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1、語法專項--非謂語動詞,一、動詞不定式 （一）構成：1.肯定形式：to + v 2.否定形式：not to + v (二）句法功能： 1.主語： eg: (1) To speak English is not easy for us. =It is not easy for us ____ ______ English. (2) It is necessary for them to practice more. = _____ ________ ________ is necessary for them. 不定式充當主語時，常常用it代（放到句首），而把真正的不 定式

2、放在后面。 2.表語： eg: (3)My work is to clean the room every day. =To clean the room every day is my work. (4)Your duty is to collect information. 多數(shù)情況下，不定式作表語，可轉(zhuǎn)換為作主語。,to,speak,To,practice,more,3.賓語： eg: (5)He likes to play basketball. (6)I want to go fishing with you on weekends. 動詞不定式只能作某些及物動詞的賓語，

3、一般不作介詞的賓語。 want, refuse, wish, need, choose, hope, agree, try, begin, offer, would like to等動詞后只能跟不定式作賓語。 4.賓補： eg: (7)She asked me not to speak Chinese in an English class. (8)I heard her cry in the next room just now. 在make, let, have, see, hear, watch等使役動詞、感官動 詞后，不定式省略to。但在變?yōu)楸粍泳鋾r應加上to。 tell, as

4、k, want, allow, get, would, encourage后常跟不定式作賓補。 5.定語： eg: (9)Have you anything to say? (10)I need a room to live in.,不定式作定語，位于中心詞之后；若作定語的不定式為不及物動詞，且與中心詞之間有動賓關系，要在該動詞后加上適當?shù)慕樵~（如例10）。 6.狀語： eg: (11)Im sorry to trouble you.（表原因） (12)I went there to study English.（表目的） 不定式作狀語，其邏輯主語要和句子的主語一致。 （三）常見的一些與不

5、帶to的不定式連用的詞組、句型： 1. Why not + do ? 2. had better (not) do 3. would rather do 4. Could/Would/Will you please (not) do? （四）特殊疑問詞+不定式 不定式可以和疑問代詞(who, whom, whose what, which,) 、疑問副詞(when, where, how, why)連用構成不定式短語，在句中作主語、賓語、表語等成分。,eg: (13)Please tell me what to do next. (14)I didnt know where to

6、go. 二、動名詞 （一）構成：v+-ing (二）句法功能： 1.主語： eg: (15) Feeding animals is my job. =My job is feeding animals. (16) Eating too much is bad for your health. 2.賓語： （1）動詞的賓語：（17）He likes dancing/singing. (2) 介詞的賓語： (18) Cookers are used for cooking. (19) Jim is good at painting. 常見的帶動名詞作賓語的動詞：finish, e

7、njoy, mind, practice, have fun, have trouble/problem, spend, feel like, have a hard time, be used to, cant stand/help,3.表語： eg: (20)His hobby is collecting stamps. =Collecting stamps is his hobby. 多數(shù)情況下，動名詞作表語可轉(zhuǎn)換成作主語。 4.定語： eg: (21)She is in the reading room. (22)We should improve our teaching m

8、ethods. 動名詞作定語只表明它所修飾的詞的用途、所屬關系等。 三、分詞 （一）構成：1.現(xiàn)在分詞：v+-ing 2.過去分詞：v+-ed (二）句法功能： 1.定語： eg: (23)Do you know the girl standing under the tree? (24)Please hand in your written exercises. 分詞作定語，其邏輯主語就是它所修飾的詞。,2.狀語： eg: (25)The students went out of the classroom, talking and laughing. 分詞的邏輯主語就是句子的主

9、語。 3.表語： eg: (26)The boy is too frightened to move. 現(xiàn)在分詞表示主語的性質(zhì)、特征；過去分詞表示某種狀態(tài)。 4.補足語： eg: (27)Dont keep us waiting for a long time. (28)I heard her singing in the classroom. (29)Hell have his hair cut after school. 現(xiàn)在分詞作補足語，被補足的賓語或主語是它的邏輯主語 （即主動關系）； 過去分詞作補足語，被補足的賓語或主語是它的邏輯賓語 （即被動關系）。,（三）現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的

10、區(qū)別 1.在語態(tài)上，現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動，過去分詞表示被動。 eg: the surprising news 令人驚訝的電影 a surprised man 一個受驚嚇的人 a moving film 一場感人的電影 the moved people 被感動的人們 2.在時間上，現(xiàn)在分詞表示動作正在進行，過去分詞表示動作 已經(jīng)結(jié)束。 eg: the developing country 發(fā)展中國家 the developed country 發(fā)達國家 the rising sun 正在升起的太陽 the risen sun 升起來的太陽 （四）have sb. do

11、sth./have sb. doing sth./have sth. done 1. have sb. do sth.“讓某人做某事”have可用let, make代替. 不定式往往表示一次性的具體動作，且強調(diào)動作已經(jīng)完成或 尚未發(fā)生。,,,,,eg: (30)The soldiers had the boy stand with his back to his father. 士兵們讓這個男孩背對著他的父親站著。 2.have sb. doing sth.“讓某人/某物做某事”，可用keep代 替，現(xiàn)在分詞(doing)表示的這個動作往往具有持續(xù)、進行的 意思。 eg: (31)

12、The two men had their lights burning all night long. 那兩個人讓燈通宵亮著。 3.have sth. done “讓某人做某事”，即 ask sb. else to do sth. 過去分詞(done)表示的這個動作由他人（即非主語本身） 來完成，含有被動意義且強調(diào)動作已經(jīng)完成。 eg: (32)The driver had his car washed once a week. 那位司機每周叫人洗一次車。 (33)I had my bike repaired yesterday. 昨天我叫人把自行車修了。,四、某些動詞或詞

13、組后接動名詞或不定式的區(qū)別 stop to do sth.停下來去做某事 stop doing sth.停止做某事 eg: (34)Stop talking, please. (35)Stop to think about it for a moment. remember/forget to do sth.記住/忘了要做某事 remember/forget doing sth.記得/忘了做過某事 eg: (36)I remember posting your letter. (37)Please remember to post my letter. (38)I f

14、orgot to bring my homework. (39)I forgot bringing my homework. try to do sth.努力去做某事 try doing sth.試著去做某事 eg: (40)He tried speaking English to us. (41)Please try to do better next time.,,,,go on to do sth. 做完一件事，接著去做另一件事 go on doing sth. 繼續(xù)不停地做某事 eg: (42)Go on to do the other exercise after yo

15、u finish this one. (43)Go on doing the exercise after a short rest. allow doing sth. 允許做某事 allow sb. to do sth.允許某人做某事 eg: (44)We dont allow smoking here. (45)We dont allow students to go out on weekdays. Exercises 1.If you feel tired, you may stop _____. A. have a rest B. to have a rest C. hav

16、ing a rest 2.Were in class. Youd better not ____. A. talk B. talking C. talked D. to talk,,,B,A,3.We are going for a picnic tomorrow. Ill call Wendy to make sure _____. A. why to start B. when to start C. what to start D. which to start 4.Some children are arguing what TV programs____. A. wat

17、ching B. for watching C. to watch D. will watch 5.I often see my teacher, Mr Zhao, ____ books in his office. A. reads B. to read C. is read D. read 6.Shopping with me? --Sorry, I have a lot of clothes _____. A. to wash B. washed C. wash D. washing 7.Who was the first one ____? A.to reach B.to arrive C.to get to D.to arrive at,B,C,D,A,B,