1962_臥式雙面28軸組合鉆床右主軸箱設(shè)計(jì)
1962_臥式雙面28軸組合鉆床右主軸箱設(shè)計(jì),臥式,雙面,28,組合,鉆床,主軸,設(shè)計(jì)
黃 河 科 技 學(xué) 院 畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì) (文 獻(xiàn) 綜 述 ) 第 1 頁 組合機(jī)床摘要:通過此篇文獻(xiàn)可以大致了解組合機(jī)床的概念、發(fā)展歷史、發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展趨勢(shì),為此次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)做好充分準(zhǔn)備。關(guān)鍵詞:組合機(jī)床組合機(jī)床是根據(jù)工件加工需要,以大量通用部件為基礎(chǔ),配以少量專用部件組成的一種有效專用機(jī)床。目前,組合機(jī)床主要用于平面加工和孔加工兩類工序。平面加工包括銑平面、锪平面、車端面;孔加工包括鉆、擴(kuò)、鉸、鏜孔及其倒角、切槽、攻螺紋、锪沉孔、滾壓孔等。隨著綜合自動(dòng)化的發(fā)展,其工藝范圍正擴(kuò)大到車外圓、行星銑削、拉削、推削、磨削及拋光、沖壓等工序。此外,還可以完成焊接、熱處理、自動(dòng)裝置和檢測(cè)、清洗和零件分類及打印等非切削工作。組合機(jī)床具有如下特點(diǎn):1)主要用于棱體類零件和雜件的孔面加工。2)生產(chǎn)率高。因?yàn)楣ば蚣?,可多面、多工位、多軸、多刀同時(shí)自動(dòng)加工。3)加工精度穩(wěn)定。因?yàn)楣ば蚬潭?,可選用成熟的通用部件、精密的夾具和自動(dòng)工作循環(huán)來保證加工精度的一致性。4)研制周期短,便于設(shè)計(jì)、制造和使用維護(hù),成本低。5)自動(dòng)化程度高,勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度低。6)配置靈活。因?yàn)榻Y(jié)構(gòu)模塊化、組合化??砂垂ぜ蚬ば蛞?,用大量通用部件和少量專用部件靈活組成各種類型的組合機(jī)床及其自動(dòng)線。[1]國內(nèi)外一直很重視組合機(jī)床通用部件的系列化和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化,早已產(chǎn)生國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。我國通用部件不僅具有完整的國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn),并已貫徹了國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。由于組合機(jī)床只是由大量通用部件和少量專用部件組成的,所以通用部件是組合機(jī)床發(fā)展的一個(gè)很重要的基礎(chǔ)和標(biāo)志。隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)和生產(chǎn)的發(fā)展,通用部件的結(jié)構(gòu)、性能和品種在不斷改進(jìn)、更新和完善。在組合機(jī)床的設(shè)計(jì)中如何選擇通用部件問題也是重要的內(nèi)容之一,因此,我們對(duì)組合機(jī)床的通用部件應(yīng)有較詳細(xì)的了解。組合機(jī)床通用部件的外廓尺寸以及部件之間連接處的一些相關(guān)尺寸(如組合面的大小,連接螺釘位置分布、尺寸,定位銷位置等)都有統(tǒng)一規(guī)定和標(biāo)準(zhǔn),所以只要各通用部件的規(guī)格、技術(shù)性能適合設(shè)計(jì)的要求,就可以在不同功用的組合機(jī)床上相互通用。 [2]通用部件按功能可分為動(dòng)力部件、支撐部件、輸送部件、控制部件和輔助部件五類。動(dòng)力部件為組合機(jī)床提供主運(yùn)動(dòng)和進(jìn)給運(yùn)動(dòng),主要有動(dòng)力箱、切削頭和動(dòng)力滑臺(tái)。支撐部件用以安裝動(dòng)力滑臺(tái)、帶有進(jìn)給機(jī)構(gòu)的切削頭或夾具等,有側(cè)底座、中間底座、黃 河 科 技 學(xué) 院 畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì) (文 獻(xiàn) 綜 述 ) 第 2 頁 支架、可調(diào)支架、立柱和立柱底座等。輸送部件用以輸送工件或主軸箱至加工工位,主要有分度回轉(zhuǎn)工作臺(tái)、環(huán)形分度回轉(zhuǎn)工作臺(tái)、分度鼓輪和往復(fù)移動(dòng)工作臺(tái)等??刂撇考靡钥刂茩C(jī)床的自動(dòng)工作循環(huán),有液壓站、電氣柜和操縱臺(tái)等。輔助部件有潤滑裝置、冷卻裝置和排屑裝置等。[3] 在我國,組合機(jī)床發(fā)展已有28年的歷史,其科研和生產(chǎn)都具有相當(dāng)?shù)幕A(chǔ),應(yīng)用也已深入到很多行業(yè),是當(dāng)前機(jī)械制造業(yè)實(shí)現(xiàn)產(chǎn)品更新,進(jìn)行技術(shù)改造,提高生產(chǎn)效率和高速發(fā)展必不可少的設(shè)備之一。國家把組合機(jī)床的研究制造納入規(guī)劃,建立了專業(yè)科研機(jī)構(gòu),有計(jì)劃地安排組合機(jī)床通用部件的生產(chǎn)。1956年3月,當(dāng)時(shí)的第一機(jī)械工業(yè)部第二機(jī)器管理局批準(zhǔn)成立了第一專業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)處(即現(xiàn)大連組合機(jī)床研究所的前身),全面引進(jìn)了前蘇聯(lián)的組合機(jī)床通用部件和設(shè)計(jì)指導(dǎo)資料,開始了我國組合機(jī)床的創(chuàng)業(yè)階段。并于同年在大連機(jī)床廠制造出我國的第一臺(tái)組合機(jī)床。1961年,又制造出我國第一條組合機(jī)床自動(dòng)線。1966年以后,組合機(jī)床的研究和制造迅速發(fā)展。許多省、市、自治區(qū)加強(qiáng)了制造和設(shè)計(jì)隊(duì)伍,根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)厍闆r安排一些工廠為生產(chǎn)點(diǎn),積極設(shè)計(jì)和制造組合機(jī)床。組合機(jī)床設(shè)計(jì)制造從“一所一廠” 起步已發(fā)展到如今 —個(gè)獨(dú)立的配套齊全的行業(yè)。在國際,1908年,美國福持汽車公司率先制造出第一臺(tái)組合機(jī)床,用于汽車零件的加工。1928年,前蘇聯(lián)開始生產(chǎn)組合機(jī)床。 [4]近年來隨著數(shù)控技術(shù)、電子技術(shù)、計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)等的發(fā)展,組合機(jī)床的機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)和控制系統(tǒng)也發(fā)生了巨大變化。組合機(jī)床有了以下的發(fā)展:1)數(shù)控化。數(shù)控組合機(jī)床的出現(xiàn),不僅完全改變了過去那種由繼電器電路組成的組合機(jī)床的控制系統(tǒng),而目.也使組合機(jī)床機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)乃至通用部件標(biāo)準(zhǔn)發(fā)生了或正在發(fā)生著巨大的變化。2)模塊化。數(shù)控加工模塊化極大地豐富了組合機(jī)床的通用件,它必將引起組合機(jī)床通用件發(fā)生根本性變化。3)高速化。