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1、Intravenous Therapy,7,4,Thirty years ago,Rampart, Squad 51. We have a 20 year old male motorcycle rider involved in a motor vehicle collision complaining of neck, back and leg pain. He presents with compound fractures to both femurs and has significant blood loss. We are requesting an order for two

2、large bore IVs and Ringers Lactate.,Objectives,Identify the reasons IV therapy is performed in the prehospital setting Identify the fluids commonly administered State the basis of fluid and electrolyte balance Identify factors affecting water loss Explain the recommended uses of IV solutions Identif

3、y common complications and reactions Calculate a flow rate Demonstrate proper skin cleansing and aseptic venipuncture technique Demonstrate proper IV cannulation technique,Why do we cannulate?,Fluid administration Medication administration To maintain life (electrolytes, blood) Do we do them to be E

4、HSNS protocol compliant?,IV fluids,Normal saline (0.9% NS) Lactated Ringers (LR) Also known as Hartmans solution or RL D5W NS D5 NS D5RL (D5LR),Isotonic Solutions,Characteristics Same tonicity as plasma Osmotic pressure is the same as the inside of the cell Fluid never leaves or enters the cell Appr

5、oximate osmolarity is 240 340 mOsm/L Will increase circulating volume, which may lead to fluid volume excess or overload.,Solutions 2.5% dextrose/0.45% NaCl 0.9% NaCl Lactated Ringers 2.5% dextrose in lactated ringers 6% dextan and 0.9% NaCl 10% dextran and 0.9% NaCl,Normal Saline,Most commonly admi

6、nistered IV fluid prehospitally IV fluid of choice for EHSNS protocols Why?,Lactated Ringers,Composed of multiple electrolytes in saline Has fallen out of favor as one of main IV fluids for treatment of traumatic hypovolemia in past decade Why?,Hypotonic Solutions,Characteristics May cause blood cel

7、ls to swell and burst May cause changes or damage endothelial cells Exert less osmotic pressure than the fluid in the extracellular compartment Fluid is drawn into the cells Approximate osmolarity < 240 mOsm/l,Solutions 0.45% NaCl 10% dextran and 5% dextrose (slightly hypotonic),Hypertonic Solutions

8、,Characteristics May cause blood cells to shrink May cause dame/changes to endothelial cells Exert more osmotic pressure then the extracellular fluid Fluid is drawn from the cell into the vascular space Approximate osmolarity 340 mOsm/l,Solutions 5% dextrose/0.2% NaCl 5% dextrose/0.9% NaCl D5W D10W

9、D50W 5% NaHCO3 10%, 15% and 20% Mannitol 6% dextran and 0.9% NaCl,Administration Sets,The calibration of the administration set must be known in order to calculate the flow of the IV fluids correctly. Macrodrip sets 10, 15 or 20 gtts/ml Microdrip (minidrip) 60 gtts/ml,Where do we cannulate?,Hand For

10、earm Neck Foot,Equipment Required,Solution Administration set IV cannula Tourniquet Alcohol swab Gloves Sharps bin Op site and gauze Tape If performing a Lock Lock, syringe and saline,Catheter specifics,ColorSizeInt Dia/LengthMax Flow Grey16 G1.4 mm/45 mm180 mls/min Green18 G1.0 mm/45 mm80 mls/min P

11、ink20 G0.8 mm/32 mm54 mls/min Blue22 G0.6 mm/25 mm31 mls/min The length and diameter will affect the amount of fluid able to be infused through the catheter Larger diameter and shorter length gives more fluid Small diameter and long length gives less fluid,Types of catheters,Jelco Cathelon Insyte,Ty

12、pes of catheters,Protective Protective Plus,Administration Sets,10 gtts/ml 15 gtts/ml 60 gtts/ml Blood sets,Vein Selection,Based on: Condition Palpate to confirm type of vessel Should be soft and spongy Straight with no turns or bumps Location Is the pt right or left handed Is the extremity injured

