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1、2013高考英語二輪專題思路點撥及增分訓練—閱讀理解06 【考點定位】 2013考綱解讀和近幾年考點分布 社會文化包括經(jīng)濟、政治、文化、科學等各種題材，是高考英語閱讀理解的熱點題材。 它以中西文化差異作為選材的重點，比如禮儀、語言、價值觀、生活習慣等為主題。題材涉及社會、文化、教育、體育等方面的內(nèi)容。一般一篇文章一個主題，以議論文和記敘文為主。命題方面，既重主旨把握，又重特定細節(jié)、推理判斷。從近年的高考題看，閱讀內(nèi)容的社會實用性越來越強，更重視語言和文化的關(guān)系，閱讀材料會更多地涉及社會化背景知識。因此，要通過閱讀更多地涉及社會文化背景知識，更多地了解并豐富自己的知識。 【考點

2、pk】 名師考點透析 考點一、細節(jié)事實理解。 一篇文章必然是由許多具體的細節(jié)、具體的內(nèi)容構(gòu)成的，所有這些信息以某種順序（時間、空間、情感變化等）排列起來，來進一步解釋或闡釋主題，體現(xiàn)文章的主旨大意。 細節(jié)理解題目主要考查學生對文章具體事實和細節(jié)的理解能力，屬于表層理解題范疇，難度較小，但在整個閱讀理解題中所占比例最大，細節(jié)理解題多從文章的某個具體事實或細節(jié)出發(fā)來設(shè)計題目。 此類題通常根據(jù)文章具體內(nèi)容來設(shè)問，也常使用下列方式來提問 C.between New York and San Francisco D.both A and B 【解析】由第二段的第一句話和最后一段

3、的最后一句話可得出正確答案是D項。 2.間接事實題 解答此類題，需要結(jié)合上下文提供的語境和信息進行簡單的概括和判斷或者要進行簡單的計算。 Invited by Mr.Ye Huixian，host of the well-received TV programme“Stars Tonight”，Miss Luo Lin，Miss Asia of 1991，appeared as the guest hostess on the Shanghai TV screen last Sunday. Born in Shanghai and taken to Hongkong when she

4、 was only six years old，Luo Lin has never dreamed of being Miss Asia.Her childhood dream was to be an air hostess.Before she took part in the competition，she had been an airhostess in Cathay Airline for seven years.However， it still took her three months to learn the art of walking on the stage，danc

5、ing,singing,making-up and other proper manners，designed by the Asia TV Station. “It’s really a hard job for me.I won’t enter for such competition any more.Anyhow，I am quite lucky.I am also glad to have had more chance to work for the social welfare since I won the title.This time，in Shanghai，I’d lo

6、ve to make a deep impression on my TV audience，”said Luo Lin with a sweet smile. Q：Which of the following is NOT true? A.Luo Lin is a native of Shanghai. B.Luo Lin moved to Hongkong with her parents. C.Luo Lin won the title of Miss Asia in 1991. D.Asia TV Station helped Luo Lin to become Miss A

7、sia. 【解析】A、C和D項都可在原文找到答案，而B項原文所給的是：taken to Hongkong可判斷不是moved to Hongkong with her parents，因此選B。 3、數(shù)據(jù)推算。 If you register both the VIEW qualification course and the Forum at the same time,you will save_______ . A.$100 B.$300 C.$350 D.$400 這類題目要求學生就文章提供的數(shù)據(jù)，以及數(shù)據(jù)與文中其他信息的關(guān)系做簡單計算和推斷。在做此類題時：

8、 1.要抓住并正確理解與數(shù)據(jù)有關(guān)的信息含義。 2.弄清眾多信息中那些屬于有用信息，那些屬于干擾信息。 3.不要孤立看待數(shù)字信息，而要抓住一些關(guān)鍵用語的意義。 [ ] 考點二、推理推斷。 推理題要求考生根據(jù)文章提供的事實和線索進行邏輯推理，推斷出作者沒有提到或者沒有明說的事實或者可能發(fā)生的事實。這類題旨在考查學生透過詞語的字面意義去理解作者的言外之意或弦外之音的能力，屬于深層理解題。 此類題的設(shè)問常常包括infer,imply,suggest,conclude 等詞，這類題的設(shè)問方式主要有： 1.We can infer from the Passage that____

9、______. 2.What can be inferred from the Passage? 3.Which of the following can be inferred from the Passage? 4.It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that__________. 5.The author suggests in this paragraph that__________. 6.The writer implies that__________. 7.It can be inferred that________

10、__. 8.It can be concluded from the Passage that__________. 9.On the whole,we can conclude that__________. 10.From the text we can conclude that__________. 11.After reading the Passage we may conclude that__________. 12.What conclusion can be drawn from the Passage? 13.The author is inc

11、lined to think that__________. 14.When the writer talks about,what he really means is that__________. 15.What’s the writer’s attitude/feeling towards...? 16.In the writer’s opinion,... 近年來，高考加大了對學生判斷推理能力的考查。判斷推理題要求在理解原文表面文字信息的基礎(chǔ)上，作出一定判斷和推論，從而得到文章的隱含意義和深層意義。推理題所涉及的內(nèi)容可能是文中某一句話，也可能是某幾句話，但做題的指導思

