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文檔包括: 說明書一份,53頁,23000字左右. 英文翻譯一份. 任務書(5頁) 開題報告(3頁) 圖紙共6張: A0-電動跑步機裝配圖.dwg A0-電路原理圖.dwg A1-基架.dwg A1-支架.dwg A3-滾筒.dwg A3-拉栓.dwg 大 學 畢業(yè)論文開題報告 論文題目： 多功能自動跑步機（機械部分設計） 學生姓名： 宋小斌 學 號： 17號 專 業(yè)： 機械設計制造及其自動化 指導教師： 羅春陽老師 2005 年 3 月 15日 開題報告 1996年之前,電動跑步機都是國外產(chǎn)品，進入家庭的大都是由自行車廠改制的生產(chǎn)廠制造的機械跑步機,國人對價格幾萬乃至十幾萬元的進口電動跑步機望而生畏。目前，生產(chǎn)電動跑步機的企業(yè)集中在長江三角洲、山東半島及粵、閩沿海地區(qū)，總數(shù)約為50余家，其中具備規(guī)模的約為15家，而合資、獨資企業(yè)約占50%。 電動跑步機系機電一體化產(chǎn)品，采用匯編語言編程，用計算機控制，系國家鼓勵的發(fā)展行業(yè)。該產(chǎn)品的發(fā)展帶動了鋼管制造、塑料制品、電子工業(yè)，電機工業(yè)等系列發(fā)展，使人們身體鍛煉不受場地、環(huán)境、氣候的制約，寓體育鍛煉于休閑娛樂之中，全面提高國民身體素質(zhì)。該產(chǎn)品制作過程中，無污染物及有害物質(zhì)產(chǎn)生，外采購鋼鐵、塑料配件，電子元器件組裝，是綠色制造產(chǎn)業(yè)。 分析市場的廣闊前景，由此設計一種多功能的自動跑步機，根據(jù)市場上現(xiàn)有的跑步機，在其原有功能的基礎上進行改進，具備液晶顯示、記時速度、距離、心跳、血壓測量等功能 技術指標： 1）要求具備計時、速度、心跳、血壓、距離測量等基本功能 2）增加體重測量、定時提醒、MP3等新功能 3）進行裝配、渲染，制作產(chǎn)品的宣傳海報 4）外形設計宜人 跑步機的基本功能就是構建一條運動的跑道（跑步帶），跑道的運動方向與運動者的跑動方向相反，但速度必須自動保持一致，這樣就使得運動者能夠在原地進行跑步鍛煉了。實現(xiàn)跑步機的功能，對跑步帶的驅動與速度控制：通常使用直流電動機驅動，直流電動機通過半導體功率器件，使用脈沖寬度控制（PWM）方式實現(xiàn)調(diào)速。 設計（論文）的內(nèi)容： 1）學習相關軟件 2）查閱相關資料，進行市場調(diào)研，查找跑步機的相關資料 3）確定具體設計方案 4）設計零件圖 5）制作新產(chǎn)品的宣傳海報(用三維軟件進行渲染) 6）編寫畢業(yè)論文 設計（論文）課題應完成的工作： 1）機械裝配圖1張（A0） 2）電器控制原理圖1張（A1） 3）零件圖 （A0） 4）盤1張（包括跑步機機械零件實體文件、裝配文件、說明書電子版） 5）外文翻譯1份（3000字，與設計內(nèi)容相關） 6）畢業(yè)設計說明書1份（15000字） 進度安排： 收集相關資料 3.14~3.21 交開題報告 學習軟件 3.22~4.5 學習相應軟件的使用 確定總體方案 4.6~4.10 明確設計內(nèi)容，參數(shù) 設計零件、繪制草圖 4.11~4.28 設計 設計裝配圖 4.29~5.14 裝配 生成工程圖 5.14~5.21 出圖 編寫畢業(yè)論文 6.5~6.12 完成論文 多功能電動跑步機 （機械部分） 摘要 跑步機是家庭及健身房常備的器材，而且是當今家庭健身器材中最簡單的一種，是家庭健身器的最佳選擇。專家們相信未來跑步機市場將以高價位產(chǎn)品為主導。低價位產(chǎn)品銷售也不錯，近幾年價格已有上升趨勢。注重生活時尚的消費者認為跑步機價格在 1000美元以上是理所當然的事。這些跡象表明，未來跑步機仍會持續(xù)增長。 此次設計的任務為學習相關三維軟件并使用軟件進行電動跑步機機械部分的零件建摸，結構設計，產(chǎn)品的裝配，和最后出產(chǎn)品的渲染圖，發(fā)布產(chǎn)品的宣傳海報。設計過程中使用了三維實體軟件SOLIDWORKS進行了零件的實體建模，和總體結構的設計。設計包括支架，基架，滾筒，跑步板，跑步帶等，設計中參考了國內(nèi)外各品牌結構和樣式，對傳動機構進行了精確計算，而且設計中重點突出了減震系統(tǒng)的重要性和跑步板防靜電的功能性，設計更為人性化，使跑步者能感受到跑步機的力量。 由于跑步機的特殊性，安全問題更值關注，如何正確使用跑步機，和跑步機的保養(yǎng)同樣重要。 關鍵詞：總體結構；傳動機構；減震系統(tǒng)；跑步板；跑步機使用；多功能設計 Abstract The race apparatus is the family and apparatus always on the alert of gymnasium, and the simplest one in the body-building apparatus of the current family, it is the best choice of the family building up body device . The experts believe the race apparatus market will take high price products as the leading factor in the future. Low price products sell too good, price in recent years had the tendency to rise. Pay attention to consumers with fashionable life and think the price of the race apparatus is the natural thing above 1000 U.S. dollars. These signs indicate , the race apparatus will still increase continuously in the future. Have used the three-dimensional entity software SOLIDWORKS to carry on the entity modeling of the part in the course of designing, design with the ensemble architecture . Design and include the support , the base shelf , the cylinder , run board, is it bring to run, design consult domestic and international every brand structure and design, carry on accurate calculation by organization to transmission, and design stress shock attenuation systematic importance and run the static -proof functionality of the board especially, the design enables persons who run to experience the strength of the race apparatus. Because of the particularity of the race apparatus, safe problem is worth paying close attention toer, how to use the race apparatus correctly, it is as important as maintenance of the race apparatus. Key word: Overall structure；Main transfer machinery；Damping system；Run board；Run , machine use；Muti_function design 目 錄 緒論 - 1 - 第1章 總體方案設計 - 2 - 1.1. 