13、 Avoid joints (stabilization) Does the pt have a shunt (fistula) Purpose Fluid replacement, Medication route, Safety line (lock) Dictates flow rate and type of fluid to be infused Try to use large veins for large quantities of fluid Duration What type of patient (trauma, cardiac or outpatient) Patie

14、nt comfort over long period of time Prolonged therapy may require multiple punctures For long durations use distal veins first,Fluid Replacement,Blood Replaced at a ratio of 3:1 of IV fluid to blood being replaced Minimum daily requirements 1st 10 kg100 ml/hr 2nd 10 kg50 ml/hr 3rd 10 kg20 ml/hr 4th

15、10 kg10 ml/hr 5th 10 kg10 ml/hr Example50 kg patient 100 ml/hr + 50 ml/hr + 20 ml/hr + 10 ml/hr + 10 ml/hr = 190 ml/hr,Contraindications,Distal to a fracture site in a limb Through damaged or abraded skin Burns may be an exception if there is no other accessible site In an arm affected by a radical

16、mastectomy, edema, blood clot or infection In an arm with a fistula for dialysis or a peripherally inserted control catheter (PICC Line),Procedure,Obtain consent and explain rationale for IV therapy Assess that the pt meets the criteria for the procedure Ensure that there are no contraindications fo

17、r the procedure Observe universal precautions for body substance exposures Prepare all necessary equipment Position the patient Apply a tourniquet 3 5 inches above the selected site Patient may make a fist to assist in engorging the vein Select the most appropriate venipuncture site Condition Locati

18、on Purpose Duration Prepare the pts arm using alcohol swab,Procedure,Insert needle through skin Should be at an 30 angle Lower angle (15)and enter vein Observe flashback Enter vein a little bit more Enter catheter into vein Release tourniquet Withdraw needle and discard in sharps container, tamponad

19、e the vein to avoid blood spill Attach iv tubing and open flow valve observing for infiltration Cover with Op site or other sterile dressing, tape in place,IV Access,Complications,Local complications Hematomas Infiltration Necrosis Thrombophlebitis Systemic complications Pulmonary edema Speed shock

20、Pyrogenic reaction Pulmonary embolism blood Air Catheter shear,Local - Hematomas,Causes: Symptoms: Preventative actions:,Punctured vein Bruising Tenderness Swelling Proper techniques,Local - Infiltration,Causes: Symptoms: Preventative actions:,Poor insertion techniques Improper taping Over active p

21、atient IV slows or stops Swelling or hardness Feeling of coldness Leaking at the site Armboards, proper taping Routine checks of IV flow and site,Local - Necrosis,Causes: Symptoms: Preventative actions:,Irritation of tissues from infiltrated drug or fluid Swelling, tenderness Inflammation or bruisin

22、g Routine checks Report any changes,Local - Thrombophlebitis,Causes: Symptoms: Preventative actions:,Trauma to endothelium from chemical means Pain, redness, swelling along infected vein Generalized symptoms such as fever, malaise, rapid pulse Avoid insertion over joint Select veins with adequate b

23、lood flow for infusions of hypertonic solutions,Systemic Pulmonary Edema,Causes: Symptoms: Preventative actions:,Circulatory overload from too rapid infusion when patient has impaired renal or cardiac function JVD, BP, Resps, dyspnea, agitation Watch rate Oxygen, sit pt upright Slow IV and contact O

24、LMC,Systemic Speed Shock,Causes: Symptoms: Preventative actions:,IV running to rapidly Rapid injection of a drug BP, rapid pulse Labored resps, cyanosis Faint, LOC Use controlled volume infusion set Upon initiation, ensure free flowing prior to rate adjustment,Systemic Pyrogenic Reaction,Causes: Sym

