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大連交通大學2017屆本科生畢業(yè)設計(論文)外文翻譯
Optimization of Conformal Cooling Channels with Array of Baffles for Plastic Injection Mold
NOMENCLATURE
α = Thermal diffusivity of polymer (m2/s)
σT = Standard deviation of temperature distribution
d = Diameter of baffle (mm)
hc = Heat transfer coefficient (W/m2°C)
km = Thermal conductivity of mold material (W/m°C)
kp = Thermal conductivity of polymer (W/m°C)
q = Instantaneous heat flux (W/m2) s = Thickness of molded part (mm) tc = Cooling time (s)
Tavg = verage temperature through part’s thickness (°C)
Te = Ejection temperature (°C) Ti = Injection temperature (°C) Tm = Mold temperature (°C)
Tmax= Maximum temperature at center line of thickness (°C)
Tps = Molded part surface temperature (°C)
Tw = Coolant temperature (°C)
x = The pitch of baffles in x direction (mm)
y = The pitch of baffles in y direction (mm)
z = Distance from baffle’s tip to cavity surface (mm)
? KSPE and Springer 2010
1. Introduction
Injection molding has been the most popular method for making plastic product due to high efficiency and manufacturability. The injection molding process includes three significant stages: filling and packing stage, cooling stage and ejection stage. Among these stages, cooling stage is very important one because it mainly affects the productivity and molding quality. It is well known that more than two thirds of the molding cycle is taken up by cooling process. An appropriate design of cooling channel reduces cooling time, increases the productivity and minimizes undesired defects such as sink marks, differential shrinkage, thermal residual stress and warpage.
For many years, the importance of cooling stage in injection molding has drawn a great attention from researchers and mold designers. They have been struggling for the improvement of the cooling system in the plastic injection mold. This field of study can be divided into two groups: optimizing conventional cooling channels (straight-drilled cooling lines) and finding new
(a) straight-drilled channel
(b) SFF conformal channel
(c) channels with the array of baffles Fig. 1 Kinds of cooling channels
architecture for injection mold cooling channels (conformal cooling channels). The first group focuses on how to optimize the configuration of the cooling system in terms of shape, size and location of cooling lines.1-15 The second group investigates the way
to build the cooling layout namely conformal cooling channels that conform to the mold cavity surface and examines the effectiveness of this cooling system. Solid free-from fabrication (SFF) or rapid prototype (RP) techniques have been proposed to build this complex cooling system. It was reported that cooling quality is
better than that of conventional cooling channels.16-24 Along with
SFF technique, milled groove conformal cooling channels made by CNC milling machine has also been proposed by Sun Y. F. et al.25,26 Although these kinds of cooling channels offer an even cooling performance, there are still high manufacturing costs for medium
and large-sized mold.
In order to improve the performance of the cooling system and to reduce mold making cost, this paper presents a kind of conformal cooling channel in the plastic injection mold by using an array of baffles. The difference between this cooling channels layout and the others is depicted in Fig. 1. Baffles are alternative cooling devices
that are used to cool some small regions in the mold’s core which normally lack cooling.27 A series of baffles in cooling circuit for core of a box mold was suggested.28 For medium and large-sized molds with free-form cavity’s surfaces, if a constant distance from the tip of the baffles to mold cavity’s surface is maintained, this kind of cooling circuits can be considered as conformal cooling channels. Unfortunately, it still lacks of study of how well this conformal cooling system performs and how to optimize its
configuration in order to obtain minimum cooling time, even cooling and reasonable mold making cost. In addition, cooling design is often based on designer’s experience and tuition. When molding geometry becomes more complex, experience-based and trial-and-error approaches would be time-consuming and less
feasible.3,5,11,13 Therefore, our study focuses on a systematic method
(a) Real construction of the array of baffles cooling channels
(b) Modeling of array of baffles cooling channels in CAE software
Fig. 2 Deployment and configuration of the cooling channels with array of baffles
for optimizing the configuration of the proposed cooling channel including coolant temperature, the pitch (x and y), the distance z and the diameter d of the baffle. The combination of analytical method, design of experiment (DOE), finite difference method and CAE tool was used to derive approximate equations showing the relation among cooling channels’ design variables, mold material and process parameters for a given polymer. Cooling time and optimum cooling channels’ configuration of a given injection molding part can be determined easily at early design stage.
