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1、外文資料 ANSFER AND UNIT MACHINE TR While the specific intention and application for transfer and unit machine vary from one machine type to another, all forms of transfer and unit machine have common benefits. Here are but a few of the more important benefits offered by TRANSFER AND UNIT MACHINE equi

2、pment. The first benefit offered by all forms of transfer and unit machine is improved automation. The operator intervention related to producing work pieces can be reduced or eliminated. Many transfer and unit machine can run unattended during their entire machining cycle, freeing the operator to

3、 do other tasks. This gives the transfer and unit machine user several side benefits including reduced operator fatigue, fewer mistakes caused by human error, and consistent and predictable machining time for each work piece. Since the machine will be running under program control, the skill level r

4、equired of the transfer and unit machine operator (related to basic machining practice) is also reduced as compared to a machinist producing work pieces with conventional machine tools. The second major benefit of transfer and unit machine technology is consistent and accurate work pieces. Todays

5、transfer and unit machines boast almost unbelievable accuracy and repeat ability specifications. This means that once a program is verified, two, ten, or one thousand identical work pieces can be easily produced with precision and consistency. The third benefit offered by most forms of transfer an

6、d unit machine tools is flexibility. Since these machines are run from programs, running a different work piece is almost as easy as loading a different program. Once a program has been verified and executed for one production run, it can be easily recalled the next time the work piece is to be run.

7、 This leads to yet another benefit, fast change over. Since these machines are very easy to set up and run, and since programs can be easily loaded, they allow very short setup time. This is imperative with todays just-in-time (JIT) product requirements. Motion control - the heart of transfer and

8、unit machine The most basic function of any transfer and unit machine is automatic, precise, and consistent motion control. Rather than applying completely mechanical devices to cause motion as is required on most conventional machine tools, transfer and unit machines allow motion control in a rev

9、olutionary manner2. All forms of transfer and unit machine equipment have two or more directions of motion, called axes. These axes can be precisely and automatically positioned along their lengths of travel. The two most common axis types are linear (driven along a straight path) and rotary (driven

10、 along a circular path). Instead of causing motion by turning cranks and hand wheels as is required on conventional machine tools, transfer and unit machines allow motions to be commanded through programmed commands. Generally speaking, the motion type (rapid, linear, and circular), the axes to mo

11、ve, the amount of motion and the motion rate (federate) are programmable with almost all transfer and unit machine tools. A transfer and unit machine command executed within the control tells the drive motor to rotate a precise number of times. The rotation of the drive motor in turn rotates the b

12、all screw. And the ball screw drives the linear axis (slide). A feedback device (linear scale) on the slide allows the control to confirm that the commanded number of rotations has taken place3. Though a rather crude analogy, the same basic linear motion can be found on a common table vise. As you

13、rotate the vise crank, you rotate a lead screw that, in turn, drives the movable jaw on the vise. By comparison, a linear axis on a transfer and unit machine machine tool is extremely precise. The number of revolutions of the axis drive motor precisely controls the amount of linear motion along the

14、axis. How axis motion is commanded - understanding coordinate systems It would be in feasible for the transfer and unit machine user to cause axis motion by trying to tell each axis drive motor how many times to rotate in order to command a given linear motion amount4. (This would be like havi

15、ng to figure out how many turns of the handle on a table vise will cause the movable jaw to move exactly one inch!) Instead, all transfer and unit machine controls allow axis motion to be commanded in a much simpler and more logical way by utilizing some form of coordinate system. The two most popul

16、ar coordinate systems used with transfer and unit machines are the rectangular coordinate system and the polar coordinate system. By far, the more popular of these two is the rectangular coordinate system. The program zero point establishes the point of reference for motion commands in a transfer

17、and unit machine program. This allows the programmer to specify movements from a common location. If program zero is chosen wisely, usually coordinates needed for the program can be taken directly from the print. With this technique, if the programmer wishes the tool to be sent to a position one i

18、nch to the right of the program zero point, X1.0 is commanded. If the programmer wishes the tool to move to a position one inch above the program zero point, Y1.0 is commanded. The control will automatically determine how many times to rotate each axis drive motor and ball screw to make the axis rea

19、ch the commanded destination point . This lets the programmer command axis motion in a very logical manner. All discussions to this point assume that the absolute mode of programming is used6. The most common transfer and unit machine word used to designate the absolute mode is G90. In the absolut

20、e mode, the end points for all motions will be specified from the program zero point. For beginners, this is usually the best and easiest method of specifying end points for motion commands. However, there is another way of specifying end points for axis motion. In the incremental mode (commonly s

