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1、 外文資料 Mine hoisting in deep shafts in the 1st half of 21st Century Key words: deep shaft, mine hosting, Blair winder, rope safety factor, drum sizing, skip factor Introduction The mineral deposits are exploited on deeper and deeper levels. In connection with this, definitions like “de

2、ep level” and “deep shaft” became more and more popular. These definitions concern the depth where special rules regarding an excavation driving, exploitation, rock pressure control, lining construction, ventilation, underground and vertical transport, work organization and economics apply. It has

3、 pointed out that the “deep level” is a very relative definition and should be used only with a reference to particular hydro-geological, mining and technical conditions in a mine or coal-field. It should be also strictly defined what area of “deep level” or “deep shaft” definitions are considered.

4、It can be for example: - mining geo-engineering, - technology of excavation driving, - ventilation (temperature). It is obvious that the “deep level” defined from one point of view, not necessarily means a “deep level” in another area. According to [5] as a deep mine we can treat each mine i

5、f: - the depth is higher than 2300 m or - mineral deposit temperature is higher than 38 C. It is well known that the most of deep mines are in South Africa. Usually, they are gold or diamonds mines. Economic deposits of gold-bearing ore are known to exist at depths up to 5000 m in a number o

6、f South Africa regions. However, due to the depth and structure of the reef in some areas, previous methods of reaching deeper reefs using sub-vertical shaft systems would not be economically viable. Thus, the local mining industry is actively investigating new techniques for a single-lift shaft up

7、to 3500 m deep in the near future and probably around 5000 m afterwards. When compared with the maximum length of wind currently in operation of 2500 m, it is apparent that some significant innovations will be required. The most important matter in the deep mine is the vertical transport and the m

8、ine hoisting used in the shaft. From the literature [1-12] results that B.M.R. (Blair Multi-Rope) hoist is preferred to be used in deep mines in South Africa. From the economic point of view, the most important factors are: - construction and parameters of winding ropes (safety factor, mainly),

9、- mine hoisting drums capacity, Hoisting Installation The friction hoist (up to 2100 m), single drum and the double drum (classic and Blair type double drum) hoist are used in deep shafts in South Africa. Drum winders Drum winders are most widely used in South Africa and probably in the wo

10、rld. Three types of winders fall into this category - Single drum winders, - Double drum winders, - Blair multi-rope winders (BMR). Double drum winders Two drums are used on a single shaft, with the ropes coiled in opposite directions with the conveyances balancing each other. One or both

11、drums are clutched to the shaft enabling the relative shaft position of the conveyances to be changed and permitting the balanced hoisting from multiple levels The Blair Multi-Rope System (BMR) In 1957 Robert Blair introduced a system whereby the advantage of the drum winder could be extended to

12、 two or more ropes. The two-rope system developed incorporated a two-compartment drum with a rope per compartment and two ropes attached to a single conveyance. He also developed a rope tension-compensating pulley to be attached to the conveyance. The Department of Mines allowed the statutory factor

13、 of safety for hoisting minerals to be 4,275 instead of 4,5 provided the capacity factor in either rope did not fall below the statutory factor of 9. This necessitated the use of some form of compensation to ensure an equitable distribution of load between the two ropes. Because the pulley compensat

14、ion is limited, Blair also developed a device to detect the miscalling on the drum, as this could cause the ropes to move at different speeds and so affect their load sharing capability. Fig.2 shows the depth payload characteristics of double drum, BMR and Koepe winders. The B.M.R. hoist is used a

15、lmost exclusively in South Africa, probably because they were invented there, particularly for the deep shaft use. There is one installation in England. Because of this hoists physical characteristics, and South African mining rules favouring it in one respect, they are used mostly for the deep shaf

16、t mineral hoisting. The drum diameters are smaller than that of an equivalent conventional hoist, so one advantage is that they are more easily taken underground for sub-shaft installations. A Blair hoist is essentially a conventional hoist with wider drums, each drum having a centre flange that e

17、nables it to coil two ropes attached to a skip via two headsheaves. The skip connection has a balance wheel, similar to a large multi-groove V-belt sheave, to allow moderate rope length changes during winding. The sheaves can raise or lower to equalize rope tensions. The Blair hoists physical adva

18、ntage is that the drum diameter can be smaller than usual and, with two ropes to handle the load, each rope can be much smaller. The government mining regulations permit a 5 % lower safety factor at the sheave for mineral hoisting with Blair hoists. This came about from a demonstration by the% permi

