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Learning about language,Discovering useful words and expressions,1. Replace the words underlined by ones of similar meaning from the reading passage.,1) Seeing the dark clouds above him, George hurried for home. 2) Sailing a boat alone far way from the shore made Flora’s parents worry about her safety.,overhead,offshore,3) Clare, would you please put your bicycle next to the others in the shed? 4) “Why don’t you plot a more simple route with the smallest number of stops?” asked Mary. 5) Setting out on a long journey by sea with unskilled sailors would be dangerous especially if there were no modern navigational instruments.,alongside,simplified,minimum,voyage,seamen,2. find the words from the reading passage that are the opposite of these compound words.,_________anywhere _________upload _________inward _______unreliable _________ land flower ____________ strong point,nowhere,download,outward,reliable,seaweed,shortcoming,3. Write down the words you know, which are related to navigation and sea.,4. Complete the following paragraph with the words below.,precise outward nowhere awkward reference seaweed accelerate mercy randomly voyage alongside approximate,Samuel the sailor was extremely good at plotting his course using the stars as a_________. One day he was determined to set out on a _______across an unknown sea to an unknown continent. He set out with his instruments so he would not be at the _____ of the sea. He found on his ________ journey a rocky island. It seemed to be covered in nests.,reference,voyage,mercy,outward,Suddenly, as Samuel looked, an enormous bird swooped down and picked him up as if he were a/ an_________ parcel. It __________ its speed and rose straight up into the air so as to reach the______ place on the rocks where its nest lay. Once there, it shook itself and threw Samuel in the____________ direction of the nest.,awkward,accelerated,precise,approximate,There seemed to be ________ to hide but then he noticed lots of_______ on his left and quickly hid under it. The bird landed nearby and pecked _________ at the rocks. Samuel rolled over swiftly and found himself at the edge of the cliff. He looked down slowly with a beating heart. Below him was his boat lying ________ the shore!,nowhere,seaweed,randomly,alongside,“How lucky I am!” Samuel thought to himself. He then gave a mighty leap and landed in it. Once inside he could safely sail away.,work out ① to calculate an answer, amount, price, or value 計(jì)算 ② to think about sth. and manage to understand it 設(shè)法弄懂 ③ to think carefully about how you are going to do sth. and plan a good way of doing it 精心制定出，安排,Explanation on P11,eg. ⑴ See if you can work out this bill out. ⑵ The plot is so complicated that it’ll take you a while to work it out.,計(jì)算,弄明白,⑶ I can’t work out Geoff ; one day he’s friendly ,the next day he ignores me completely. ⑷ I haven’t worked out who’s gong to look after the kids tonight.,明白,計(jì)劃,1. We may well wonder how seamen explored the oceans before latitude and longitude made it possible to plot a ship’s position on a map.,在經(jīng)緯度未能繪出航船在地圖上的位置之前，我們很想知道航海員是怎樣在海上探險(xiǎn)的。