21、pecified by G91), end points for motions are specified from the tools current position, not from program zero. With this method of commanding motion, the programmer must always be asking \far should I move the tool.While there are times when the incremental mode can be very helpful, generally speaki

22、ng, this is the more cumbersome and difficult method of specifying motion and beginners should concentrate on using the absolute mode. Be careful when making motion commands. Beginners have the tendency to think incrementally. If working in the absolute mode (as beginners should), the programmer s

23、hould always be asking. This position is relative to program zero, NOT from the tools current position. Aside from making it very easy to determine the current position for any command, another benefit of working in the absolute mode has to do with mistakes made during motion commands. In the abso

24、lute mode, if a motion mistake is made in one command of the program, only one movement will be incorrect. On the other hand, if a mistake is made during incremental movements, all motions from the point of the mistake will also be incorrect. Assigning program zero Keep in mind that the transfer

25、 and unit machine control must be told the location of the program zero point by one means or another. How this is done varies dramatically from one transfer and unit machine and control to another8. One (older) method is to assign program zero in the program. With this method, the programmer tells

26、the control how far it is from the program zero point to the starting position of the machine. This is commonly done with a G92 (or G50) command at least at the beginning of the program and possibly at the beginning of each tool. Another, newer and better way to assign program zero is through some

27、 form of offset.. Commonly machining center control manufacturers call offsets used to assign program zero fixture offsets. Turning center manufacturers commonly call offsets used to assign program zero for each tool geometry offsets. Flexible manufacturing cells A flexible manufacturing cell (F

28、MC) can be considered as a flexible manufacturing subsystem. The following differences exist between the FMC and the FMS: 1. An FMC is not under the direct control of the central computer. Instead, instructions from the central computer are passed to the cell controller. 2. The cell is limited

29、 in the number of part families it can manufacture、The following elements are normally found in an FMC:Cell controller 、Programmable logic controller (PLC)、More than one machine tool 、A materials handling device (robot or pallet) 3.The FMC executes fixed machining operations with parts flowing seq

30、uentially between operations. High speed machining The term High Speed Machining (HSM) commonly refers to end milling at high rotational speeds and high surface feeds. For instance, the routing of pockets in aluminum air frame sections with a very high material removal rate1. Over the past 60 ye

31、ars, HSM has been applied to a wide range of metallic and non-metallic work piece materials, including the production of components with specific surface topography requirements and machining of materials with hardness of 50 HRC and above. With most steel components hardened to approximately 32-42 H

32、RC, machining options currently include: Rough machining and semi-finishing of the material in its soft (annealed) condition heat treatment to achieve the final required hardness = 63 HRC machining of electrodes and Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) of specific parts of dies and moulds (specifica

33、lly small radii and deep cavities with limited accessibility for metal cutting tools) finishing and super-finishing of cylindrical/flat/cavity surfaces with appropriate cemented carbide, cermet, solid carbide, mixed ceramic or polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN) For many components, the pro

34、duction process involves a combination of these options and in the case of dies and moulds it also includes time consuming hand finishing. Consequently, production costs can be high and lead times excessive. It is typical in the die and mould industry to produce one or just a few tools of the same

35、 design. The process involves constant changes to the design, and because of these changes there is also a corresponding need for measuring and reverse engineering . The main criteria is the quality level of the die or mould regarding dimensional, geometric and surface accuracy. If the quality lev

36、el after machining is poor and if it cannot meet the requirements, there will be a varying need of manual finishing work. This work produces satisfactory surface accuracy, but it always has a negative impact on the dimensional and geometric accuracy. One of the main aims for the die and mould indu

37、stry has been, and still is, to reduce or eliminate the need for manual polishing and thus improve the quality and shorten the production costs and lead times. Main economical and technical factors for the development of HSM Survival The ever increasing competition in the marketplace is continua

38、lly setting new standards. The demands on time and cost efficiency is getting higher and higher. This has forced the development of new processes and production techniques to take place. HSM provides hope and solutions... Materials The development of new, more difficult to machine materials has

39、underlined the necessity to find new machining solutions. The aerospace industry has its heat resistant and stainless steel alloys. The automotive industry has different bimetal compositions, Compact Graphite Iron and an ever increasing volume of aluminum3. The die and mould industry mainly has to f

40、ace the problem of machining high hardened tool steels, from roughing to finishing. Quality The demand for higher component or product quality is the result of ever increasing competition. HSM, if applied correctly, offers a number of solutions in this area. Substitution of manual finishing is o