19、ts the Blair hoists to go a little deeper than the other do. The gearless B.M.R. hoist at East Dreifontein looks similar to an in-line hoist except that the drums are joined mechanically and they are a little out of line with each other. This is because each drum directly faces its own sheaves for

20、 the best fleet angle. The two hoist motors are fed via thyristor rectifier/inverter units from a common 6.6-KV busbar. The motors are thus coupled electrically so that the skips in the shaft run in balance, similar to a conventional double-drum hoist. Each motor alternates its action as a DC genera

21、tor or DC motor, either feeding in or taking out energy from the system. The gearless Blair can be recognized by the offset drums and the four brake units. A second brake is always a requirement, each drum must have two brakes, because the two drums have no mechanical connection to each other. Most

22、recent large B.M.R. hoists are 4.27 or 4.57 m in diameter, with 44.5 47.6 mm ropes [1]. In arriving at a drum size the following parameters have been used: - The rope to be coiled in four layers, - The rope tread pressure at the maximum static tension to be less than 3,2 MPa, - The drum to

23、rope diameter ratio to be greater than 127 to allow for a rope speed of 20 m/s. With the above and a need to limit the axial length of the drums, a rope compartment of 8,5 m diameter by 2,8 m wide, was chosen. The use of 5 layers of coiled rope could reduce the rope compartment width to 2,15 m but

24、 this option has been discarded at this stage because of possible detrimental effects on the rope life.  中文譯文 21 世紀前半葉礦井提升機在深井中的應用 關鍵詞: 深井，礦井提升機，布萊爾提升機, 鋼絲繩安全要素，滾筒尺寸， 驟變要素 礦物沉淀物在越來越深的水平上被開采。 關于這方面，像“深水平面”和“深井”的定義 變得越來越流行了。這些定義與有關特殊規(guī)則方面的深度有關，涉及到挖掘操縱 、開采、 巖石壓力控制、內(nèi)層建造、通風，地下和垂直的運輸, 勞動組織和經(jīng)

25、濟學應用。 “ 深水平面 ”已經(jīng)被指出是一種非常相對的定義，這個定義應當只能用于采礦或煤領域有關特殊的水-地質(zhì)學, 采礦和技術條件方面的參考。 它也應當用于嚴格定義已經(jīng)公認的有關“深水平面”或“深井”領域的定義。 可以舉例來說: - 采礦工程技術, - 開采操縱技術, - 通風 (降低溫度). 明顯的是，從一方面得到的“深水平面”定義,在其他領域并不意味著“深水平面” 。 根據(jù)第5段提到的“深井”，我們可以設想每一個礦井： - 深度超過2300米深或者 - 礦石沉積物的溫度超過38攝氏度。 廣為人知的是大部分深井在南非。 通常，它們是金礦或者鉆石礦井。人們都知道像黃金方面礦石的

26、經(jīng)濟沉淀物存在于南非一些深達5000米的深井領域。 然而，在一些區(qū)域中，存在暗礁的深度和結構要素，先前在垂直的深井中使用的到達深度暗礁的方法在經(jīng)濟上不可取。 因此，當?shù)氐牟傻V業(yè)正在積極地研究在不久的將來能夠用于深度達到3500米或者未來深度在5000米左右的礦井中的單一提升技術。相對于當今深度達2500米的礦井中的提升技術，它的一些創(chuàng)新在將來會有很大的意義。 在深井中最重要的事件是垂直運輸以及礦井提升技術在井中的應用。參考文獻的1至12篇可以得出這樣的結論:布萊爾多繩提升機在南非的深井應用中是首選的。 從經(jīng)濟學的觀點看, 最重要的要素是: - 提升繩索的構造和參數(shù)(主要是安全要素) -

27、礦井提升絞車的承載能力, 摩擦提升機（提升深度達2100米），單獨的 和雙滾筒提升機（第一流的和布萊爾形式的雙滾筒提升機）廣泛應用于南非地區(qū)。 1 Carbogno Alfred Ing 博士, 來自波蘭格利維策市西里西亞技術大學，采礦機械化學會， Akademicka 2 ， PL 44-101 Gliwice, (他于2002年8月5日修訂了先前被公認為是標準的版本) 滾筒提升機 滾筒提升機被廣泛應用于南非或許全世界。 三種類型的提升機屬于這樣的類型： - 單一滾筒提升機, - 雙鼓提升機, （3）布萊爾多繩繞線機 (BMR). 雙滾筒提升機 雙滾筒應用于單井