,Page 12,may/might well 很可能，極有可能 These are excellent photographs and we may well use them in our magazine. 這些是很不錯(cuò)的照片，我們很有可能把它們用在我們的雜志上。 You might well find that you’ll need more by the weekend. 到周末你很可能會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)你需要更多東西。,2. The voyages of travelers before the 17th century show that they were not at the mercy of the sea even though they did not have modern navigational aids. 17世紀(jì)前的海上航行表明，即使沒(méi)有現(xiàn)代航海術(shù)的幫助，旅行者也沒(méi)有受大海的支配。,① voyage n./ vi. 航海, 航行 The voyage from England to India used to take six months. 過(guò)去從英國(guó)航行到印度要六個(gè)月。 go on/make/take a sea voyage 去航海旅行 voyager n. 航行者, 航海者,They have got everything ready to make a _____ across the Atlantic. A. trip B. travel C. voyage D. tour,② at the mercy of without any protection against; helpless before 任由…擺布；在…面前無(wú)助 They were lost at sea, at the mercy of wind and weather. 他們?cè)诤Ｉ厦允Я朔较?任憑風(fēng)和天氣的擺布。 I don’t like to be at the mercy of such a man. 我不愿受這樣一個(gè)人的擺布。,have mercy on/ show mercy to 對(duì)……表示憐憫 The terrorists showed no mercy to the hostages. 恐怖分子對(duì)人質(zhì)殘酷無(wú)情。 without mercy 毫不留情地 The mother left the dying baby in the hospital without mercy. 那位母親狠心地把垂死的嬰兒丟棄在醫(yī)院。,It’s a mercy (that) (口)幸運(yùn)的是,幸虧 (用于表示更遭的情況得以避免總算是幸運(yùn)) It’s a mercy the accident happened so near the hospital. 幸虧事故發(fā)生在離醫(yī)院很近的地方。 It’s a mercy she wasn’t seriously hurt. 幸運(yùn)的是她傷勢(shì)不重。,③ even though 用作連詞，意為“盡管，即使”，引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。 [高考示例] There was never any time for Kate to feel lonely, ______ she was an only child. (遼寧 2005) A. ever since B. now that C. even though D. even as,even though“盡管，雖然”，引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。 ever since“自從……以來(lái)”，常和完成時(shí)態(tài)連用；now that“既然，由于”；even as“正當(dāng)，恰恰在……的時(shí)候”。,[拓展] even though 和even so 的區(qū)別：even though = even if用作連詞，引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句；even so 用作副詞，意思是“盡管這樣/那樣，即便如此”。 [高考示例] Your uncle seems to be a good driver; ______, I wouldn’t dare to travel in his car. (江西 2005) A. even so B. even though C. therefore D. so,3. minimum (min) adj. 最小的, 最低的 n. 最小值, 最小化。 其反義詞為maximum (max) adj. 最高的, 最多的, 最大極限的 n. 最大量, 最大限度, 極大,The minimum requirements for the job are a degree and two years’ experience. 該工作的最低要求是要有學(xué)位和兩年 的工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)。 You must get a minimum of 40 questions right to pass the examination. 你最少必須答對(duì)40道題才能通過(guò)考試。,keep/reduce sth. to a minimum 將某物保持在/降低到最低限度 The school manages to keep bullying to a minimum. 學(xué)校設(shè)法最低限度得減少恃強(qiáng)凌弱的行為。 The maximum number of students in each class is 58. 每個(gè)班學(xué)生人數(shù)的最高限額是58名。,4. indicate vt. 指出, 顯示, 象征, 預(yù)示, 需要, 簡(jiǎn)要地說(shuō)明 I asked him where my sister was and he indicated the shop opposite. 我問(wèn)他姐姐在哪兒, 他朝對(duì)面的商店指了一下。 I indicated that his help was not welcome. 我表明他的幫助不受歡迎。,5. close adj. ①near in space or time 空間上或時(shí)間上靠近的 ②likely 可能的 ③careful 小心的,close to death 離死亡不遠(yuǎn) take a close look at sth. 嚴(yán)密注意某物 keep a close watch/eye on 仔細(xì)地看,They chose a spot close to the river for their picnic. 他們選擇了一個(gè)離河不遠(yuǎn)的地方進(jìn)行野餐。 Your birthday is close to mine. 