25、ptoms: Preventative actions:,Contaminated IV solutions Symptoms generally occur after IV begun temp, chills, headache, N/V, circulatory collapse Check IV fluids for cloudiness and particles Use fresh open IVs,Systemic PE (Blood/Embolus),Causes: Symptoms: Preventative actions:,Unfiltered blood Parti

26、ally dissolved drug Particulate matter in IV solution Dyspnea, cyanosis, pain, anxiety, tachycardia, tachypnea Infuse blood through filter Dissolve drugs completely Use good judgment when syringing IVs,Systemic PE (Air),Causes: Symptoms: Preventative actions:,Failure to clear tubing of air Allowing

27、air to enter the system Cyanosis, BP, weak, tachycardia, LOC, non-specific chest or ABD pain Dont let IV run dry Clear tubing properly Check syringe prior to injecting If occurs place pt on left side and contact OLMC,Troubleshooting,If blood begins to flow back in the IV tubing Check location of the

28、 bag to insure it is in a gravity flow location Insure all valves are open If continues, reassess site and assure arterial cannulation has not occurred If your IV does not run Start at the top, work your way back to the patient Is the bag empty? Check the IV set clamps to insure they are open Check

29、tubing for kinks Check site for any problems Blood backing up Infiltration Do you need to flush the site Is your tourniquet still one!,External Jugular (EJ) cannulation,EJs,Often used in severe cases of shock, unresponsiveness and cardiac arrest since they are HUGE and relatively easy to cannulate.

30、Why are they not commonly used in those who are conscious ? Why are they not a good choice for patients of multi system trauma ?,EJ cannulation procedure,Place patient supine / slight reverse Trendelenburg Why ??? Turn patients head slightly to opposite side Cleanse with antiseptic using universal p

31、recautions Create tourniquet effect with fingers by applying light pressure to the inferior aspects of the EJ being cannulated.,Procedure,Aim needle towards ipsilateral nipple Insert needle and enter vein Observe flashback Withdraw needle and attach IV tuning Cover site with sterile dressing,EJ cann

32、ulation,Calculating flow rates,Drip setsFactor 10 gtt/ml (macro)10 drops = 1 ml6 15 gtt/ml15 drops = 1 ml4 20 gtt/ml20 drops = 1 ml3 60 gtt/ml (micro)60 drops = 1 ml1,Volume to be administered (ml),Time to be infused (min),X,,Drip set (gtts/ml),,=,Drops/min (gtts/min),Calculations,Your patient is to

33、 receive 1000 ml of normal saline (NS) over a 12 hour period using a microdrip (60 gtt/ml) administration set. The formula will now look like this:,Volume to be administered (ml),Time to be infused (min),X,Drip set (gtts/ml),,=,Drops/min (gtts/min),1000 ml,720 min,X,60 gtts/ml,,=,Drops/min (gtts/min

34、),83.333,=,Drops/min (gtts/min),Now add medications,A physician orders 2 mg/min of Lidocaine to your patient. She orders 2 g of lidocaine to be added to 500 ml NaCL. Using a 60 gtt/ml set, calculate the gtt/min.,Calculation, ,=,Mass Volume,=,2.0 g 500 ml,=,2000 mg 500 ml,=,4 mg/ml,Dose,=,D H,X,V,=,2

35、 mg/min 2000 mg,=,1000 mgml/min 2000 mg,=,0.5 ml/min,X,500 ml,Calculation,Volume to be administered (ml),Time to be infused (min),X,Drip set (gtts/ml),,=,Drops/min (gtts/min),0.5 ml,1 min,X,60 gtts/ml,,=,Drops/min (gtts/min),30,=,Drops/min (gtts/min),A Variation to the Same,Volume (ml),On Hand (mg),X,Drip set (gtts/ml),,=,Drops/min (gtts/min),=,Drops/min (gtts/min),30,=,Drops/min (gtts/min),X,Ordered (mg/min),500 ml,200 mg,X,60 gtt/ml,,X,2 mg/min,