28、，鋼絲繩以相對的方向纏繞在它的上面，以保持運輸工具的平衡。單一或者雙滾筒附著于井，使得運輸工具能夠在相對于井的位置上變換以及從不等高的水平面平穩(wěn)的提升。 布萊爾多繩系統(tǒng) (BMR)在 1957 年，布萊爾羅伯特引進了一種提升系統(tǒng)，這種系統(tǒng)可以將滾筒的優(yōu)勢擴大到能夠纏繞兩根或多根鋼絲繩。 這種雙繩系統(tǒng)發(fā)展成為二合一的滾筒，每一部分一根繩以及兩根繩附著在單一的運輸工具上。 他也開發(fā)了一種張緊滑輪裝置，把它附著在運輸工具上。 礦山部門說：倘若任何一根繩的承載能力要素不能降至法定要素9以下，將允許提升機械的法定安全要素從4275更改為45。這樣一種補償?shù)谋匾允沟锰幱趦筛K之間的載荷能夠平衡分配。因

29、為滑輪的補償作用有限，布萊爾同樣發(fā)明了一種裝置來監(jiān)測滾筒的誤差，因為這樣可以使得鋼絲繩能夠以不同的速度移動以及干預兩根繩能夠按他們的實際承載能力分配。 圖2描述了雙滾筒的深度有效載荷的特性，布萊爾和Koepe提升機。 布萊爾提升機幾乎專一性的應用于南非地區(qū)，或許由于這些機器是在那兒發(fā)明的，尤其是應用于深井。 在英國有一套設備。 因為這種提升機的物理性能好，以及南非地區(qū)的礦井規(guī)程在某一方面特別親賴于它，他們主要被應用于深井提升系統(tǒng)。這種滾筒的直徑比普通相當規(guī)格的提升機小，因此一方面的優(yōu)點是它們更加便于在井下安裝。 布萊爾提升機本質(zhì)上是帶有寬鼓的常規(guī)提升機，每個滾筒有一個中心凸輪，以使得兩根繩

30、子能夠纏繞在上面，用來急速改變兩個主導輪。 急變系統(tǒng)擁有一個平衡輪, 類似于大的多凹槽形的V帶滑輪, 以允許在提升過程中繩索長度的適度變化?；喣苌鸹蛘呓档鸵允沟娩摻z繩的張緊力相等。 布萊爾提升機的物理性能優(yōu)勢表現(xiàn)在滾筒的直徑比普通的小，以及兩根繩子同時承載載荷，使得每根繩子能夠變得更加小些。政府部門的采礦規(guī)則允許使用布萊爾提升機的礦井在滑輪安全要素方面低于正常5％。這從發(fā)明家羅勃特布萊爾的演示可以看出, 一根嚴格符合要求的鋼絲繩,以額定速度運轉， 由剩余的鋼絲繩承擔負載。 這 5% 的安全要素允許布萊爾提升機比其他提升機稍微深入一些。 在Dreifontein東部的無傳動裝置的 B.

31、M.R. 提升機除滾筒連接以及它們相互不在同一中心外，從外表上看似同軸提升機。這是因為每個滾筒直接地面對自己的滑槽輪而獲得最佳的深淺角度。 兩個提升機的馬達通過6.6千伏的半導體閘流管整流換流器/反用換流器來反饋。馬達與電相連接以便軸中的急變能夠保持平衡，類似于傳統(tǒng)的雙滾筒提升機。每臺馬達交替變換它們的作用相當于直流發(fā)電機或者直流電動機任意的從系統(tǒng)中輸入或者輸出能量。無傳動裝置的布萊爾提升機能夠被偏移滾筒和四種剎車裝置所檢驗。 第二種剎車永遠是必要的，每個滾筒必須有兩個剎車，因為兩個滾筒之間沒有機械連接。大部分最新的布萊爾提升機直徑達到4.27或者4.57米，附帶有直徑達44.5至47.6毫米的鋼絲繩。 在達到滾筒的尺寸方面，以下的參數(shù)已經(jīng)被采用: - 鋼絲繩被纏繞成四層, - 鋼絲繩的最大靜態(tài)壓力要小于32兆帕, - 滾筒與鋼絲繩的直徑比要大于127，以保證鋼絲繩的速度達到20米/秒。 綜上所述為限制滾筒的軸的長度的需要，鋼絲繩減速箱的尺寸選擇為直徑85米、寬28米。 5層纏繞的鋼絲繩的利用可以使鋼絲繩間隔間的寬度減少到215米，但是這種想法在此階段已經(jīng)被放棄，是因為它們可能對鋼絲繩的壽命有負面影響。