基本功能 - 2 - 1.2. 構造設計 - 2 - 1.3. 功能原理的確定 - 3 - 小結 - 3 - 第2章 電動機類型與參數(shù)的選擇 - 4 - 2.1. 類型功率選擇 - 4 - 2.2. 技術參數(shù) - 4 - 小結 - 5 - 第3章 傳動機構設計 - 6 - 3.1. 設計步驟及參數(shù)選擇 - 6 - 3.2. 多楔帶帶輪結構和尺寸選擇 - 9 - 3.3. 帶傳動的張緊裝置的選擇 - 11 - 小結 - 12 - 第4章 外型結構設計 - 13 - 4.1. 基架的設計 - 13 - 4.2. 支架的設計 - 14 - 4.3. 前后罩 - 16 - 小結 - 16 - 第5章 前后滾筒 - 17 - 5.1. 軸承的計算 - 17 - 5.2. 軸結構的設計 - 17 - 5.3. 強度計算 - 18 - 5.4. 滾筒要求 - 19 - 小結 - 20 - 第6章 跑步板及跑步帶設計 - 21 - 6.1. 跑步板 - 21 - 6.2. 跑步帶 - 21 - 6.3. 跑帶調(diào)整：兩個螺栓調(diào)整法 - 21 - 6.4. 跑臺潤滑油的填加 - 22 - 小結 - 23 - 第7章 避震系統(tǒng)的設計 - 24 - 小結 - 25 - 第8章 多功能設計 - 26 - 8.1. 扭腰盤設計 - 26 - 8.2. 連接結構設計 - 26 - 8.3. 旋轉結構設計 - 27 - 8.4. 仰臥起坐架的設計 - 28 - 小結 - 29 - 第9章 使用和維護 - 30 - 9.1. 跑步機的維護與保養(yǎng) - 30 - 9.2. 如何使用跑步機 - 30 - 小結 - 31 - 致謝 - 32 - 參考文獻 - 33 - - 2 - 英文資料 The electronic race apparatus trade calls China's famous brand The domestic electricity wins the race in the family Before 1996, electronic race apparatuses were all foreign products, the ones that entered the family were mostly mechanical race apparatuses that factories reformed system of by the bicycle factory made, compatriots inspire awe even from distance to the imported electronic race apparatus of the price of several ten thousand and even more than ten ten thousand yuan After 1993, with the adjustment of the international industrial structure, S.Korean enterprises shifted to our country, it is the happy and auspicious group company of Shandong that utilizes the electrical machinery of this area, controls the advantage that the power produces at first, set up the special factory in 1994, through the working ability of the substantiating machine, combined domestic and international information, the happy and auspicious group all produced the electronic race apparatus of family expenses in order to make the part by oneself in 1995, and exhibit at the rich meeting of body of Nanchang of next year. Praised as gathering together the auspicious electronic race apparatus of the brand of the first nationality, the output reached 7,000 in that year, the sales volume reaches 5,000, has held the beginning of producing the domestic electronic race apparatus. Up to the production capacity of producing 100,000 per year by 2004 through the technological transformation not stopping , sell race apparatus 4 in the same year. 80,000, output value is 93,600,000 yuan, income from sales is 72 million yuan, finished ISO9001 and European Union CE authentication at the same time , and is chosen as leading brand products in Shandong. Gather together the auspicious electronic race apparatus in order to expand the production scale , the resources of production of rational utilization, successively for some domestic enterprise's sticking brand production , improved the domestic occupation rate of the electronic race apparatus greatly, have offer for numerous enterprises and develop samples too, has driven the flourishing development of the whole trade. The electricity runs: Fashionable body-building products of the fairly comfortable life At present, enterprises which produce the electronic race apparatus centre in the coastal area of the Changjiang Delta , Shandong Peninsula , Guangdong , Fujian, the total amount is about more than 50, it is about 15 that possess scale among them, and the joint-venture , proprietorship account for 50%. The electronic race apparatus is the integrated products of electromechanics, adopt assembler language programming, control with the computer, it is the development trade that the country