由于高速加工可大大降低零件表面粗糙度及切削力,大大減小切削溫度,提高生產(chǎn)效率,特別是數(shù)控機(jī)床的主運(yùn)動(dòng)和進(jìn)給運(yùn)動(dòng)速度已達(dá)到了驚人高速。順應(yīng)機(jī)床高速化的潮流,組合機(jī)床的速度也越來越高。4)精密化。由于機(jī)床實(shí)現(xiàn)了數(shù)控化,因而機(jī)床的加工精度越來越高,使一些過去看來難以達(dá)到的加工精度今天也已經(jīng)實(shí)現(xiàn)了。5)全防護(hù)化。全封閉是現(xiàn)在機(jī)床的一大特點(diǎn),不論是單機(jī)還是機(jī)床生產(chǎn)線,均采用全封閉的外罩, 電器、液壓全部采用空中走線。全封閉防護(hù),不但使機(jī)床及其生產(chǎn)線外形美觀,而且也提高了安全性、可靠性和維修的便利性。 [5]在國外許多公司中,組合機(jī)床設(shè)計(jì)已普遍采用 CAD 工作站,在設(shè)計(jì)室?guī)缀鹾茈y見黃 河 科 技 學(xué) 院 畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì) (文 獻(xiàn) 綜 述 ) 第 3 頁 到傳統(tǒng)的繪圖板。CAD 除應(yīng)用于繪圖工作外,并在構(gòu)件的剛度分析(有限元方法)、組合機(jī)床及自動(dòng)線設(shè)計(jì)方案比較和選擇,以及方案報(bào)價(jià)等方面均已得到廣泛應(yīng)用,從而顯著地提高了設(shè)計(jì)質(zhì)量和縮短了設(shè)計(jì)周期。加之國外許多公司在組合機(jī)床和自動(dòng)線組成模塊方面的系列化和通用化程度很高(一般達(dá)90%以上),使組合機(jī)床和自動(dòng)線的交貨期進(jìn)一步縮短。如意大利 IMAS 公司,一臺(tái)復(fù)雜程度較高的回轉(zhuǎn)工作臺(tái)式組合機(jī)床從訂單到供貨一般為8個(gè)月;德國 Honsberg 公司為前蘇聯(lián)制造的加工變速箱體和箱蓋的兩條柔性自動(dòng)線從訂單到供貨僅為14個(gè)月。[6]從并行工程的基本思想看,這一方法似乎也不是新發(fā)明。因?yàn)樵谕ǔTO(shè)計(jì)組合機(jī)床時(shí),同樣要求組合機(jī)床制造廠與用戶之間進(jìn)行密切合作,以便使專用設(shè)備能更好地滿足用戶的各種要求。但是,并行工程同這種做法有著本質(zhì)上的不同。眾所周知,組合機(jī)床制造廠總是根據(jù)用戶提供的工件圖紙和樣件來進(jìn)行專用設(shè)備的設(shè)計(jì)的,在工作環(huán)節(jié)上是一種按順序進(jìn)行的作業(yè)。而并行工程則突破了這種上下道作業(yè)的工作程序,它要求通過裝備制造部門早期介入用戶產(chǎn)品的規(guī)劃和設(shè)計(jì),在產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)部門考慮其結(jié)構(gòu)和功能時(shí),能協(xié)同考慮產(chǎn)品的加工和裝配工藝(以制造工藝和裝配工藝帶動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)),從而加速產(chǎn)品開發(fā),同時(shí)達(dá)到降低制造費(fèi)用和提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量的目的。在國外,近十年來,很多汽車制造廠都在積極推行并行工程,并有不少組合機(jī)床制造廠與汽車廠密切合作應(yīng)用這一方法來加速專用裝備的設(shè)計(jì)制造。例如,美國的 Ingersoll 和 Lamb,德國的 Grob 和 Ex-cell-o 等公司都應(yīng)用并行工程分別為一些汽車廠設(shè)計(jì)制造了眾多的缸體、缸蓋和變速箱體等加工自動(dòng)線,取得了較好的技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。[7]自動(dòng)線的經(jīng)濟(jì)性只有在其進(jìn)行連續(xù)生產(chǎn)的情況下才有可能實(shí)現(xiàn)。為提高自動(dòng)線加工過程的可靠性、利用率和工件的加工質(zhì)量,目前在自動(dòng)線上愈來愈多的采用過程監(jiān)控,快速進(jìn)行故障診斷和早期預(yù)報(bào)加工偏差,使操作人員和維修人員能及時(shí)地進(jìn)行干預(yù),以縮短設(shè)備調(diào)試周期、減少設(shè)備停機(jī)時(shí)間和避免加工質(zhì)量偏差。顯然,提高自動(dòng)線的利用率和工件加工質(zhì)量是生產(chǎn)控制和監(jiān)控的主要目的。從目前自動(dòng)線生產(chǎn)控制和監(jiān)控的內(nèi)容看,生產(chǎn)控制和監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)基本上是由質(zhì)量監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)、自動(dòng)線運(yùn)行控制與監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)和刀具監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)這幾個(gè)部分組成的。[8]機(jī)床的主傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)將電動(dòng)機(jī)的扭矩或功率傳遞給主軸部件,使安裝在主軸內(nèi)的工主傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)和主軸部件一般都設(shè)計(jì)成一個(gè)主軸件或刀具實(shí)現(xiàn)主切削運(yùn)動(dòng)。主傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)和主軸部件一般都設(shè)計(jì)成一個(gè)主軸箱。機(jī)床為了適應(yīng)各種加工的需求,要求主軸的轉(zhuǎn)黃 河 科 技 學(xué) 院 畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì) (文 獻(xiàn) 綜 述 ) 第 4 頁 軸的轉(zhuǎn)速范圍較寬,能實(shí)現(xiàn)自動(dòng)變換,同時(shí)還應(yīng)有足夠的輸出扭矩。對(duì)于主軸部件,要求主軸的回轉(zhuǎn)軸心線的位置準(zhǔn)確、穩(wěn)定,即應(yīng)有高的回轉(zhuǎn)精度,并有足夠的剛度和抗震性。在加工中心類的機(jī)床上,為了實(shí)現(xiàn)刀具在主軸上的自動(dòng)裝卸與夾持,還必須有刀具的自動(dòng)加緊裝置以及主軸準(zhǔn)停裝置等結(jié)構(gòu)。[9]內(nèi)圓(即孔)是組成機(jī)械零件的基本表面,尤其是盤套類和支架箱體類零件,孔是重要表面之一??椎募夹g(shù)要求有尺寸精度、形狀精度、位置精度和表面質(zhì)量等要求。其中位置精度主要是孔和外圓的同軸度公差,孔與端面的垂直度公差等。孔的加工方法很多,切削加工的方法有鉆孔、擴(kuò)孔、鉸孔、車孔、鏜孔、拉孔、磨孔以及金剛鏜、緊密磨削、超精加工、研磨和拋光等;特種加工孔的方法有電火花穿孔、超聲波穿孔和激光打孔等。能進(jìn)行孔加工的機(jī)床也很多,床用的有鉆床、車床、銑床、銑鏜床、磨床、拉床以及電火花成型機(jī)床、超聲波加工機(jī)床、激光加工機(jī)床等。同一種孔的加工,有時(shí)可以在幾種不同的機(jī)床上進(jìn)行。例如,鉆孔就可以在鉆床、車床、銑床和銑鏜床進(jìn)行。因此,在選擇孔的加工方案時(shí),要同時(shí)考慮機(jī)床的選用。各種零件上的銷釘孔、穿螺釘孔和潤滑油孔,一般在鉆床上加工。[10]組合機(jī)床多軸箱的結(jié)構(gòu)圖采用一些習(xí)慣畫法。