The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 introduces the deployment and configuration of the array of baffles in cooling channels. Section 3 describes the physical and mathematical model of heat transfer within the polymer and the mold. Mathematical solution in Section 3 is validated in Section 4. Section 5 proposes optimization method, and Section 6 illustrates two case studies to test the facility and feasibility of the proposed method for a plastic cover and an automotive plastic part. Finally, some conclusions and discussions of future work are given in Section 7.
2. Deployment and configuration of array of baffles in cooling channels
A baffle is a cooling channel drilled perpendicular to a main cooling line with a thin plate separating the drilled hole into two semicircular channels. The plate forces the coolant to flow down in one side and up in the other side (see Fig. 1(c) and Fig. 2(a)). By
changing the direction of the coolant flow in cooling channels, the baffle creates turbulence around the bend and increases the heat transfer coefficient. Nevertheless, pressure drop increases, and more pump power is required in comparison to straight or smooth cooling channels. There are two kinds of baffles: normal baffle and spiral baffle (Fig. 2(a)). The first one is simple, but it is difficult to mount the thin plate (divider) exactly in the center of the channels and the temperature distributions in both sides of the baffle are different. The other one is a bit more complex, but it is easy to place the divider at the center of cooling channels; the turbulent effect and temperature distribution are improved. In this study, it is assumed that the flow rate of coolant is large enough to achieve effective turbulent flow, and an increase in flow rate makes little difference to the rate of heat extraction. For this reason, both types of baffles are treated the same in terms of heat extraction.
Baffles are arranged as a two-dimensional array including rows and columns. The configuration of the proposed cooling channels includes the pitch (x and y) between the baffles, the distance from a baffle’s tip to the cavity surface (z) and the diameter of the baffle (d) (Fig. 2). The diameter of the main cooling line is proportional to d. The baffle’s tip conforms to the cavity surface in order to remove heat from hot polymer evenly. The baffle channels are machined by drilling method which reduces the manufacturing cost.
3. Physical-mathematical model and numerical solution
This section addresses the mathematical relation among cooling channels’ configuration, temperature distribution in the mold and molded part, cooling time and process parameters. Without losing the generality, a cooling cell (see Fig. 3) is extracted and examined instead of considering the whole mold. Four lateral faces of the cooling cell are treated as adiabatic. With this physical model, the simulation time is reduced significantly since the number of elements decreases. Assuming that the cavity surface of the cooling
(a) (b)
Fig. 3 Physical model of a cooling cell (a), and typical temperature distribution (b)
? The minimum Reynolds’ number in cooling channels should be more than 10,000.
? The thermal effect derived from the crystallization process is ignored.
In this study, the coupling of cycle-averaged and one- dimensional transient approach was applied since it is computationally efficient and sufficiently accurate for mold design purpose.11,35 Heat transfer in the mold is treated as cycle-averaged
steady state, and 3D FEM simulation was used for analyzing the temperature distribution. The cycle-averaged approach is applied because after a certain transition period from the beginning of the molding operation, the steady-state cyclic heat transfer within the mold is achieved. The fluctuating component of the mold temperature is small compared to the cycle-averaged component so that cycle-averaged temperature approach is computationally more
efficient than periodic transition analysis.37 Heat transfer in polymer
(molding) is considered as transient process, and finite difference method was applied.
The temperature distribution in the molding is modeled by following equation:
cell has a small curvature, this surface can be considered as a planar face.
?T = α
?t
? 2T
?z
(1)
In physical aspect, heat transfer in cooling process is complicated. To simplify the mathematical model, the following assumptions are made in this study:
? Physical properties of mold material are constant.
? The heat flux in mold-polymer interface is constant on each element of mold cavity surface.1
? Constant cycle-averaged mold temperature is used.
? Only packing and cooling phases are considered because the filling phase is short.29,30
The partial difference equation (1) can be solved conveniently by finite difference method. Laasonen method,38 unconditionally stable scheme, was used to solve Eq.(1). Due to the nature of thermal contact resistance between polymer and mold, a convective boundary condition39 was applied instead of isothermal boundary condition. This boundary condition expresses the nature of heat transfer in mold-polymer interface better than isothermal boundary condition.
? Thermal analysis for polymer is performed in one dimension
h ?T ? T ? = ?k ?T
(2)
because the thickness of the molding is small in comparison to
c ps m
? ?
p ?z
planar dimension.31-36
? Natural convection between ambient air and exterior mold faces is ignored because it takes less than 5% of overall heat loss.7
? Cooling effect of main cooling lines is ignored because most of the heat is removed by the baffles.