encourages . The development of this product has driven making, plastic products , electronics industry of steel tube , electrical machinery industry ,etc. series develop , make people health is it limit by place , environment , climate to do exercises, contain physical training in recreation amusement, improve the national physique in an all-round way. In this production course, there are not pollutant and harmful substance that are produced , purchase the steel , plastic fittings outside, the electronic devices and components are assembled, is the green manufacture industry The Central Party Committee which regards Hu Jintao as the General Secretary advocates building harmonious and orderly development environment in a more cost-effective manner, the development of the electronic race apparatus sticks to this theme closely, is playing an important role in driving the trade structural adjustment. Raise through the national income entering the well-off society, the electronic race apparatus begins to enter the family too in recent years, it for example can't gather together the auspicious brand race apparatus not electronic in in, sales volumes of small city chase there aren't annual increment, a lot of urban and rural residents growing rich choose this superior way of building up body one after another , the race apparatus designed in large quantities of humanization is coming out, improve through electronic technology , the technology of the computer , transformation of making the equipment frock , its development space is very big, is a kind of products with sustainable development prospect Three major key elements of promoting national economy to increase healthily are consumption , investment , net export. The development of and the electronic race apparatus, occupy very great proportion among them. One that is with domestic Engel coefficient constant to reduce, by clothing,food,lodging and transportion to raise life quality develop people, the electronic race apparatus will be the optimum seeking apparatus of compatriot's fitness , because by the look of experience of foreign countries, go on balance temper and become the fashion at electronic race apparatus. Classifying looking from national economy, it belongs to the tertiary industry that sports is consumed, it exceeds 10% in succession to accelerate in recent years, and the speed is accelerated year by year. The share of spuring grwoth of the national economic of consumption of sports and keeping fit will inevitablely continue increasing . This kind of fitness is consumed and contained relatively widely, have both consumption of resident and public consumption (such as health club ), its consumption acceleration rate exceeds 20%, among them, the electronic race apparatus exceeds 40%, have stronger growth momentum. Intellectual property right and trade friction The intellectual property right becomes " soft rib " of the sports goods industry of our country, it is the production that because we are correlated with to market economy and with the sports products, it invent, trade,,etc. the knowledge one possession, belong to, know little about game the rules and laws and regulations and the information not relevant not transfer. One sports apparatus or equipment know which country invent , others had already registered unexpectedly, under the situation which contents are registered, but we have produced and sold for many years. Not merely the style , structure are the same for some products, even appearance , color are very close , the more sad one is, because