例如,在主視圖中,對(duì)于相嚙合的齒輪只畫節(jié)圓,用羅馬數(shù)字表示其排次,以“齒數(shù)/模數(shù)”形式標(biāo)明各齒輪的齒數(shù)和模數(shù);在展開圖中,對(duì)于結(jié)構(gòu)、尺寸相同的軸只畫一根,而且每根(包括軸承、齒輪等元件)又只畫一半,但需要在軸的一端注明相應(yīng)的軸號(hào),對(duì)于齒輪也可不按比例畫。多軸箱的主軸,由于其支承之間的距離很?。ㄖ挥?150mm 左右) ,而裝在其前端的刀具懸伸長度很大,往往是支承距離的好幾倍,剛性很差,因此單靠主軸本身不能保證孔加工的位置精度,而必須靠夾具的導(dǎo)向套來加以保證。組合機(jī)床的型式很多,根據(jù)工件的加工要求,采用不同結(jié)構(gòu)的通用部件,可以靈活地組成各種不同配置的組合機(jī)床。組合機(jī)床的配置型式可以分為單工位和多工位兩種。[11]為了改善生產(chǎn)條件,滿足生產(chǎn)發(fā)展的專業(yè)化、自動(dòng)化要求,人們?cè)陂L期生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐中不斷創(chuàng)造、不斷改進(jìn),逐步形成了各類專用機(jī)床。專用機(jī)床是為完成工作某一道工序的加工而設(shè)計(jì)制造的,可采用多刀加工,具有自動(dòng)化程度高,生產(chǎn)效率高,加工精度穩(wěn)定,機(jī)床結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單、操作方便等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。但當(dāng)零件結(jié)構(gòu)與尺寸改變時(shí),須重新調(diào)整機(jī)床或重新設(shè)計(jì)、制造,不利于產(chǎn)品的更新?lián)Q代。為了克服專用機(jī)床的不足,在生產(chǎn)中發(fā)明了新型的組合機(jī)床。它以通用部件為基礎(chǔ),配合少量的專用部件組合而成,具黃 河 科 技 學(xué) 院 畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì) (文 獻(xiàn) 綜 述 ) 第 5 頁 有結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單、生產(chǎn)效率和自動(dòng)化程度高的特點(diǎn)。一旦被加工零件的結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸、形狀發(fā)生變化時(shí),能較快地進(jìn)行重新調(diào)整,組合成新的機(jī)床。這一特點(diǎn)有利產(chǎn)品的更新,目前在許多行業(yè)中得到廣泛應(yīng)用。[12]參 考 文 獻(xiàn)[1]謝家瀛.組合機(jī)床設(shè)計(jì)簡(jiǎn)明手冊(cè)[M].北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2002.[2]張接信.組合機(jī)床及其自動(dòng)化[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2009.[3]范國清.組合機(jī)床通用部件專輯[M].大連:大連組合研究所,1975.[4]蘇東方、方孔木.中華人民共和國風(fēng)云實(shí)錄[M].河北人民出版社,1994.[5]李如松.組合機(jī)床與自動(dòng)化加工技術(shù)[J],1999.[6]John. L. Feirer. Machine Tools Netalworking [M].1973.[7]Menfred Weck. Handbook of Machine Tools [M].1984.[8]李如松.組合機(jī)床和自動(dòng)線的技術(shù)發(fā)展[J].1990 .[9]羅良玲、劉旭波.數(shù)控技術(shù)及應(yīng)用[M].北京:清華大學(xué)出版社 ,2005.[10]傅水根.機(jī)械制造工藝基礎(chǔ)[M].北京:清華大學(xué)出版社 ,2004.[11]楊俊峰.機(jī)床及夾具[M].北京:清華大學(xué)出版社 ,2004.[12]徐建俊.電機(jī)與電氣控制[M].北京:北京交通大學(xué)出版社, 2003.單位代碼 0 2 學(xué) 號(hào) 080105016 分 類 號(hào) TH6 密 級(jí) 畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)文獻(xiàn)綜述院 ( 系 ) 名 稱 工 學(xué) 院 機(jī) 械 系專 業(yè) 名 稱 機(jī) 械 設(shè) 計(jì) 制 造 及 其 自 動(dòng) 化學(xué) 生 姓 名 張 許 芳指 導(dǎo) 教 師 賈 百 合2012 年 3 月 10 日黃 河 科 技 學(xué) 院 畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì) (文 獻(xiàn) 翻 譯 ) 第 1 頁 喬納森·威克特.機(jī)械工程導(dǎo)論[M].美國:湯姆森學(xué)習(xí)出版集團(tuán)出版, 2003.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)摘要: 機(jī)器是由機(jī)械裝置和其它組件組成的,是一種用來轉(zhuǎn)換或傳遞能量的裝置。例如:發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)、渦輪機(jī)、車輛、起重機(jī)、印刷機(jī)、洗衣機(jī)、照相機(jī)和攝影機(jī)等。許多原則和設(shè)計(jì)方法不但適用于機(jī)器的設(shè)計(jì),也適用于非機(jī)器的設(shè)計(jì)。術(shù)語中的“機(jī)械裝置設(shè)計(jì)” 的含義要比“機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)”的含義更為廣泛一些,機(jī)械裝置設(shè)計(jì)包括機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)。在分析運(yùn)動(dòng)及設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),要把產(chǎn)品外型以及以后的保養(yǎng)也要考慮在機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)中。在機(jī)械工程領(lǐng)域中,以及其它工程領(lǐng)域中,所有這些都需要機(jī)械設(shè)備,比如:開關(guān)、凸輪、閥門、船舶以及攪拌機(jī)等。關(guān)鍵詞: 設(shè)計(jì)流程 設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)則 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)設(shè)計(jì)流程設(shè)計(jì)開始之前就要想到機(jī)器的實(shí)際性,現(xiàn)存的機(jī)器需要在耐用性、效率、重量、速度,或者成本上得到改善。新的機(jī)器必需具有以前機(jī)器所能執(zhí)行的功能。在設(shè)計(jì)的初始階段,應(yīng)該允許設(shè)計(jì)人員充分發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造性,不要受到任何約束。即使產(chǎn)生了許多不切實(shí)際的想法,也會(huì)在設(shè)計(jì)的早期,即在繪制圖紙之前被改正掉。只有這樣,才不致于阻斷創(chuàng)新的思路。通常,還要提出幾套設(shè)計(jì)方案,然后加以比較。很有可能在這個(gè)計(jì)劃最后決定中,使用了某些不在計(jì)劃之內(nèi)的一些設(shè)想。