你的生日離我的生日相隔不長(zhǎng)。 The two countries are close to signing a peace agreement. 兩國(guó)即將簽署和平協(xié)議。,6. used to do 表過(guò)去習(xí)慣化的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài) be/become/get used to doing/n. 習(xí)慣于(to為介詞) be used to do 為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，表示“被用來(lái)做某事” I used to go swimming on Saturdays but now I don’t.,The country life he was used to _____ greatly since 1992. (2005 山東) A. change B. has changed C. changing D. have changed,I’m not used to getting up so early. Cloth is used to make clothes.,7. nowhere adv. 無(wú)處, 到處都無(wú) 該詞用于句首時(shí)，要用倒裝語(yǔ)序。 I have no job and nowhere to live. 我沒(méi)工作，也沒(méi)地方住。 Nowhere could I see him. 我哪兒也看不到他。,Maybe you have been to many countries, but nowhere else __ such a beautiful palace. (2004 遼寧) A. can you find B. you could find C. you can find D. could you find,nowhere else是否定詞，以否定詞開頭的句子要進(jìn)行倒裝。根據(jù)上一個(gè)句子的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可確定用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。 注：nowhere置于句首時(shí)，句子要用倒裝的語(yǔ)序。,8. offshore adj./adv. 向海面吹的, 離岸的, 海面上的, 海上/下作業(yè)的 offshore workers 海上作業(yè)的工人 offshore bank/company/investment 境外銀行/公司/投資,offshore wind/current etc. 從陸地吹向海面的風(fēng)/離岸的潮流 The storm moved offshore. 風(fēng)暴離岸移動(dòng)。 A boat moored offshore. 船在近海下錨。,9. accelerate vi./vt. = to (cause to ) move faster 加速, 促進(jìn) She accelerated her car and passed the bus in front. 她加快車速超過(guò)了前面的公共汽車。 The car suddenly accelerated. 那輛車突然開始加速。,1. secure adj.安全的, 可靠的, 放心的, 無(wú)慮的 v. 保護(hù),使安全 Our house is secure from flood. 我們的房子沒(méi)有被淹的危險(xiǎn)。 Some measures are needed to secure the bank from a flood. 這道堤防需要采取一些措施, 免得被洪水沖壞。,Page 13,security n.安全，保安，保護(hù) Security was tight during the President’s visit. 總統(tǒng)來(lái)訪期間，保安工作十分嚴(yán)密。 For security reasons the visitors were searched. 為了安全起見(jiàn)，來(lái)賓受到了檢查。,2. magnetic adj. 磁的, 有磁性的, 有吸引力的 magnet n. 磁體, 磁鐵 a magnetic recorder 磁錄音機(jī),a magnetic compass bearing 可分辨磁極方向的羅盤 a magnetic person 有魅力的人 The iron has lost its magnetic force. 這鐵已失去磁力。,3. random n. 隨意, 任意 adj. 任意的, 隨便的, 胡亂的 make a random choice 任意選擇 at random = aimlessly; without any plan 隨機(jī)，隨便,The travelers at the airport were searched at random. （搜查人員對(duì)）機(jī)場(chǎng)上的旅客隨便選幾個(gè)人加以搜查。 Soiled dishes were piled at random. 臟碟子亂七八糟地堆著。,4. awkward adj. 難使用的, 笨拙的, 尷尬的; 棘手的,難處理的 an awkward remark 令人窘迫的評(píng)論 There was an awkward silence, when no one knew what to say. 當(dāng)誰(shuí)都不知道說(shuō)什么時(shí)，出現(xiàn)了令人尷尬的沉默。,他很笨，總是丟東西。,He is awkward; he keeps dropping things.,An awkward situation arose during the peace talks. 在和平談判中出現(xiàn)了棘手的情況。,5. reference n. 提及, 涉及, 參考, 參考書目, 證明書(人), 介紹信(人) At the meeting the teacher made references to his heroic deeds. 在會(huì)上老師提到了他的英雄事跡。 These are reference books for teachers. 這些是教師參考書。,refer v. 提到, 涉及, 查閱, 咨詢 The teacher often refers her pupils to this dictionary. 老師經(jīng)常讓她的學(xué)生查這本字典。 Her pupils often refer to this dictionary. 她的學(xué)會(huì)經(jīng)常查這本字典。 Don’t refer to it again. 別再提那件事。,6. precise adj. 精確的, 準(zhǔn)確的 precision n. 精確(性), 精密(度) A lawyer needs a precise mind. 律師需要一絲不茍的精神。 A camera is an instrument of precision. 照相機(jī)是一種精密儀器。,7. simplify vt. 