to to ignore above-mentioned situation, we hold oneself is it reach product this birthplace go for exhibiting , sale to produce also, we say , an invention technology or the patented product must go through long and difficult exploration and study , It has condensed the intelligence and energies of the scientific research personnel of sports, the original inventor has paid hardships of going beyond the normal condition for this, ought to receive the protection of the respect and law of the society . One of market obtain products that patent sanction is it copy to copy producer of us already in our country, there is not innovation , this not merely serious others' patent for invention of infringement at all, Make the " bringing the doctrine " and entering into the mistaken idea in vogue for a time of sports goods industry of our country too. Do it in this way, in comparatively close planned economic system, may little someone find or investigate , but today, the gateway of a country is opened further, we must pay a price for this . In 2001, our family participated in U.S.A.'s super exhibition, the sample was just a exhibition, have been detained all products, carry on negotiations several times and make a self-criticism in writing on the grounds of infringing by others, have paid the expensive fine finally; This year, at the rich meeting of German body, the exhibit of another enterprise of ours is asserted and infringed, the other side must speak to and does not forgive people , our enterprises admit a fault , ready to pay the penalty and does not miss , and humiliate this enterprise by every means in public , pass the diplomatic channel finally, the embassy negotiates, has dealt with this . Happen when this kind of case is on our country's market , on the body of our enterprise, the normal order that has not merely disrupted the market, has infringed the interests of rights and interests people, have reduce the international reputation of " made in China ", has damaged the public image of reform and opening-up of our country too. After our country enters the WTO , the self-satisfied Chinese brand is trying hard to seize the opportunity, while going abroad, the western developed country has made the strategic defence in time with this, set up to of our country sports goods including technology , standard , getting green environmental protection , move plant protection , anti-dumping , intellectual property right , community responsibility dishes of dishes of barrier, close down , stop the entry of the like product with the extremely unkind clause . Meanwhile, they also used three " unique skills ", first, strengthened the registered dynamics to the patented technology of the products. In 2002, accounted for 5 at home in our country authorized the patent for invention. 2%, and accounts for 76 abroad. 1%; Accounts for 3 at home in the post with high technical advantage is invented. 6%, and accounts for 96 abroad. 2%. Second, the one that strengthened to the market of our country was monitored . In order to safeguard its one's own image and interests, attack the rival, the external brand is sent full-time or hire personnel, but the great majority are still the commercial networks utilizing the whole country to open, carry on omni-directional monitoring to the market of our country. They carry on the investigation to classification of the goods , selling structure , product cost and consumer demand in the name of surveying and studying the market. A main one to investigate tort of all kinds of of the like product, including