一般的當(dāng)外型特點(diǎn)和組件部分的尺寸特點(diǎn)分析得透徹時(shí),就可以全面的設(shè)計(jì)和分析。接著還要客觀的分析機(jī)器性能的優(yōu)越性,以及它的安全、重量、耐用性,并且競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的成本也要考慮在分析結(jié)果之內(nèi)。每一個(gè)至關(guān)重要的部分要優(yōu)化它的比例和尺寸,同時(shí)也要保持與其它組成部分相協(xié)調(diào)。也要選擇原材料和處理原材料的方法。通過力學(xué)原理來分析和實(shí)現(xiàn)這些重要的特性,如那些靜態(tài)反應(yīng)的能量和摩擦力的最佳利用,像動(dòng)力慣性、加速動(dòng)力和能量;包括彈性材料的強(qiáng)度、應(yīng)力和剛度等材料的物理特性,以及流體潤滑和驅(qū)動(dòng)器的流體力學(xué)。設(shè)計(jì)的過程是重復(fù)和合作的過程,無論是正式或非正式的進(jìn)行,對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)者來說每個(gè)階段都很重要。最后,以圖樣為設(shè)計(jì)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),并建立將來的模型。如果它的測(cè)試是符合事先要求的,則再將對(duì)初步設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)行某些修改,使它能夠在制造成本上有所降低。產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì)需要不斷探索和發(fā)展。許多方案必須被研究、試驗(yàn)、完善,然后決定使用還是放棄。黃 河 科 技 學(xué) 院 畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì) (文 獻(xiàn) 翻 譯 ) 第 2 頁 雖然每個(gè)工程學(xué)問題的內(nèi)容是獨(dú)特的,但是設(shè)計(jì)師可以按照類似的步驟來解決問題。產(chǎn)品的責(zé)任訴訟迫使設(shè)計(jì)人員和公司在選擇材料時(shí),采用最好的程序。在材料過程中,五個(gè)最常見的問題為:(a)不了解或者不會(huì)使用關(guān)于材料應(yīng)用方面的最新最好的信息資料;(b)未能預(yù)見和考慮材料的合理用途(如有可能,設(shè)計(jì)人員還應(yīng)進(jìn)一步預(yù)測(cè)和考慮由于產(chǎn)品使用方法不當(dāng)造成的后果。在近年來的許多產(chǎn)品責(zé)任訴訟案件中,由于錯(cuò)誤地使用產(chǎn)品而受到傷害的原告控告生產(chǎn)廠家,并且贏得判決) ;(c)所使用的材料的數(shù)據(jù)不全或是有些數(shù)據(jù)不確定,尤其是當(dāng)其性能數(shù)據(jù)長期不更新;(d)質(zhì)量控制方法不適當(dāng)和未經(jīng)驗(yàn)證;(e)由一些完全不稱職的人員選擇材料。通過對(duì)上述五個(gè)問題的分析,可以得出這些問題是沒有充分理由而存在的結(jié)論。對(duì)這些問題的研究分析可以為避免這些問題的出現(xiàn)而指明方向。盡管采用最好的材料選擇方法也不能避免發(fā)生產(chǎn)品責(zé)任訴訟,設(shè)計(jì)人員和工業(yè)界按照適當(dāng)?shù)某绦蜻M(jìn)行材料選擇,可以大大減少訴訟的數(shù)量。從以上的討論可以看出,選擇材料的人們應(yīng)該對(duì)材料的性質(zhì),特點(diǎn)和加工方法有一個(gè)全面而基本的了解。在隨后生產(chǎn)和售后服務(wù)的幾年中,要接受新觀念的變化,或者由試驗(yàn)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)為基礎(chǔ),進(jìn)一步分析并改進(jìn)。一些設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)則在本節(jié)中,建議要運(yùn)用創(chuàng)造性的態(tài)度來替代和改進(jìn)。也許會(huì)創(chuàng)造出更實(shí)用、更經(jīng)濟(jì)、更耐用的產(chǎn)品。為了激發(fā)創(chuàng)造性思維,下列是設(shè)計(jì)和分析的建議規(guī)則。前六個(gè)規(guī)則對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)者來說特別適用。1、要有創(chuàng)造性的利用所需要的物理性質(zhì)和控制過程。2、認(rèn)識(shí)負(fù)載產(chǎn)生的影響及其意義。3、預(yù)測(cè)沒有想到的負(fù)載。4、創(chuàng)造出對(duì)載荷更為有利的條件。5、提供良好的應(yīng)力分布和最小的剛度條件。6、運(yùn)用最簡(jiǎn)單的方程來優(yōu)化體積和面積。7、選擇組合材料。8、仔細(xì)選擇所備的原料和不可缺少的組件。黃 河 科 技 學(xué) 院 畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì) (文 獻(xiàn) 翻 譯 ) 第 3 頁 9、調(diào)整有效的設(shè)計(jì)方案,以適應(yīng)生產(chǎn)過程和降低成本。10 規(guī)定好準(zhǔn)確的位置條件為了使組件安裝時(shí)不干涉。機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)包括一下內(nèi)容:1、對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)過程、設(shè)計(jì)所需要公式以及安全系數(shù)進(jìn)行介紹。2、回顧材料特性、靜態(tài)和動(dòng)態(tài)載荷分析,包括梁、振動(dòng)和沖擊載荷。3、回顧應(yīng)力的基本規(guī)律和失效分析。4、介紹靜態(tài)失效理論和靜態(tài)載荷下機(jī)械斷裂分析。5、介紹疲勞失效理論并強(qiáng)調(diào)在壓力條件下接近高循環(huán)的疲勞設(shè)計(jì),這通常用在旋轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)械的設(shè)計(jì)中。6、深入探討機(jī)械磨損機(jī)理、表面接觸應(yīng)力和表面疲勞現(xiàn)象。7、使用疲勞分析技術(shù)校核軸的設(shè)計(jì)。8、討論潤滑油膜與滾動(dòng)軸承的理論和應(yīng)用。9、深入介紹直齒圓柱齒輪的動(dòng)力學(xué)、設(shè)計(jì)和應(yīng)力分析,并簡(jiǎn)單介紹斜齒輪、錐齒輪和渦輪有關(guān)方面的問題。10、討論彈簧設(shè)計(jì)、螺桿等緊固件的設(shè)計(jì),包括傳動(dòng)螺桿和預(yù)緊固件。11、介紹盤式和鼓式離合器以及制動(dòng)器的設(shè)計(jì)和技術(shù)說明。機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)一臺(tái)完整機(jī)器的設(shè)計(jì)是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的過程。機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)是一項(xiàng)創(chuàng)造性的工作。設(shè)計(jì)工程師不僅在工作上要有創(chuàng)造性,還必須在機(jī)械制圖、運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)、工程材料、材料力學(xué)和機(jī)械制造工藝學(xué)等方面具有深厚的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)。