單一化, 簡(jiǎn)單化 simple adj. 簡(jiǎn)單的 The English in this story has been simplified to make it easier to understand. 這個(gè)故事里的英語(yǔ)被簡(jiǎn)寫以便更容易理解。 His father lived a simple life in the country. 他父親在農(nóng)村過(guò)著簡(jiǎn)樸的生活。,8. portable adj. 輕便的, 手提(式)的, 便攜式的 a portable typewriter 提式打字機(jī) a portable generator 便攜式發(fā)電機(jī),9. shortcoming n. 缺點(diǎn), 短處（常用復(fù)數(shù)） In spite of all her shortcomings, she is still the best teacher the school has.他盡管有些缺點(diǎn)，但仍然是該校最好的教師。,10. update v. 使現(xiàn)代化, 修正, 校正, 更新 n. 現(xiàn)代化, 更新 updated adj. 最新的，現(xiàn)代化的，適時(shí)的 an updated and revised edition 最新修訂本,11. tendency n. 趨向, 傾向 We’ve noticed a growing tendency for people to work at home instead of in offices. 我們注意到一種趨勢(shì)，越來(lái)越多的人在家里工作而不在辦公室里上班。,have a tendency to do sth. 傾向于做某事, 往往會(huì)做某事 Jean’s nice but she has a tendency to talk too much. 簡(jiǎn)人倒不錯(cuò)，就是往往太嘮叨。,12. reliable adj. 可靠的, 可信賴的 rely v.依賴, 依靠, 信賴, 信任, 依賴于 reliability n.可靠性 She may forget to come --- she is not very reliable. 她可能忘了來(lái)，她不太可信賴。,課文長(zhǎng)句難句剖析 The compass has a special magnetic pointer which always indicates the North Pole, so it is used to help find the direction that the ship needs to go. 剖析: pointer 是先行詞, which 是引導(dǎo)詞, 在從句中作主語(yǔ), 引導(dǎo)后面定語(yǔ)從句always indicates the North Pole; so引導(dǎo)后面的是結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句; it作形式主語(yǔ), 真正的主語(yǔ)是to help find the direction; the direction 作為先行詞, that是引導(dǎo)詞, 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句the ship needs to go。,譯文：指南針有一個(gè)特殊的磁針，始終指著北極。因此人們用它來(lái)幫助找出船只所要去的方向。,1. ____________ giving a general introduction to computer, the course also provides practical experience. 2. He used to tell me that he ________ be a writer but it turned out that he became a doctor.,cope with, at the mercy of, work out, set loose, close to, take . off, to one’s astonishment, attach . to, take over, compare . with, in addition to, aim to,用方框內(nèi)所給詞組的適當(dāng)形式完成下列句子（其中有兩個(gè)詞組是多余的）。,In addition to,aimed to,3. It was a reasonable assessment and probably pretty ______ the truth. 4. The workers find themselves absolutely ______________ the capitalists． 5. Inexperienced as he was, he could ________ the difficulties wonderfully well.,cope with, at the mercy of, work out, set loose, close to, take . off, to one’s astonishment, attach . to, take over, compare . with, in addition to, aim to,close to,at the mercy of,cope with,6. He kept his men alive by keeping them busy so as to ______ their minds ______ their stomachs and their thirst. 7. She ________ great value ____ being financially independent.,cope with, at the mercy of, work out, set loose, close to, take . off, to one’s astonishment, attach . to, take over, compare . with, in addition to, aim to,attaches to,take off,8. I spotted a shooting star which, ____ ___________, was bright green in color. 9. When she fell ill, her daughter ______ the business from her. 10. There will be a full investigation to ______ what caused the accident.,cope with, at the mercy of, work out, set loose, close to, take . off, to one’s astonishment, attach . to, take over, compare . with, in addition to, aim to,astonishment,took over,work out,to my,