The inversion of the heat transfer coefficient (HTC) is called thermal contact resistance (TCR). It is reported that TCR between the polymer and the mold is not negligible. TCR is the function of a gap, roughness of contact surface, time and process parameters. The values of TCR are very different,29,34,40-45 and they are often obtained by experiment. In this study, HTC is set to 10,000 W/m2°C
1. Smith, A. G., Wrobel, L. C., McCalla, B. A., Allan, P. S. and Hornsby, P. R., “A computational model for the cooling phase of injection moulding,” Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 195, No. 1-3, pp. 305-313, 2008.
2. Sridhar, L. and Narh, K. A., “Finite size gap effects on the modeling of thermal contact conductance at polymer-mold wall interface in injection molding,” Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 75, No. 14, pp. 1776-1782, 2000.
摘 要
模具屬于精密機械的產(chǎn)品,它主要機械零件和機構組成。如成形工作零件、導向零件、定位零件、支撐零件及送料機構、抽芯機構、推出機構等。模具與相應的成形設備(如沖床、塑料注射機、壓鑄機等)配套使用時,可直接改變金屬或非金屬材料的形狀、尺寸、相對位置和性能,使之成形為合格的制件。
模具設計是模具制造的基礎,合理正確的設計是正確制造模具的保證:模具制造技術的發(fā)展對提高模具質(zhì)量、使用壽命、精度以及縮短制造模具周期具有重要的意義:模具的質(zhì)量、使用壽命、制造精度及合格率在很大程度上取決于制造模具的材料及熱處理工藝:模具成本直接關系到制件的成本以及模具生產(chǎn)企業(yè)的經(jīng)濟效益;模具工作零件的精度決定制件的精度;模具的壽命又與模具材料及熱處理、模具結構以及所加工制作材料等諸多因素有關;模具的安裝與使用直接關系到模具的使用性能及安全;而模具的標準化是模具設計與制造的基礎,對大規(guī)模、專業(yè)化生產(chǎn)模具具有極重要的作用,模具標準化程度的高低是模具工業(yè)發(fā)展水平的標志。
本次設計注射器筒體的模具,設計中建模采用Cero PTC 4.0軟件,AutoCAD為計算機輔助制圖工具,是一款專業(yè)機械平面制圖軟件,具有很強的圖像處理功能。
關鍵詞:模具設計 注射器筒體 復合模
Abstract
Mold products are precision machinery, it mainly consists of mechanical parts and bodies,such as forming working parts, parts orientation, positioning parts, supporting parts, positioning components and feed mechanism, core-pulling mechanism, introduced institutions. Mold and the corresponding forming equipment (such as punching, plastic injection machine, die-casting machine, etc. ) supporting the use of, may directly alter the shape of metal or non-metallic materials, size, relative position and performance, shaping the work piece for qualified.
Mold manufacturing mold design is the basis for rational design of the right mold to ensure correct; mold manufacturing technology to improve the mold quality, service life, accuracy and shorten the manufacturing cycle is of great significance mold; mold quality, service life, manufacturing precision and the passing rate depends largely on the manufacture of mold materials and heat treatment; mold costs directly related to the work piece, the cost and economic efficiency of enterprises mold; determine the accuracy of the die components parts precision; dies life expectancy and the mold materials and heat treatment, mold structure and the production of materials processing, and many other factors; and mold die design and manufacturing and use of mold performance and safety; and mold die design and manufacturing standards are the basis of the same, large scale, specialized production mold is a very important role in standardization of the level of mold is a sign of mold level of industrial development.
The design of the syringe cylinder mold, the design of modeling using Cero PTC 4.0 software, AutoCAD for the computer-aided drawing tool, is a professional mechanical plane mapping software, has a strong image processing functions.