任何產(chǎn)品在設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)第一步就是選擇產(chǎn)品每個(gè)部分的構(gòu)成材料。許多的材料被今天的設(shè)計(jì)師所使用。對(duì)產(chǎn)品的功能,它的外觀、材料的成本、制造的成本作出必要的選擇是十分重要的。對(duì)材料的特性必須事先作出仔細(xì)的評(píng)估。仔細(xì)精確的計(jì)算是必要的,以確保設(shè)計(jì)的有效性。在任何失敗的情況下,最好知道在最初設(shè)計(jì)中有有缺陷的部件。計(jì)算(圖紙尺寸)檢查是非常重要的。一個(gè)小數(shù)點(diǎn)的位置放錯(cuò),就可以導(dǎo)致一個(gè)本可以完成的項(xiàng)目失敗。設(shè)計(jì)工作的各個(gè)方面都應(yīng)該檢查和復(fù)查。計(jì)算機(jī)是一種工具,它能夠幫助機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)師減輕繁瑣的計(jì)算,并對(duì)現(xiàn)有數(shù)據(jù)提供進(jìn)一步的分析?;?dòng)系統(tǒng)基于計(jì)算機(jī)的能力,已經(jīng)使計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)(CAD)和計(jì)算機(jī)黃 河 科 技 學(xué) 院 畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì) (文 獻(xiàn) 翻 譯 ) 第 4 頁 輔助制造(CAM)成為了可能。心理學(xué)家經(jīng)常談?wù)撊绾问谷藗冞m應(yīng)他們所操作的機(jī)器。設(shè)計(jì)人員的基本職責(zé)是努力使機(jī)器來適應(yīng)人們。這并不是一項(xiàng)容易的工作,因?yàn)閷?shí)際上并不存在著一個(gè)對(duì)所有人來說都是最優(yōu)的操作范圍和操作過程。另一個(gè)重要問題,設(shè)計(jì)工程師必須能夠同其他有關(guān)人員進(jìn)行交流和磋商。在開始階段,設(shè)計(jì)人員必須就初步設(shè)計(jì)同管理人員進(jìn)行交流和磋商,并得到批準(zhǔn)。這一般是通過口頭討論,草圖和文字材料進(jìn)行的。如前所訴,機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)的目的是生產(chǎn)能夠滿足人類需求的產(chǎn)品。發(fā)明、發(fā)現(xiàn)和科技知識(shí)本身并不一定能給人類帶來好處,只有當(dāng)它們被應(yīng)用在產(chǎn)品上才能產(chǎn)生效益。因而,應(yīng)該認(rèn)識(shí)到在一個(gè)特定的產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)之前,必須先確定人們是否需要這種產(chǎn)品。應(yīng)當(dāng)把機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)看成是機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)人員運(yùn)用創(chuàng)造性的才能進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)、系統(tǒng)分析和制定產(chǎn)品的制造工藝學(xué)的一個(gè)良機(jī)。掌握工程基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)要比熟記一些數(shù)據(jù)和公式更為重要。僅僅使用數(shù)據(jù)和公式是不足以在一個(gè)好的設(shè)計(jì)中做出所需的全部決定的。另一方面,應(yīng)該認(rèn)真精確的進(jìn)行所有運(yùn)算。例如,即使將一個(gè)小數(shù)點(diǎn)的位置放錯(cuò),也會(huì)使正確的設(shè)計(jì)變成錯(cuò)誤的。一個(gè)好的設(shè)計(jì)人員應(yīng)該勇于提出新的想法,而且愿意承擔(dān)一定的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),當(dāng)新的方法不適用時(shí),就使用原來的方法。因此,設(shè)計(jì)人員必須要有耐心,因?yàn)?所花費(fèi)的時(shí)間和努力并不能保證帶來成功。一個(gè)全新的設(shè)計(jì),要求屏棄許多陳舊的,為人們所熟知的方法。由于許多人墨守成規(guī),這樣做并不是一件容易的事。一位機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)師應(yīng)該不斷地探索改進(jìn)現(xiàn)有的產(chǎn)品的方法,在此過程中應(yīng)該認(rèn)真選擇原有的、經(jīng)過驗(yàn)證的設(shè)計(jì)原理,將其與未經(jīng)過驗(yàn)證的新觀念結(jié)合起來。新設(shè)計(jì)本身會(huì)有許多缺陷和未能預(yù)料的問題發(fā)生,只有當(dāng)這些缺陷和問題被解決之后,才能體現(xiàn)出新產(chǎn)品的優(yōu)越性。因此,一個(gè)性能優(yōu)越的產(chǎn)品誕生的同時(shí),也伴隨著較高的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。應(yīng)該強(qiáng)調(diào)的是,如果設(shè)計(jì)本身不要求采用全新的方法,就沒有必要僅僅為了變革的目的而采用新方法。 黃 河 科 技 學(xué) 院 畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì) (文 獻(xiàn) 翻 譯 ) 第 5 頁 Jonathan Wickert .An Intoroduction to Mechsnical Engineering[M].American:Thomson Learning,2003.Mechanical DesignAbstractA machine is a combination of mechanisms and other components which transforms, transmits. Examples are engines, turbines, vehicles, hoists, printing presses, washing machines, and movie cameras. Many of the principles and methods of design that apply to machines also apply to manufactured articles that are not true machines. The term "mechanical design" is used in a broader sense than "machine design" to include their design. the motion and structural aspects and the provisions for retention and enclosure are considerations in mechanical design. Applications occur in the field of mechanical engineering, and in other engineering fields as well, all of which require mechanical devices, such as switches, cams, valves, vessels, and mixers.Keywords: Mechanical Design mechanisms Design ProcessThe Design ProcessDesigning