product design , appearance , inside structure , enterprise identification and various kinds of datum ,etc., then assemble the picture , material object and written historical materials in the policy-making level of the company in time. On the market not normal of our country at present, all kinds of imitate , infringe the phenomenon and exist seriously, they once opportunity ripe, can hit out severely, never soft, as to this we must highly watch out for . Third, strengthen and is protected and put to the customs on record and applied working. The external brand tries hard to solve from flowing into outside the border and from exporting to the fake and forged products of the overseas market within the border through this kind of way , have domestic and international 1300 more than share is it is it involve thousands of of brand to apply to put on record 2003, through to protect jointly the whole country all pass, have notable effect. Because of the absolute predominance in price of sports goods of our country , make international trade rub constantly, embody in the anti-dumping mainly. Taking sports shoes as an example, our country is the manufacture big country of sports shoes in the world, because the domestic market is limited in capacity, the majority depended on exporting, 2003, exported about 3,200 million pairs. Nike shoes the whole world sell 60% China production, beautiful Tianjin strong shoes the whole world sell 90% make for China, world shoes-making big country Spain have 14 sports shoes factory, sports shoes that China makes import more than 70 million pairs every year, price of each pair of ordinary sports shoes is more than 20 euro on this country's market. And the sports shoes price of 3-2 euro of equal quality which China make.In OEM business, our country processes about about 3 dollars for a pair of better sports shoes profit, processing one racket 1-2 U.S. dollar, make one have 70 more than air gun profit that part make up in 10 dollars about, processing is about in 7-8 dollars a top-grade sportswear. But once products that China make these stick identification , world of famous brand, know personal value ten to dozens of times. China span and weave the big country in the world at the same time , after protection period, clothing quota cancels the global fabrics, the sportswears of our country will gain larger development space on the international market. A large amount of good and inexpensive " made in China " enters the international market, has brought the generous profit to businessmen of various countries, great too amazing and national consumer market, The ones that caused the importer are panic and uneasy at the same time, they regard " made in China " as dreadful monsters, is it seize market of them to think, then claim case , case of encroachment of right , anti-dumping probe , cook shoes incident ,etc. to is it discriminate against restriction incident of color happen again and again seriously to have, it is estimated after protection period, this kind of incident will still continue happenning. No famous brand , no competitiveness The precedence accounted for in national economy of sports industry of the developed country ranks more than ten location , main trade and main power of grwoth of the national economic, because our country trade this does not unify and not centralized lacking regulation and control that putting in place and counting systemming, so, guide and encourage the momentum of this industry development to lag behind correspondingly . But with the deepening development