Key words: mold design syringe cylinder composite mold
目 錄
第一章 設計任務書 1
1.1塑件及其尺寸 1
1.2 設計內(nèi)容及其要求 1
第二章 塑件成型工藝分析 3
2.1塑件的分析 3
2.2PP聚丙烯的性能分析 3
第三章 擬定模具的結構形式 5
3.1分型面位置確定 5
3.2型腔數(shù)量和排列方式的確定 5
3.3注射機的型號確定 6
第四章 澆注系統(tǒng)的設計 8
4.1主流道的設計 8
4.2分流到的設計 9
4.3澆口的設計 12
4.4校核主流道的剪切速率 13
第五章 模具零件的結構設計及計算 14
5.1成型零件的結構設計 14
5.2成型零件鋼材的選用 15
5.3成型零件工作尺寸的計算 15
5.4模架的確定 16
5.5排氣槽的設計 17
5.7冷卻系統(tǒng)的設計 18
5.8導向與定位結構 20
5.9總裝圖和零件圖的繪制 20
謝辭 21
參考文獻 22
23
大連交通大學2017屆本科生畢業(yè)設計(論文)
第一章 設計任務書
1.1塑件及其尺寸
零件名稱:注射器筒體
零件材料:聚丙烯
零件圖:圖1-1
圖 1-1 零件圖
1.2 設計內(nèi)容及其要求
在設汁之前,學生已具備機械制圖、公差與技術測量、機械原理及零件、模具材料及熱處理、模具制造工藝、塑料成型工藝及模具設計等方面必要的基礎知識和專業(yè)知識,并已通過金工和生產(chǎn)實習。做過注射成型實驗:韌步了解塑料的成型工藝和生產(chǎn)過程,熟悉多種塑料模具的典型結構。
課程設計的內(nèi)容包括:
1.獨立擬定塑件的成型工藝,正確 選用成型設備。
2.合理地選擇模具結構。根據(jù)塑件圖的技術要求,提出模具結構方案,并使之結構合理,質(zhì)量可靠,操作方便。必要時可根據(jù)模具設計和制造的要求提出修改塑件圖紙的意見,但必須征得設計者或用戶同意后方可實施。
3.正確地確定模具成型零件的結構形狀、尺寸及其技術要求。
4.所設計的模具應當制造工藝性良好,造價便宜。
5.充分利用塑料成型優(yōu)良的特點,盡量減少后加工。
6.設計的模具應當能高效、優(yōu)質(zhì)、安全可靠地生產(chǎn),且模具使用壽命長。
第二章 塑件成型工藝分析
2.1塑件的分析
2.1.1外形尺寸
該塑件壁厚最大為2mm塑件外觀尺寸不大,塑料熔體流程不長,適合于注射成型。
2.1.2精度等級
未標注采用MT6。
2.1.3脫模斜度
塑件材料采用PP(聚丙烯) 因塑件尺寸較小成型收縮率較小,差參考文獻,選擇塑件上型芯和凹模的統(tǒng)一脫模斜度1°。
2.2PP聚丙烯的性能分析
產(chǎn)品質(zhì)輕,韌性好,耐化學性好,耐磨性好,高溫沖擊性好
軟化溫度為150°C,由于結晶溫度較高,這種材料的表面剛度和抗劃痕特性很好。
不存在環(huán)境應力開裂問題。
流動性好,成型性能好。
PP是通用塑料中耐熱性能最好的,具有突出的延展性和抗疲勞性能,屈服強度高,有很高的疲勞壽命。
2.2.1 PP的主要性能指標
表2-2 聚丙烯(PP)的成型條件
塑料名稱
聚丙烯
縮寫
PP
堆密度/
0.9-0.91
計算收縮率/%
1.8-2.5
注射成型機類型
螺桿式
料筒溫度/℃
前端
200-220
中段
180-200
后端
160-180
預熱
溫度/℃
80-100
時間/h
1-2
模具溫度/℃
80-90
注射壓力/MPa
70-100
成型時間/s
注射時間
20-60
高壓時間
0-3
冷卻時間
20-90
總周期
50-160
螺桿轉速r/min
48
使用注射機類型
螺桿、柱塞均可
第三章 擬定模具的結構形式
3.1分型面位置確定
通過對塑件的分析,塑件開模分為三次 三次分模的位置如圖3-1。
圖3-1 分型面位置
3.2型腔數(shù)量和排列方式的確定
3.2.1型腔數(shù)量的確定
該塑件的精度一般在2~3級之間,且為大批量生產(chǎn),可采用一模多腔的結構形式。同時考慮到塑件的尺寸較小,以及制造費用等因素,初步定為一模二十腔設計。
3.2.2型腔排列方式的確定