starts with a need real.Existing apparatus may need improvements in durability, efficiency, weight, speed, or cost. New apparatus may be needed to perform a function previouslydone by men, such as computation, assembly, or servicing. With the objective wholly or partlyIn the design preliminary stage, should allow to design the personnel fully to display the creativity, not each kind of restraint. Even if has had many impractical ideas, also can in the design early time, namely in front of the plan blueprint is corrected. Only then, only then does not send to stops up the innovation the mentality. Usually, must propose several sets of design proposals, then perform the comparison. Has the possibility very much in the plan which finally designated, has used certain not in plan some ideas which accepts.When the general shape and a few dimensions of the several components become apparent, 黃 河 科 技 學(xué) 院 畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì) (文 獻(xiàn) 翻 譯 ) 第 6 頁 analysis can begin in earnest. The analysis will have as its objective satisfactory or superior performance, plus safety and durability with minimum weight, and a competitive cost. Optimum proportions and dimensions will be sought for each critically loaded section, together with a balance between the strengths of the several components. Materials and their treatment will be chosen. These important objectives can be attained only by analysis based upon the principles of mechanics, such as those of static for reaction forces and for the optimum utilization of friction; of dynamics for inertia, acceleration, and energy; of elasticity and strength of materials for stress and deflection; of physical behavior of materials; and of fluid mechanics for lubrication and hydrodynamic drives. The analyses may be made by the same engineer who conceived the arrangement of mechanisms, or, in a large company, they may be made by a separate analysis division or research group. Design is a reiterative and cooperative process, whether done formally or informally, and the analyst can contribute to phases other than his own. Product design requires much research and development. Many Concepts of an idea must be studied, tried, and then either used or discarded. Although the content of each engineering problem is unique, the designers follow the similar process to solve the problems. Product liability suits designers and forced in material selection, using the best program. In the process of material, the most common problems for five (a) don't understand or not use about the latest application materials to the best information, (b) failed to foresee and consider the reasonable use material may (such as possible, designers should further forecast and consider due to improper use products. In recent years, many products liability in litigation, the use of products and hurt the plaintiff accused manufacturer, and won the decision), (c) of the materials used all or some of the data, data, especially when the uncertainty long-term performance data is so, (d) quality control method is not suitable and unproven, (e) by some completely incompetent persons choose materials.Through to the above five questions analysis, may obtain these questions is does not have the sufficient reason existence the conclusion. May for avoid these questions to these questions research analyses the appearance indicating the direction. Although uses the best choice of material method not to be able to avoid having the product responsibility lawsuit, 黃 河 科 技 學(xué) 院 畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì) (文 獻(xiàn) 翻 譯 ) 第 7 頁 designs the