turret combination turret with a combination of the disc cutter knife and the chain combination. Every single knife the knife certificates of smaller, faster tool change. There are also some intensive drum wheel, and the lattice-type magazine for the knife, the knife-intensive though. Small footprint, but because of structural constraints, basically not used for single processing center, the concentration used for FMS for the knife system.
1.4 Tool storage capacity
Tool storage capacity of the first to consider the needs of processing, from the use of point of view, generally 10 to 40 knives, knife will be the utilization of the high, and the structure is compact.
1.5 Tool options
(1) choose to order processing tool according to the order, followed Add to the knife every knife in the Block. Each tool change, the order of rotation of a cutter knife on location, and remove the need knives, has been used by the cutter knife can be returned to the original Block, can also order Add Block, a knife. However, as the knife in the tool in different processes can not be repeated use of the knife must increase the capacity and lower utilization rate.
(2) most of the arbitrary choice of the current system of using arbitrary NC election knives, divided into Daotao coding, coding and memory-cutter, three. Daotao coding tool code or knives or Daotao need to install the code used to identify, in accordance with the general principle of binary coding coding. Tool knife election coding method uses a special knife handle structure, and each of the coding tool. Each of the tool has its own code, thereby cutting tool can be in different processes repeatedly used, not to replace the tool back at the original knife, the knife capacity can be reduced accordingly. Memory-election this paper knife, in this way can knives and knife in the position corresponding to the Daotao memory of the PLC in the NC system, no matter which tool on the Inner knife, tool information is always there in mind, PLC . On the knife with position detection devices, will be the location of each Daotao. This tool can be removed and sent back to arbitrary. On the knife is also a mechanical origin, every election, the nearest knife selection.
1.6. Control of the knife
? (1) the knife as a system to control the positioning axis. In the ladder diagram in accordance with the instructions for computing T code comparison of the output angle and speed of instructions to the knife the knife servo drive servo motor. Tool storage capacity, rotation speed, and / deceleration time, and other system parameters can be set in such a manner free from any outside influence positioning accurate and reliable but the cost is higher.
? (2) knife from the hydraulic motor drives, fast / slow the points, with proximity switches count and positioning. In comparison ladder diagram of the current storage system knife (knife spindle) and goals knife (pre-knife) and computing, then output rotation instructions, judging by the shortest path rotation in place. This approach requires sufficient hydraulic power and electromagnetic valve knife the rotational speed can be adjusted through the throttle. But over time may be oily hydraulic, oil temperature and environmental factors impact the change in velocity and accuracy. Not generally used in large and medium-sized machine tool change frequently.
? (3) the knife from AC asynchronous motor driven cam mechanism (Markov institutions), with proximity switches count, which means stable operation, and generally accurate and reliable positioning cam used in conjunction with a mechanical hand, ATC fast-positioning.
2. ATC, the main types, characteristics, and the scope of application
2.1 Auto Rotary Tool
Rotary Tool automatically on the use of CNC machine tool is a simple installation of automatic tool change, the Quartet and 47.60 Turret Tool various forms, such as rotary turret were installed on four, six or more of the Tool , NC instructions by ATC. Rotary Tool has two vertical and horizontal, relatively simple structure, applicable to economic CNC lathe.
Rotary Tool in the structure must have good strength and stiffness, resistance to bear rough Cutting Tool in the cutting force and reduce the role of deformation and improve processing accuracy. Rotating Tool to choose reliable positioning programme structure and reasonable position, in order to ensure that each rotary turret to a higher position after repeated positioning accuracy (typically 0.001 to 0.005mm). Figure 2.1 shows the spiral movements of the Quartet Turret.
Auto Rotary Tool in the simplest of ATC, is 180 o rotary ATC devices, as shown in Figure 2.2 ATC instructions received, the machine control system put ATC spindle control to the designated location at the same time, the tool movement to the appropriate location, ATC, with the rotary axis and at the same time, the knives matching tool; drawbars from Spindle Cutting Tools rip, ATC, will be the tool from their position removed; ATC, 180 o rotary tool spindle and the tool and tool away; ATC, the Rotary At the same time, the tool refocusing its position to accept Spindle removed from the cutting tool; Next, ATC, will be replaced with the cutter knives were unloaded into the spindle and tool: Finally, back to the original ATC, "standby" position. At this point, ATC completed procedures to continue to run. This ATC, the main advantage of simple structure, the less movement, fast tool change. The main disadvantage is that knives must be kept in parallel with the axis of the plane, and after the home side compared to the tool, chip and liquid-cutting knife into the folder, it is necessary to the tool plus protection. Cone knife folder on the chip will cause ATC error, or even damage knife folders, and the possibility of spindle. Some processing centre at the transfer, and the tool side. When the ATC command is called, the transfer-cutter knives will be removed, the machine go forward, and positioning with the ATC, in line with the position. 180 o "Rotary ATC devices can be used horizontal machine, can also be used for vertical machining centers.