多腔模具盡可能的采用平衡式排列布置,且要求緊湊并于交口開設的部位對稱。由于該模具采用一模二十腔,采用5X4的矩形排列,如圖3-2。
3-2 型腔分布圖
3.3注射機的型號確定
3.3.1注射量的計算
通過三維建模軟件分析計算的
塑件體積: V塑=9.52cm3
塑件質(zhì)量: m塑=ρV塑=9.52×0.9g=8.568g
式中ρ取0.9g/cm3
3.3.2注射系統(tǒng)凝料體積初步估算
澆注系統(tǒng)的凝料在設計之前是不能確定的,但可以根據(jù)經(jīng)驗公式塑件體積的0.2~1倍來估算。本次注射由于多型腔,系數(shù)選為0.8來估算,因此:
V總=V塑(1+0.5)×20=9.52×1.8×20=285.5cm3
3.3.3選擇注射機
根據(jù)計算一次注入模具型腔V總=285.5cm3,預估注射用量
V總/0.8=285.5÷0.8=356.875cm3。注射機型號選用為J54-S 200/400,主要技術要求見表3-3:
表3-3 J54-S 200/400參數(shù)
額定注射量(cm3)
200~400
螺桿直徑(mm)
55
注射壓力(MPa)
109
注射行程(mm)
160
注射方式
螺桿式
螺桿驅(qū)動功率(kw)
18.5
鎖模力(KN)
25.4×102
模板尺寸(mm)
532×634
最大開合模行程(mm)
160
模具最大厚度(mm)
406
模具最小厚度(mm)
165
合模方式
液壓-機械
噴嘴口孔徑(mm)
7.5
噴嘴球半徑(mm)
18
3.3.4注射機的相關參數(shù)校核
1. 注射機的壓力校核 查表3-3可知,PP材料所需的注射壓力為70~100MPa,這里去80MPa,該注射機注射壓力為109MPa,安全壓力系數(shù)為k1=1.25~1.4,這里取1.3,則:K1p0=1.3×80=104<109 所以壓力合格。
2. 鎖模力校核
塑件在分型面上的投影面積A塑,有三維軟件計算得7cm2。
澆注系統(tǒng)在分型面面積的投影A澆,按多腔模的統(tǒng)計分析確定為A塑的0.2~0.5倍,這里取0.3。則總面積為: A=A塑(1+0.3)×20=7×1.3×20=182cm2
磨具型腔的型脹力F漲=AP模。即F漲=AP模=182×41.6=757.12KN,該注射機公稱鎖模力為3500KN,符合要求。
對于其他安裝尺寸校核等選定模架后計算。
第四章 澆注系統(tǒng)的設計
4.1主流道的設計
澆注系統(tǒng)是指模具中由注射劑噴嘴到型腔之間的進料通道。普通澆注系統(tǒng)一般由主流道、分流道、澆口和冷料穴等四部分組成。澆注系統(tǒng)的設計師模具設計的一個重要環(huán)節(jié),設計合理與否對塑件的性能、尺寸、內(nèi)在質(zhì)量、外在質(zhì)量及模具的結構、塑料的利用率等有較大影響。對澆注系統(tǒng)進行設計時應遵循以下原則:
了解塑件的成型性能;盡量避免或減少產(chǎn)生熔接痕;有利于型腔中氣體的排出;防止型芯的變形和嵌件的位移;盡量采用較短的流程充滿型腔;流動距離比的校核。
1. 主流道的尺寸
(1) 主流道的長度:本次設計初選取60mm進行設計。
(2) 主流道的小端直徑:
d=注射機噴嘴尺寸+(0.5~1)mm=7.5+0.5=8mm
(3) 主流的道大端直徑:
d’=d+2L主tana≈15,a=4°
(4) 主流道球面半徑:
SR0=注射機噴嘴半徑+(1~2)mm=20mm
(5) 球面配合高度:
h=3mm
2. 主流道的凝料體積
三維軟件計算為V主=8.5cm3
3. 主流道當量半徑: Rn=(4+10)/4=4.5mm
4. 主流道澆口套的形式
主流道在注射過程中反復與注射機噴嘴接觸,易磨損。故設計為可便于拆卸替換的零件。 主流道的定位與固定需定位圈。定位圈設計如圖4-2。
圖4-1 澆口套
圖4-2 定位圈
4.2分流到的設計
4.2.1分流道的布置形式
在設置的時候應盡量考慮減少在流道內(nèi)的壓力損失和盡可能避免熔體溫度降低,同時還要考慮減小分流道的容積和壓力平衡,因此采用綜合型分流道。
4.2.2分流道的長度
由于采用多型腔設計,流道較長,流道形狀如圖,總長度為1988mm。見圖4-3。