personnel and the industry carries on the choice of material according to the suitable procedure, may greatly reduce the lawsuit the quantity. May see from the above discussion, the choice material people should to the material nature, the characteristic and the processing method have comprehensive and the basic understanding.Finally, a design based upon function, and a prototype may be built. If its tests are satisfactory, the initial design will undergo certain modifications that enable it to be manufactured in quantity at a lower cost. During subsequent years of manufacture and service, the design is likely to undergo changes as new ideas are conceived or as further analyses based upon tests and experience indicate alterations. Sales appeal.Some Rules for DesignIn this section it is suggested that, applied with a creative attitude, analyses can lead to important improvements and to the conception and perfection of alternate, perhaps more functional, economical,and durable products. To stimulate creative thought, the following rules are suggested for the designer and analyst. The first six rules are particularly applicable for the analyst.1. A creative use of need of physical properties and control process.2. Recognize functional loads and their significance.3. Anticipate unintentional loads.4. Devise more favorable loading conditions.5. Provide for favorable stress distribution and stiffness with minimum weight.6. Use basic equations to proportion and optimize dimensions.7. Choose materials for a combination of properties.8. Select carefully, stock and integral components.9. Modify a functional design to fit the manufacturing process and reduce cost.10. Provide for accurate location and noninterference of parts in assembly.Machinery design covers the following contents.1. Provides an introduction to the design process , problem formulation ,safety factors.2. Reviews the material properties and static and dynamic loading analysis ,黃 河 科 技 學(xué) 院 畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì) (文 獻(xiàn) 翻 譯 ) 第 8 頁 Including beam , vibration and impact loading.3. Reviews the fundamentals of stress and defection analysis.4. Introduces fatigue-failure theory with the emphasis on stress-life approaches to high-cycle fatigue design, which is commonly used in the design of rotation machinery.5. Discusses thoroughly the phenomena of wear mechanisms, surface contact stresses ,and surface fatigue.6. Investigates shaft design using the fatigue-analysis techniques.7. Discusses fluid-film and rolling-element bearing theory and application8. Gives a thorough introduction to the kinematics, design and stress analysis of spur gears , and a simple introduction to helical ,bevel ,and worm gearing.9. Discusses spring design including compression ,extension and torsion springs.10. Deals with screws and fasteners including power screw and preload fasteners.11. Introduces the design and specification of disk and drum clutches and brakes.Machine DesignThe complete design of a machine is a complex process. The machine design is a creative work. Project engineer not only must have the creativity in the work, but also must in aspect and so on mechanical drawing, kinematics, engineerig material, materials mechanics and machine manufacture technology has the deep elementary knowledge.One of the first steps in the design of any product is to select the material from which each part is to be made. Numerous materials are available to today's designers. The function of the product, its appearance, the cost of the material, and the cost of fabrication are important in making a selection. A careful