41、ne example, which is especially important on dies and moulds or components with a complex 3D geometry. Processes The demands on shorter throughput times via fewer setups and simplified flows (logistics) can in most cases, be solved by HSM. A typical target within the die and mould industry is to

42、 completely machine fully hardened small sized tools in one setup. Costly and time consuming EDM processes can also be reduced or eliminated with HSM. Design & development One of the main tools in todays competition is to sell products on the value of novelty. The average product life cycle on c

43、ars today is 4 years, computers and accessories 1.5 years, hand phones 3 months... One of the prerequisites of this development of fast design changes and rapid product development time is the HSM technique. Complex products There is an increase of multi-functional surfaces on components, such a

44、s new design of turbine blades giving new and optimized functions and features. Earlier designs allowed polishing by hand or with robots (manipulators). Turbine blades with new, more sophisticated designs have to be finished via machining and preferably by HSM . There are also more and more examples

45、 of thin walled workpieces that have to be machined (medical equipment, electronics, products for defence, computer parts) Production equipment The strong development of cutting materials, holding tools, machine tools, controls and especially CAD/CAM features and equipment, has opened possibilit

46、ies that must be met with new production methods and techniques5. Definition of HSM Salomons theory, \with high cutting speeds...\on which, in 1931, took out a German patent, assumes that \than in conventional machining), the chip removal temperature at the cutting edge will start to decrease...

47、\ Given the conclusion:\seems to give a chance to improve productivity in machining with conventional tools at high cutting speeds...\ Modern research, unfortunately, has not been able to verify this theory totally. There is a relative decrease of the temperature at the cutting edge that starts

48、at certain cutting speeds for different materials. The decrease is small for steel and cast iron. But larger for aluminum and other non-ferrous metals. The definition of HSM must be based on other factors. Given todays technology, \speed\is generally accepted to mean surface speeds between 1 and

49、 10 kilometers per minute or roughly 3 300 to 33 000 feet per minute. Speeds above 10 km/min are in the ultra-high speed category, and are largely the realm of experimental metal cutting. Obviously, the spindle rotations required to achieve these surface cutting speeds are directly related to the di

50、ameter of the tools being used. One trend which is very evident today is the use of very large cutter diameters for these applications - and this has important implications for tool design. There are many opinions, many myths and many different ways to define HSM. Maintenance and troubleshooting

51、 Maintenance for a horizontal MC The following is a list of required regular maintenance for a Horizontal Machining Center as shown. Listed are the frequency of service, capacities, and type of fluids required. These required specifications must be followed in order to keep your machine in good wo

52、rking order and protect your warranty. Daily （1） Top off coolant level every eight hour shift (especially during heavy TSC usage). （2） Check way lube lubrication tank level. （3） Clean chips from way covers and bottom pan. （4） Clean chips from tool changer. （5） Wipe spindle taper with a cle

53、an cloth rag and apply light oil. （6） Check for proper operation of auto drain on filter regulator. （7） On machines with the TSC option, clean the chip basket on the coolant tank. （8） Remove the tank cover and remove any sediment inside the tank. Be careful to disconnect the coolant pump from t

54、he controller and POWER OFF the control before working on the coolant tank . Do this monthly for machines without the TSC option. （9） Check air gauge/regulator for 85 psi. （10） For machines with the TSC option, place a dab of grease on the V-flange of tools. （11） Place a dab of grease on the ou

55、tside edge of the fingers of the tool changer and run through all tools.Monthly . （12） Check oil level in gearbox. Add oil until oil begins dripping from over flow tube at bottom of sump tank. （13） Clean pads on bottom of pallets. （14） Clean the locating pads on the A-axis and the load station.

56、 This requires removing the pallet. （15） Inspect way covers for proper operation and lubricate with light oil, if necessary. （16） Replace coolant and thoroughly clean the coolant tank. （17） Check all hoses and lubrication lines for cracking. （18） Replace the gearbox oil. Drain the oil from

57、 the gearbox, and slowly refill it with 2 quarts of Mobil DTE 25 oil. （19） Check oil filter and clean out residue at bottom for the lubrication chart. Replace air filter on control box . Mineral cutting oils will damage rubber based components throughout the machine.Troubleshooting .This section

58、 is intended for use in determining the solution to a known problem. Solutions given are intended to give the individual servicing the TRANSFER AND UNIT MACHINE a pattern to follow in, first, determining the problems source and, second, solving the problem. Use common sense Many problems are easily