圖4-3 分流道分布
4.2.3分流道的當量直徑
根據(jù)當量直徑經(jīng)驗公式D=0.2654m4L分別確定各位置分流道的當量直徑
D1分=0.265410×8.5684220≈9.5mm
D2分=0.26548.568×464≈3mm
D3分= D2分=3mm
4.2.4分流道的截面形狀
U型截面的加工難度較小,且對流體的熱量損失較小,所以本設計L1、L2段分流道采用U形截面,L3采用圓形分流道,方便加工與開模拔模。
4.2.5分流道的截面尺寸
根據(jù)書上表4-5[1], L1: r1=0.459×9.5≈4.5mm
H1=0.918×9.5≈9mm
L2: r2=0.459×3=1.5mm
H2=0.918×3=3mm
L3: D=3mm
4. 凝料體積
根據(jù)三位軟件計算得出V1=125213mm3
V2=5106.5mm3
V3=4880.5mm3
5. 校核剪切速率
(1) 確定注射時間
t=2.2s
(2) 計算分流道體積流量
q分1=V1t=1252132.2mm3/s=56915 mm3/s
q分2=V2t=5106.52.2mm3/s=2321 mm3/s
q分3=V3t=4880.52.2mm3/s=2218 mm3/s
(3) 由式(4-20)[1] 可得剪切速率
γ分1 =3.3×q分1πR分13=3.3×569153.14×4.753=558s-1
γ分2 =3.3×q分2πR分23=3.3×23213.14×1.53=722s-1
γ分3 =3.3×q分3πR分33=3.3×22183.14×1.53=691s-1
該分流道的表面剪切速率處于澆口主流道的最佳剪切速率500 s-1~5000 s-1之間,所以,分流道內(nèi)剪切速率合格。
6. 分流道的表面粗糙度和脫模斜度
分流道的表面粗糙度要求不是很低,一般取Ra1.25~2.5μm即可,此處取Ra1.6μm。其脫模斜度一般在5°~10°之間,這里去脫模斜度8°。
圖4-4 分流道截面
4.3澆口的設計
該塑件要求不允許有裂紋和變形缺陷,表面質(zhì)量要求較高,采用一模20腔注射,為了便于調(diào)整沖模時的剪切速率和封閉時間,因此采用點澆口。截面形狀簡單,易于加工。
4.4校核主流道的剪切速率
計算主流道的體積流量
q總=V1t=2589262.2mm3/s=117693 mm3/s
計算主流道的剪切速率
γ總 =3.3×q總πR總3=3.3×1176933.14×4.53=1357s-1
該主流道的表面剪切速率處于澆口主流道的最佳剪切速率500 s-1~5000 s-1之間,所以,分流道內(nèi)剪切速率合格。
第五章 模具零件的結構設計及計算
5.1成型零件的結構設計
5.1.1凹模的結構設計
凹模是成型制品的外表面的成型零件。按凹模結構的不同可將其分為整體式、整體嵌入式、組合式和鑲拼式四種。根據(jù)對塑件的結構分析,本設計中采用鑲拼式式凹模,如圖5-1所示。
圖5-1 凹模結構 圖5-2 型芯
5.1.2凸模的結構設計(型芯)
凸模是成型塑件內(nèi)表面的成型零件,通??梢苑譃檎w式和組合式兩種類型。通過對塑件的結構分析可知,該塑件的型芯有一個,如圖5-2所示, 設計采用單型芯設計。
5.2成型零件鋼材的選用
根據(jù)對成型塑件的綜合分析,該塑件的成型零件要有足夠的剛度、強度、耐磨性及良好的抗疲勞性能,同時考慮它的機械性能和拋光性能。又因為該塑件為大批量生產(chǎn),所以構成型腔的嵌入式凹模鋼材選用40Cr。對于成型塑件的型芯來說,由于脫模時與塑件的磨損嚴重,因此鋼材選用Q235。
5.3成型零件工作尺寸的計算
采用表4-15[1]的平均尺寸法計算成型零件尺寸,塑件尺寸公差按照塑件零件圖中給定的公差計算。
5.3.1型腔的計算
因為本制品的不是精密器具,對制品的尺寸精度的要求比較低,所以,盡管PP的收縮率比較大,也可按平均收縮率計算。
查[1]P表1-7知PP的平均收縮率為S=0.018~0.025 ,取S=0.02。由[7]P式15-21和式15-22有:
制品工件辟厚為:H=1mm,長度為:L=96mm
所以,成型腔即型腔套的內(nèi)半徑為:
r=8+H(1+0.02)=9.02 (mm)