evaluation of the properties of a. material must be made prior to any calculations.Careful calculations are necessary to ensure the validity of a design. In case of any part failures, it is desirable to know what was done in originally designing the defective components. The checking of calculations (and drawing dimensions) is of utmost importance. The misplacement of one decimal point can ruin an otherwise acceptable project. All aspects of design work should be checked and rechecked. The computer is a tool helpful to mechanical designers to lighten tedious calculations, and 黃 河 科 技 學(xué) 院 畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì) (文 獻(xiàn) 翻 譯 ) 第 9 頁 provide extended analysis of available data. Interactive systems, based on computer capabilities, have made possible the concepts of computer aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM). How does the psychologist frequently discuss causes the machine which the people adapts them to operate. Designs personnel''s basic responsibility is diligently causes the machine to adapt the people. This certainly is not an easy work, because certainly does not have to all people to say in fact all is the most superior operating area and the operating process. Another important question, project engineer must be able to carry on the exchange and the consultation with other concerned personnel. In the initial stage, designs the personnel to have to carry on the exchange and the consultation on the preliminary design with the administrative personnel, and is approved. This generally is through the oral discussion, the schematic diagram and the writing material carries on. If front sues, the machine design goal is the production can meet the human need the product. The invention, the discovery and technical knowledge itself certainly not necessarily can bring the advantage to the humanity, only has when they are applied can produce on the product the benefit. Thus, should realize to carries on before the design in a specific product, must first determine whether the people do need this kind of productMust regard as the machine design is the machine design personnel carries on using creative ability the product design, the system analysis and a formulation product manufacture technology good opportunity. Grasps the project elementary knowledge to have to memorize some data and the formula is more important than. The merely service data and the formula is insufficient to the completely decision which makes in a good design needs. On the other hand, should be earnest precisely carries on all operations. For example, even if places wrong a decimal point position, also can cause the correct design to turn wrongly.A good design personnel should dare to propose the new idea, moreover is willing to undertake the certain risk, when the new method is not suitable, use original method. Therefore, designs the personnel to have to have to have the patience, because spends the time and the endeavor certainly cannot guarantee brings successfully. A brand-new design, the request screen abandons obsoletely many, knows very well the method for the people. Because many person of conservativeness, does this certainly is not an easy matter. A 黃 河 科 技 學(xué) 院 畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì) (文 獻(xiàn) 翻 譯 ) 第 10 頁 mechanical designer should unceasingly explore the improvement existing product the method, should earnestly choose originally, the process confirmation principle of design in this process, with has not unified it after the confirmation new idea.
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