12、想都是以文字信息為依據(jù)，既不能做出在原文中找不到文字根據(jù)的推理，也不能根據(jù)表面文字信息做多步推理。做題時要注意題干的語言形，如According to the passage...,It can be inferred from the passage that...；It can be concluded from the passage that...等，雖然從表面上看是問有關(guān)全文的題，但實際上不用看全篇，仍然只需要根據(jù)選項中的線索找到原文中與之相關(guān)的一句話或幾句話，然后得出答案。針對推理題的不同形，可以采取以下做法：1.假如題干中有具體線索，根據(jù)具體線索找到原文相關(guān)句(一句或幾句話)，然

13、后做出推理；2.假如題干中無線索，如It can be inferred from the passage that...；It can be concluded from the passage that...等，先瀏覽一下4個選項，排除不太可能的選項，然后根據(jù)最可能的選項中的關(guān)鍵詞找到原文相關(guān)句，作出推理；3.如果一篇文章中其他題都未涉及文章主旨，那么推理題，如infer,conclude題型，可能與文章主旨有關(guān)，考生應該定位到文章主題所在位置(如主題句出現(xiàn)處)；假如其他題已經(jīng)涉及文章主旨，那么要求推斷出來的內(nèi)容可能與段落主題有關(guān)，如果如此，應該找段落主題所在處；如果不與段落主題有關(guān)，有時

14、與全文或段落的重要結(jié)論有關(guān)，這時可以尋找與這些結(jié)論相關(guān)的原文敘述。 1.定義法。如: Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly. 句子給予annealing 以明確的定義，即 “退火”。 It will be very hard but also very brittle—that is,it will break easily. 從后面的解釋中我們可以了解到brittle 是“脆”的意思。[來源:] The herdsman,who lo

15、oks after sheep，earns about 650 yuan a year. 定語從句中 looks after sheep 就表明了 herdsman 的詞義為“牧人”。 2.同位法。如: They traveled a long way and at last got to a castle,a large building in old times. 同位語部分a large building in old times 給出了 castle 的確切詞義，即“城堡”。 We are on the night shift—from midnight to 8 a.m.—

16、this week. 兩個破折號之間的短語很清楚地表明night shift 是“夜班”的意思。 3.對比法。如: She is usually prompt for all her class,but today she arrived in the middle of her first class. but一詞表轉(zhuǎn)折，因此but 前后的意思正相反。后半句的意思是“她今天第一節(jié)上了一半才來”，因此反向推理，可得出她平時一向“準時”的結(jié)論。 4.構(gòu)詞法(前綴、后綴、復合、派生等)。如: Perhaps,we can see some possibilities for next

17、fifty years.But the next hundred? possibility 是 possible 的同根名詞,據(jù)此可以判斷定 possibility 意思是“可能性”。 5.因果法。如： The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken.Sometimes the weakness was permanent.So the player could never play the sport again. 從后面的結(jié)果“永遠不能再運動”中，可以推測 permanent 的意思為“永遠的，永久”。 Until recent

18、ly, the “science of the future” was supposed to be electronics and artificial intelligence. Today it seems more and more likely that the next great breakthroughs in technology will be brought through a combination of those two sciences with organic chemistry and genetic engineering. This combination

19、 is the science of biotechnology. Organic chemistry enables us to produce marvelous synthetic(合成的) materials. However, it is still difficult to manufacture anything that has the capacity of wool to conserve heat and also to absorb moisture. Nothing that we have been able to produce so far comes

20、anywhere near the combination of strength, lightness and flexibility that we find in the bodies of ordinary insects. Nevertheless, scientists in the laboratory have already succeeded in “growing” a material that has many of the characteristics of human skin. The next step may well be “biotech he

21、arts and eyes” which can replace diseased organs in human beings. These will not be rejected by the body, as is the case with organs from humans. The application of biotechnology to energy production seems even more promising. In 1996 the famous science fiction writer, Arthur C. Clarke, many of

22、whose previous predictions have come true, said that we may soon be able to develop remarkably cheap and renewable sources of energy. Some of these power sources will be biological. Clarke and others have warned us repeatedly that sooner or later we will have to give up our dependence on non-renewab

23、le power sources. Coal, oil and gas are indeed convenient. However, using them also means creating dangerously high levels of pollution. It will be impossible to meet the growing demand for energy without increasing that pollution to catastrophic(災難性的) levels unless we develop power sources that are

24、 both cheaper and cleaner. It is attempting to think that biotechnology or some other “science of the future” can solve our problems. Before we surrender to that temptation we should remember nuclear power. Only a few generations ago it seemed to promise limitless, cheap and safe energy. Today t

25、hose promises lie buried in a concrete grave in a place called Chernobyl(切爾諾貝利), in the Ukraine. Biotechnology is unlikely, however, to break its promises in quite the same or such a dangerous way. 68.According to the passage, the science of the future is likely to be __________. A. electronics

26、 B. biotechnology C. genetic engineering D. nuclear technology 69. Organic chemistry helps to produce materials that are __________. A. as good as wool B. as good as an insect’s body C. not as good as natural materials D. better than natural materials. 70.

27、 According to the passage, it may soon be possible__________. A. to make something as good as human skin B. to produce drugs without side effects C. to transplant human organs D. to make artificial hearts and eyes 71. In 1996, Arthur C. Clarke predicted that ___________.

28、 A. biological power sources would be put into use soon B. oil, gas and coal could be repeatedly used in the future C. dependence on non-renewable power sources would be reduced soon D. the Chernobyl disaster would happen in two years 72. What do we learn from the last paragraph? A. Biotechnology can solve all our future energy problems. B. Biological power is cheaper than nuclear power. C. Biological power may not be as dangerous as nuclear power. D. Biological power will keep all its promises. 68-72 BCDAC