L=96(1+0.02) =97.92 (mm)
而此次設計的注射器筒體只要容積大于10ml,約為12ml,產(chǎn)品的長度沒有要求,考慮到設計方便和設計成本,取型腔套內(nèi)徑r=9mm,長度L=96mm,生產(chǎn)出來的產(chǎn)品也滿足容積的要求,所以取此值型腔套只要滿足強度要求就可以了。故取r=6.5mm,L=95mm。
5.3.2型芯主要尺寸的計算
1)徑向尺寸D
D= D(1+ S)=8(1+0.02)=8.16 (mm)
2)被塑件包容部分的深度h
h= h(1+ S)=96(1+0.02)= 97.92 (mm)
因為,型銷的半徑小1mm,包容長度短,制品的厚度小,可以不考慮制品其尺寸在型銷上的收縮變化。
5.4模架的確定
由于本次設計應用的模架為非標準模架,模架尺寸可參考標準模架并有一定改動。根據(jù)模具型腔布局的中心距和凹模嵌件的尺寸可以算出凹模嵌件所占的平面尺寸為230mm×200mm,又考慮凹模最小厚壁,導柱、導套的布置等,可確定選用的模架為330mm×400mm。
5.4.1各模板尺寸的確定
定模底座: 450mm×355mm×25mm
導桿固定板: 400mm×355mm×15mm
刮料板: 400mm×355mm×25mm
點澆板: 400mm×355mm×20mm
型腔板: 400mm×355mm×80mm
推板: 400mm×355mm×20mm
動模板: 400mm×355mm×40mm
動模底座: 450mm×355mm×32mm
如圖5-1。
圖5-1 模架尺寸
5.4.2模架各尺寸的校核
根據(jù)所選注射機來校核該模具的尺寸。
模具平面尺寸400mm×355mm<448mm×370mm(拉桿距離),校核合格。
模具高度尺寸165mm<257mm<406mm(模具的最大厚度和最小厚度),校核合格。
模具的開模行程S=H1+H2+H3+H4+(5~10)mm=265~270mm<500mm(開模行程),校核合格。
5.5排氣槽的設計
該塑件由于采用點澆口進料,熔體經(jīng)塑件上方的澆口充滿型腔,氣體通過分型面,其配合間隙可作為氣體排出的方式,不會在底部產(chǎn)生憋氣的現(xiàn)象,同時,氣體會沿著推桿的配合間隙、分型面和型芯與脫模板之間的間隙向外排出。
5.6 脫模推出機構的設計
5.6.1.推出方式的確定
本模具采用限位桿定位開模位置,無主動推出,工件依靠開模后各板的展開吧工件從型腔、型芯抽離。
5.6.2脫模力的計算
脫模力分為初始脫模力和相繼脫模力兩部分,但前者通常大于后者,故設計時以初始脫模力為設計依據(jù),而略去相繼抽拔力。由[3]P式8-71有:
F=
=66.5×96×8×(0.2×cos1-sin1)
≈10.8 (KN)
5.7冷卻系統(tǒng)的設計
冷卻系統(tǒng)的計算很麻煩,在此只進行簡單的計算,設計時忽略模具因空氣對流、輻射以及與注射機接觸散發(fā)的熱量,按單位時間內(nèi)塑料熔體凝固時所釋放的熱量應等于冷卻水所帶走的熱量。
5.7.1冷卻介質(zhì)
PP屬中等粘度材料,其成型溫度及模具溫度分別為200°C和50°C~80°C,所以,模具溫度初步選定為50°C,用常溫水對模具進行冷卻。
5.7.2冷卻系統(tǒng)的簡單計算
單位時間內(nèi)注入模具中的塑料熔體的總質(zhì)量W
塑件制品的體積V=258926mm3
塑件制品的質(zhì)量m=233g
塑件厚度為1.5mm,可以查表4-34[1]得tl冷=8s,取注射時間t=2.2s,脫模時間t脫=8s,則注射周期:T=18.2s。由此可以得到每小時注射次數(shù)190次。
單位時間內(nèi)注入模具中的塑料熔體的總質(zhì)量為:Wh=44.27Kg/h
確定單位質(zhì)量的塑件在凝固時所放出的熱量Q,查表4.35[1]直接可知PP的單位熱量590KJ/Kg。
計算冷卻水的體積流量qv設冷卻水道入水口的水溫為22°C,出水口的水溫為30°C,取水的密度為1000Kg/m3,水的比熱容4.187KJ/(Kg*°C)。則根據(jù)公式可得:
qv=WQS60ρc(θ1-θ2)=0.012m3/min