and drive of the Olympic Games economy of the national fitness campaign, regard famous-brand strategy implementation as opportunity, combine industrial structure constantly, the trade will demonstrate important status of national economy their more and more. The manufacturing industry of the foreign electronic race apparatus started since last century later stage of the seventies, compared with like product in our country, except that have and relatively take the lead in style diversification and surtax functional development, other disparity are relatively small. Such as steel, the belted steel that my national treasure steel , Anshan Iron and Steel Plant ,etc. produce reaches or exceeds the international standard , related steel tube its is it reach foreign standard too to make, electrical machinery wait for electricity run fittings is it digest and assimilate to adopt, we develop in the international advanced ranks from material to new style. So, the electronic race apparatus is different from the plane , automobile trade , nearly have little disparity with advanced level in foreign countries. Therefore, the internationally famous electricity runs in the manufacturing enterprise and pays close attention to day by day, has already begun to let enterprises of our country produce sticking to brand products for it. Though growth momentum fine, domestic electricity run circumstances at domestic and international markets or have difference. Main reason not strong of the competitiveness in the international market of the domestic electronic race apparatus, lack the effect of leading brand products. And compared with overseas enterprise start than such reasons as the impact to the market for late , some fake and forged production of small enterprise ,etc., have weakened the market competitiveness of the domestic electronic race apparatus too At present,love brand not internationally famous health , strength strong in, must true, space, having a match there aren't one hundred, some furnish a huge amount of money for making the investment and founding the factory, and exert pressure to domestic enterprises with higher brand awareness, under this situation , promote the emergence of leading brand products of electronic race apparatus as soon as possible, can yet be regarded as the government and promote one of the national industry of the electronic race apparatus effectively, promote national brand and domestic product raise a heavy shortcut , international market of competitiveness too. In a situation that the international market competition of the electronic race apparatus is fierce , domestic product will you please win , could move forward in close relations effectively in time with famous brand strategy. The strong promotion of the Whole-Peop1e Health-Building Plan, the pulling of sports consumption of the Olympic Games economy, drive the tremendous development of the sports industry effectively, have far-reaching meanings in promoting the public cognition degree of the Chinese sports goods, to the development of the sports goods industry including electronic race apparatus, to the whole promotion promoting the sports goods industry trade, construct scale merit, enter the global markets , will all offer a large stage, sports and keeping fit undertaking and the Olympic Games economy are all calling China's famous brand , the electronic race apparatus is calling China's famous brand . 電動跑步機行業(yè)呼喚中國名牌 國產(chǎn)電跑第一家 1996年之前,電動跑步機都是國外產(chǎn)品，進入家庭的大都是由自行車廠改制的生產(chǎn)廠制造的機械跑步機,國人對價格幾萬乃至十幾萬元的進口電動跑步機望而生畏。 