2. 2 ATC head-turret installed
With rotating CNC machine tool often used such ATC devices, with a few turret head spindle, each with a spindle on both knives, the first tower interim process can be automatic tool change-realization. The advantage is simple structure, tool change time is short, only about 2 s. However, due to spatial constraints, the number of spindle can not be too much, usually only apply to processes less, not to high precision machine tools, such as the NC drill, such as CNC milling machine. In recent years there has been a mechanical hand and the turret head with a knife for the automatic tool change ATC devices, as shown in Figure 2.3. It is in fact a turret head ATC, and the knife-ATC device combination. The principle is as follows:
5 turret on the first two tool spindle 3 and 4, when using the tool spindle 4 processing tool, the manipulator 2 will be the next step to the need for the tool does not work on the tool spindle 3 until after the completion of this process , the first rotary turret 180 o, ATC completed. ATC most of their time and processing time coincidence, the only real tool change time turret transposition of the first time, this approach mainly used for ATC and NC NC drilling file bed.
2. 3.Daidao system for the automatic tool change
Figure 2.4 shows the knife and the whole machine tool CNC machine tools for the appearance of Fig.
? Figure 2.5 shows the knife and split-type machine to the appearance of CNC machine tool plans.
At this point, knife storage capacity, a heavier tool can, and often additional transport unit to complete the knife between the spindle and cutting tool transport.
Daidao the knife from the ATC, the election knives, automatic loading and unloading machine tool and tool exchange institutions (manipulator), composed of four parts, used widely.
Tool Automatic Tool Change the manipulator system, the whole process more complicated ATC. We must first used in the processing of all installed in the standard tool on the knife handle in the machine outside the pre-size, according to a certain way Add to the knife. ATC, selected first in the knife knife, and then from ATC, from the knife from the knife or spindle, exchange, the new knife into the spindle, the old knife back into the knife.
? ATC, as the former two knives to accommodate a limited number can not be too many, can not meet the needs of complex parts machining, CNC machine tool Automatic Tool Change Daidao the use of the automatic tool change devices. The knife has more capacity, both installed in the spindle box side or above. As for the automatic tool change Daidao device CNC machine tool spindle box only a spindle, spindle components to high stiffness to meet the machining requirements. The number of establishments in larger knife, which can meet the more complex parts of the machining processes, significantly improving productivity. Daidao system for the automatic tool change applied to drilling centres and CNC machining centers. The comparison drawn Daidao automatic tool change system is the most promising.
3.PLC control of the knife random mode of election
3. 1Common methods of automatic election knife
Automatic control of the knife CNC refers to the system after the implementation of user instructions on the knife library automation process, including the process to find knives and automatic tool change [(63,71]. CNC Machining Center device (CNC) directive issued by the election knife , a knife, the tool required to take the knife position, said the election automatic knife. automatically elected knife There are two ways: random sequence election knives and knife election method.
3.1.1 order election knife
Tool Selection order is the process tool according to the sequence of the insert knife, the use of knives in order to take place, used knives back at the original knife, can also order Add Block, a knife. In this way, no need Tool identification devices, and drive control is a relatively simple, reliable and can be used directly from the points of the knife machinery to achieve. But the knives in each of the tool in different processes can not be reused, if the tool is installed in accordance with the order of the knife, there will be serious consequences. The need to increase the number of knives and knife the capacity of the tool and reduce the utilization of the knife.
3.1.2Random election knife
Random election under the knife is arbitrary instructions to select the required tools, then there must be tool identification devices. Tool knife in the library do not have the processing in accordance with the order of the workpiece can be arbitrary storage. Each of the tool (or knife blocks) are for a code, automatic tool change, the rotary cutter, every tool have been the "tool identification device" acceptable identification. When CNC tool code and the code in line with directives of the tool selected, the rotary cutter knives will be sent to the ATC position, waiting to grab manipulator. Random knife election is the advantage of the cutter knife in the order has nothing to do with the processing sequence, the same tool can be used repeatedly. Therefore, the relatively small number of knives, knife the corresponding smaller. Random elections knife on the tool must be coded to identify. There are three main coding.
1. Tool coding. Adopt special knife handle structure coding, the drawbars on the knife handle back-end packages such as spacing of the coding part of the lock-nut fixed. Coding diameter ring diameter of a size two, respectively, said that binary "1" and "0" to the two rings are different, can be a series of code. For example, there are six small diameter of the ring can be made to distinguish between 63 (26-1 = 63) of the coding tool. All of 0 normally not allowed to use the code, to avoid the cutter knife Block did not confuse the situation.
2. Knife Block coding. On the knife Block coding, coding tool, and tool into line with the number of knives in the Block. ATC knife when the rotation, so that each knife seats followed through knowledge knife, knife found blocks, knives stopped the