確定冷卻水路的直徑d 當qv=0.012m3/min時,查表4.35[1]可知,為了使冷卻水處于湍流狀態(tài),取模具冷卻水孔的直徑0.008m。
冷卻水在管內(nèi)的流速 v
v=4qv60*πd2=3.98m/s
求冷卻管壁與水交界面的膜傳熱系數(shù)h 因為平均水溫為26°C,因為平均水溫為23.5,查表可得f=0.67,則有:
計算模具所需冷卻水管的總長度L
冷卻水路的根數(shù)x
設每條冷卻水道的長度位l=200mm,則冷卻水路的跟數(shù)為
根
由上述計算可以看出,一條冷水道對于模具來說顯然是不合適的,因此應根據(jù)具體情況加以修改。為了提高生產(chǎn)效率,凹模和型芯都應得到充分的冷卻。采用4 根直通式冷水道。動模板冷卻水道如圖,頂模板冷卻水道如圖5-2
圖5-2 水道
5.8導向與定位結構
注射模的導向機構用于動、定模之間的開合模導向和脫模機構的運動導向。按作用分為模外定位和模內(nèi)定位。模外定位是通過定位圈使模具的澆口套能與注射機噴嘴精確定位;而模內(nèi)定位機構則通過導柱導套進行合模定位。錐面定位則用于動、定模之間的精密定位。本模具所成型的塑件比較簡單,模具定位精度要求不是很高,因此可采用模架本身所帶的定位結構。
5.9總裝圖和零件圖的繪制
經(jīng)過上述一系列計算和繪圖,把設計結果用總裝圖來表示模具結構,如圖5.3所示。
圖5-3 總裝
謝 辭
我們即將畢業(yè),告別大學,走向社會!在此,我很想對敬愛的老師們和可愛同學們說:感謝你們!特別是我的指導老師周智鵬老師,沒有他的指導幫助,我的畢業(yè)設計很難獨立完成,從設計項目的選擇,再到對我的工藝過程和夾具的設計上都給出了針對性的參照和修改意見,使我的設計得以相對好的完成。在此,謹向周智鵬導師致以深深的敬意和由衷的感謝!
大學四年的學習生涯匆匆而過,它給予我太多不可磨滅的記憶。在充滿激情的青春歲月里,有機會認識楊老師這位不可多得的人生引路人,是我莫大的幸運。在畢業(yè)設計遇到困難障礙時,老師總是在思想上給予點津,在方法上給予指導,使我受益匪淺。老師治學嚴謹、態(tài)度謙和、思維開闊以及積極人生態(tài)度潛移默化的影響著我,成為不斷向前奮進的不竭動力。
從項目地選擇到零件的詳細工藝計劃過程的部分,全部設計進程中體現(xiàn)出周智鵬導師的汗水和辛勞。在我完成的畢業(yè)設計的過程中,因自己自身的知識的缺陷,遇到了很多難題,但周智鵬導師可以給我?guī)砗芏嘧顚嵱玫慕ㄗh和仔細地向我解釋我遇到的問題。如果沒有楊君悅導師關鍵的建議和指導,我不會那么順利的完成畢業(yè)設計。我非常感謝同組的。要是沒有周智鵬導師關鍵性建議和指點,我不會這么順利的完成畢業(yè)設計。我也非常感謝同組的同窗,感激他們在繁忙之余還能對我的畢業(yè)設計提出他們本身的發(fā)起,以是此次順利完成畢業(yè)設計也離不開同組的同學窗們。
因為只有知識的積累和經(jīng)驗,才能設計出令人滿意的機械產(chǎn)品,各科任老師所講解的知識,我都能很好地運用到了此次的畢業(yè)設計中,也意識到了理論知識運用到實際原來如此簡單。同時,在完成畢業(yè)設計的過程中,我也參考了許多有關的書籍和論文,在這里共同向有關的作者表示謝意,也對他們嚴謹?shù)膶W術態(tài)度產(chǎn)生崇高的敬意。
作為本科生的畢業(yè)設計,因知識的缺陷和缺乏,此次畢業(yè)設計肯定會出現(xiàn)許多毛病,如果沒有周智鵬導師教好,和同學們的重要性建議,我一個人完成此次畢業(yè)設計是一個非常痛苦的過程。衷心的謝謝周智鵬導師,雖然有忙碌的事情,但仍抽出時間賜予我學術上的指點和幫忙,告知了我很多獲得和這次畢業(yè)設計有關的文獻的渠道,使我從中受益非淺。周智鵬導師對學生認真負責,尤其是在給我們講授難點時特別耐心,直到我能徹底明白。
在此,我還要感激全部給我上過課的各科任老師,你們辛苦了,不論是刮風或者飄著大雪,都一如既往地教學,同時還要感激全部的同學們,恰是有了你們的建議和鼓勵,這次畢業(yè)設計才能順利完成。
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