1993年以后，隨著國際產(chǎn)業(yè)結構的調(diào)整，韓國企業(yè)向我國轉移，首先是山東祥和集團公司利用該地區(qū)電機、控制電源生產(chǎn)的優(yōu)勢，于1994年組建了專廠，通過充實機加工能力，結合國內(nèi)外信息，祥和集團于1995年生產(chǎn)出了全部為自制部件的家用電動跑步機，并于次年的南昌體博會上參展。被譽為第一個民族品牌的匯祥電動跑步機，當年產(chǎn)量達到七千臺，銷量達到五千臺，開了生產(chǎn)國產(chǎn)電動跑步機的先河。通過不停的技術改造，到2004年達到了年產(chǎn)十萬臺的生產(chǎn)能力，同年銷售跑步機4.8萬臺，產(chǎn)值9360萬元，銷售收入7200萬元，同時完成了ISO9001及歐盟CE認證，并被評為山東名牌產(chǎn)品。 匯祥電動跑步機為擴大生產(chǎn)規(guī)模，合理利用生產(chǎn)資源，先后為一些國產(chǎn)企業(yè)貼牌生產(chǎn)，極大地提高了電動跑步機的國產(chǎn)占有率，也為眾多企業(yè)提供了發(fā)展樣品，帶動了整個行業(yè)的蓬勃發(fā)展。 電跑:小康生活的時尚健身產(chǎn)品 目前，生產(chǎn)電動跑步機的企業(yè)集中在長江三角洲、山東半島及粵、閩沿海地區(qū)，總數(shù)約為50余家，其中具備規(guī)模的約為15家，而合資、獨資企業(yè)約占50%。 電動跑步機系機電一體化產(chǎn)品，采用匯編語言編程，用計算機控制，系國家鼓勵的發(fā)展行業(yè)。該產(chǎn)品的發(fā)展帶動了鋼管制造、塑料制品、電子工業(yè)，電機工業(yè)等系列發(fā)展，使人們身體鍛煉不受場地、環(huán)境、氣候的制約，寓體育鍛煉于休閑娛樂之中，全面提高國民身體素質(zhì)。該產(chǎn)品制作過程中，無污染物及有害物質(zhì)產(chǎn)生，外采購鋼鐵、塑料配件，電子元器件組裝，是綠色制造產(chǎn)業(yè)。 以胡錦濤為總書記的黨中央大力倡導建設和諧有序的發(fā)展環(huán)境，電動跑步機的發(fā)展就緊貼這一主題，為帶動行業(yè)結構調(diào)整發(fā)揮著重要作用。通過進入小康社會的國民收入提高，電動跑步機近年來也開始進入家庭，例如匯祥牌電動跑步機在中、小城市的銷售量逐年增量超過50%，許多富裕起來的城鄉(xiāng)居民紛紛選擇這一優(yōu)越的健身方式，一大批人性化設計的跑步機正在問世，通過電子技術、計算機技術、制造設備工裝的改造革新，其發(fā)展空間很大，是一種有可持續(xù)發(fā)展前途的產(chǎn)品。 促進國民經(jīng)濟健康增長的三大要素為消費、投資、凈出口。而電動跑步機的發(fā)展，在其中占有很大比重。隨著國內(nèi)恩格爾系數(shù)的不斷降低，人們由衣食住行向提高生活質(zhì)量發(fā)展，電動跑步機將是國人健身的優(yōu)選器材，因為，從國外的經(jīng)驗看，在電動跑步機上進行平衡鍛煉已經(jīng)成為時尚。從國民經(jīng)濟分類看，體育消費屬第三產(chǎn)業(yè)，近年增速連續(xù)超過10%，而且速度逐年加快。體育健身的消費拉動國民經(jīng)濟增長的份額必然會繼續(xù)增加。這種健身消費涵蓋較廣，既有居民消費又有公共消費（如健身俱樂部等），它的消費增速超過20%，其中，電動跑步機超過40%，具有較強的發(fā)展勢頭。、知識產(chǎn)權與貿(mào)易摩擦 ??? 知識產(chǎn)權之所以成為我國體育用品業(yè)的“軟肋”，是因為我們對市場經(jīng)濟以及與體育產(chǎn)品相關的生產(chǎn)、發(fā)明、貿(mào)易、等知識的擁有、歸屬、轉讓的游戲規(guī)則以及相關法律、法規(guī)和信息知之甚少。一件體育器材或設備竟在不知道是哪國發(fā)明的，人家是否已經(jīng)注冊，注冊了哪些內(nèi)容的情況下，我們卻生產(chǎn)和賣了多年。有的產(chǎn)品不僅款式、結構一樣，連外觀、顏色都十分相近，更可悲的是，由于對上述情況的漠視，我們還拿著自己生產(chǎn)的（實際上是仿造人家的專利產(chǎn)品）到該產(chǎn)品的誕生地去參展、銷售，我們說，一件發(fā)明技術或專利產(chǎn)品都必須經(jīng)歷漫長而艱難的探索和研究，它凝聚了體育科研人員的智慧和心血，原發(fā)明者為此付出了超常的艱辛，理應受到社會的尊重和法律的保護。在我國市場一件已經(jīng)獲專利批準的產(chǎn)品被我們的廠家抄來抄去，毫無創(chuàng)新，這不僅嚴重的侵犯了人家的發(fā)明專利，也使我國體育用品業(yè)一度盛行的“拿來主義”走入了誤區(qū)。這樣做，在較為封閉的計劃經(jīng)濟體制下，可能少有人發(fā)現(xiàn)或追究，但在國門進一步打開的今天，我們必須為此而付出代價。2001年，我們一家參加美國超級展，樣品剛一展出，就被人家以侵權為由，扣留了全部的產(chǎn)品，幾經(jīng)交涉和書面檢討，最終交了昂貴的罰款；今年，在德國體博會上，我們的另一家企業(yè)的展品又被認定侵權，對方得理不饒人，我們的企業(yè)認錯、認罰都不放過，并當眾對該企業(yè)百般羞辱，最后還是通過外交途徑，使館出面交涉，處理了此事。此類案件在我國市場、在我們企業(yè)的身上時有發(fā)生，不僅擾亂了市場的正常秩序，侵犯了權益人的利益，降低了 “中國制造”的國際聲譽，也損害了我國改革開放的公眾形象。 我國入世后，躊躇滿志的中國品牌正力圖抓住機遇，走出國門之際，西方發(fā)達國家對此及時做出了戰(zhàn)略性防御，對我國體育用品設置了包括技術、標準、綠色環(huán)保、動植物保護、反傾銷、知識產(chǎn)權以及社會責任等道道壁壘，用極其刻薄的條款封殺、阻擋同類產(chǎn)品的進入。與此同時，他們還使出了三道“殺手锏”，一是加大了對產(chǎn)品專利技術的注冊力度。2002年，在我國授權發(fā)明專利中，國內(nèi)占5.2％，而國外占76.1％；在技術含量較高的職務發(fā)明中，國內(nèi)占3.6％，而國外占96.2％。 ??? 二是加強對我國市場的監(jiān)視。為維護其自身的形象和利益，打擊競爭對手，境外品牌派專職或雇傭人員，但大多數(shù)還是利用全國開設的銷售網(wǎng)點，對我國市場進行全方位的監(jiān)視。他們以調(diào)研市場為名，對商品類別、銷售結構、產(chǎn)品價格以及消費者需求進行調(diào)查。最主要的是調(diào)查同類產(chǎn)品中各類的侵權行為，包括產(chǎn)品設計、外觀、內(nèi)部結構、企業(yè)標識及各種數(shù)據(jù)等，然后將圖片、實物及文字資料及時匯聚于公司決策層。目前在我國不盡規(guī)范的市場上，各類假冒、侵權現(xiàn)象嚴重存在，他們一旦時機成熟，便會重拳出擊，決不手軟，對此我們必須高度警惕。 三是加大對海關保護備案申請工作。境外品牌力圖通過這種途徑來解決從境外流入和從境內(nèi)出口到國外市場的假冒偽劣產(chǎn)品，2003年有國內(nèi)外1300多份備案申請涉及品牌數(shù)千種，通過了全國所有關口的聯(lián)手保護，成效顯著。 由于我國體育用品在價格上的絕對優(yōu)勢，使國際貿(mào)易中摩擦不斷，主要體現(xiàn)在反傾銷。以運動鞋為例，我國是世界上運動鞋制造大國，由于國內(nèi)市場容量有限，絕大部分靠出口，2003年，出口約32億雙。耐克鞋全球銷售60%為中國生產(chǎn)，美津濃鞋全球銷售90％為中國制造，世界制鞋大國西班牙有14個運動鞋廠，中國制造的運動鞋每年進口7000多萬雙，該國市場上每雙普通運動鞋價格在20多歐元。而中國制造的同等質(zhì)量的運動鞋售價3～2歐元。在OEM業(yè)務中，我國加工一雙較好的運動鞋利潤約在3美元左右，加工一支羽毛球拍1～2美元，制造一支有70多個零件組成的氣槍利潤在10美元左右，加工一套高檔的運動服在7～8美元左右。然而這些中國制造的產(chǎn)品一旦貼上世界名牌的標識，就會身價十至幾十倍。中國同時還是世界上紡織大國，保護期結束后，全球紡織品服裝配額取消，我國的運動服裝將在國際市場贏得更大的發(fā)展空間。大量的物美價廉的“中國制造”進入國際市場，給各國商人帶來了豐厚的利潤，也極大的刺激了本國的消費市場，同時也引起了進口國的恐慌和不安，他們