59、overcome by correctly evaluating the situation. All machine operations are composed of a program, tools, and tooling. You must look at all three before blaming one as the fault area. If a bored hole is chattering because of an overextended boring bar, dont expect the machine to correct the fault. Do

60、nt suspect machine accuracy if the vise bends the part. Dont claim hole mis-positioning if you dont first center-drill the hole. Find the problem first Many mechanics tear into things before they understand the problem, hoping that it will appear as they go. We know this from the fact that more

61、than half of all warranty returned parts are in good working order. If the spindle doesnt turn, remember that the spindle is connected to the gear box, which is connected to the spindle motor, which is driven by the spindle drive, which is connected to the I/O BOARD, which is driven by the MOCON, wh

62、ich is driven by the processor. The moral here is dont replace the spindle drive if the belt is broken. Find the problem first; dont just replace the easiest part to get to. Don tinker with the machine There are hundreds of parameters, wires, switches, etc., that you can change in this machine.

63、Dont start randomly changing parts and parameters. Remember, there is a good chance that if you change something, you will incorrectly install it or break something else in the process6. Consider for a moment changing the processors board. First, you have to download all parameters, remove a dozen c

64、onnectors, replace the board, reconnect and reload, and if you make one mistake or bend one tiny pin it wont work. You always need to consider the risk of accidentally damaging the machine anytime you work on it. It is cheap insurance to double-check a suspect part before physically changing it. The

65、 less work you do on the machine the better. 中文譯文 組合機(jī)床 雖然各種組合機(jī)床的功能和應(yīng)用各不相同，但它們有著共同的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。這里是數(shù)控設(shè)備提供的比較重要的幾個(gè)優(yōu)點(diǎn)。 各種組合機(jī)床的第一個(gè)優(yōu)點(diǎn)是自動(dòng)化程度提高了。零件制造過(guò)程中的人為干預(yù)減少或者免除了。整個(gè)加工循環(huán)中，很多組合機(jī)床處于無(wú)人照看狀態(tài)，這使操作員被解放出來(lái)，可以干別的工作。組合機(jī)床用戶得到的幾個(gè)額外好處是：組合機(jī)床減小了操作員的疲勞程度，減少了人為誤差，工件加工時(shí)間一致而且可預(yù)測(cè)。由于機(jī)床在程序的控制下運(yùn)行，與操作普通機(jī)床的機(jī)械師要求的技能水平相比，對(duì)數(shù)控操作員的技能水平要求

66、（與基本加工實(shí)踐相關(guān)）也降低了。 數(shù)控技術(shù)的第二個(gè)優(yōu)點(diǎn)是工件的一致性好，加工精度高?，F(xiàn)在的組合機(jī)床宣稱的精度以及重復(fù)定位精度幾乎令人難以置信。這意味著，一旦程序被驗(yàn)證是正確的，可以很容易地加工出2個(gè)、10個(gè)或1000個(gè)相同的零件，而且它們的精度高，一致性好。 大多數(shù)組合機(jī)床的第三個(gè)優(yōu)點(diǎn)是柔性強(qiáng)。由于這些機(jī)床在程序的控制下工作，加工不同的工件易如在數(shù)控系統(tǒng)中裝載一個(gè)不同的程序而己。一旦程序驗(yàn)證正確，并且運(yùn)行一次，下次加工工件的時(shí)候，可以很方便地重新調(diào)用程序。這又帶來(lái)另一個(gè)好處—可以快速切換不同工件的加工。由于這些機(jī)床很容易調(diào)整并運(yùn)行，也由于很容易裝載加工程序，因此機(jī)床的調(diào)試時(shí)間很短。這是當(dāng)今準(zhǔn)時(shí)生產(chǎn)制造模式所要求的。 運(yùn)動(dòng)控制—TRANSFER AND UNIT MACHINE的核心 任何組合機(jī)床最基本的功能是具有自動(dòng)、精確、一致的運(yùn)動(dòng)控制。大多數(shù)普通機(jī)床完全運(yùn)用機(jī)械裝置實(shí)現(xiàn)其所需的運(yùn)動(dòng)，而組合機(jī)床是以一種全新的方式控制機(jī)床的運(yùn)動(dòng)。各種數(shù)控設(shè)備有兩個(gè)或多個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)方向，稱為軸。這些軸沿著其長(zhǎng)度方向精確、自動(dòng)定位。最常用的兩類軸是直線軸（沿直線軌