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畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）開題報(bào)告
學(xué)院（系）_____機(jī)械工程系___
專 業(yè) 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化
題 目空氣濾清器落料正反拉伸復(fù)合模
開題報(bào)告
1.結(jié)合課題任務(wù)情況，根據(jù)所查閱的文獻(xiàn)資料，撰寫1500～2000字左右的文獻(xiàn)綜述。
選??題? 空氣濾清器殼正反拉伸復(fù)合模設(shè)計(jì)
一、本選題的目的和意義??
模具被稱為工業(yè)產(chǎn)品之母。所以工業(yè)的高速發(fā)展也離不開模具工業(yè)的不斷進(jìn)步。中國模具巿場(chǎng)規(guī)模巨大，隨著國內(nèi)模具工業(yè)高速發(fā)展，技術(shù)也獲得了較大的飛躍，但是，仍然面對(duì)高檔模具以進(jìn)口為主的尷尬局面。提升技術(shù)實(shí)力，乃是中國模具工業(yè)發(fā)展的前途所在。隨著沖壓金屬制品在機(jī)械、電子、交通、國防、建筑、農(nóng)業(yè)等各行業(yè)的廣泛應(yīng)用，對(duì)冷沖壓模具的需求日益增加，沖壓模在國民經(jīng)濟(jì)中的重要性也日益突出。模具作為一種高附加值和技術(shù)密集型產(chǎn)品，其技術(shù)水平的高低已經(jīng)成為一個(gè)國家制造業(yè)水平的重要標(biāo)志之一。因此我選擇了模具設(shè)計(jì)的課題，即設(shè)計(jì)一副能夠生產(chǎn)所給空氣濾清器殼的模具，并且結(jié)構(gòu)合理、能保證制品的精度、表面質(zhì)量。在設(shè)計(jì)中能熟練使用PRO/E?、AUTOCAD?等機(jī)械、模具相關(guān)繪圖軟件。
二、國內(nèi)外發(fā)展情況
1、.國內(nèi)方面：
模具生產(chǎn)技術(shù)水平的高低，已成為衡量一個(gè)國家產(chǎn)品制造水平高低的重要標(biāo)志，因?yàn)槟＞咴诤艽蟪潭壬蠜Q定著產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量、效益和新產(chǎn)品的開發(fā)能力。中國經(jīng)濟(jì)的高速發(fā)展對(duì)模具工業(yè)提出了越來越高的要求，也為其發(fā)展提供了巨大的動(dòng)力。近10年來，中國模具工業(yè)一直以每年15%左右的增長速度快速發(fā)展。但與發(fā)達(dá)國家相比，中國模具工業(yè)無論在技術(shù)上，還是在管理上，都存在較大差距。特別在大型、精密、復(fù)雜、長壽命模具技術(shù)上，差距尤為明顯。中國每年需要大量進(jìn)口此類模具，在模具產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)上，中低檔模具相對(duì)過剩，市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭加劇價(jià)格偏低，降低了許多模具企業(yè)的效益。而中高檔模具能力不足，模具的開發(fā)能力較弱，技術(shù)人才嚴(yán)重不足，科研開發(fā)和技術(shù)攻關(guān)投入少等一系列問題，嚴(yán)重制約了中國模具行業(yè)的發(fā)展。
由于近年市場(chǎng)需求的強(qiáng)大拉動(dòng)，中國模具工業(yè)高速發(fā)展，市場(chǎng)廣闊，產(chǎn)銷兩旺。2003年我國模具產(chǎn)值達(dá)到450億元人民幣以上，約折合50多億美元，按模具總量排名，中國緊隨日本、美國其后，位居世界第三。中國模具已涵蓋了各種用于金屬和非金屬成形的特殊裝備，被分為10大類、46小類。1996年至2002年間，中國模具制造業(yè)的產(chǎn)值年平均增長14%左右，2003年增長25%左右，廣東、江蘇、浙江、山東等模具發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)的增長在25%以上。近兩年，我國的模具技術(shù)有了很大的提高，生產(chǎn)的模具有些已接近或達(dá)到國際水平。2003年模具出口3.368億美元，比上年增長在33.5%，形勢(shì)喜人。
總的來看，我國技術(shù)含量低的模具已供過于求，市場(chǎng)利潤空間狹小，而技術(shù)含量較高的中、高檔模具還遠(yuǎn)不能適應(yīng)國民經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的需要，精密、復(fù)雜的沖壓模具和塑料模具、轎車覆蓋件模具、電子接插件等電子產(chǎn)品模具等高檔模具仍有很大一部分依靠進(jìn)口。
近五年來，我國平均每年進(jìn)口模具約11.2億美元，2003年就進(jìn)口了近13.7億美元的模具，這還未包括隨設(shè)備和生產(chǎn)線作為附件帶進(jìn)來的模具。中國現(xiàn)有模具企業(yè)超過2萬家，從業(yè)人數(shù)50多萬人。中國的模具生產(chǎn)目前主要集中在華南和華東，大約占了全國模具制造業(yè)產(chǎn)值和銷售額的三分之二，每年平均增長在20%左右。
2、國外方面：
我國模具生產(chǎn)廠中多數(shù)是自產(chǎn)自配的工模具車間（分廠），自產(chǎn)自配比例高達(dá)60%左右，而國外模具超過70%屬商品模具。專業(yè)模具廠大多是“大而全”、“小而全”的組織形式，而國外大多是“小而?！?、“小而精”。國內(nèi)大型、精密、復(fù)雜、長壽命的模具占總量比例不足30%，而國外在50%以上。2004年，模具進(jìn)出口之比為3.7﹕1，進(jìn)出口相抵后的凈進(jìn)口額達(dá)13.2億美元，為世界模具凈進(jìn)口量最大的國家。
3、未來沖壓模具制造技術(shù)發(fā)展趨勢(shì)
模具技術(shù)的發(fā)展應(yīng)該為適應(yīng)模具產(chǎn)品“交貨期短”、“精度高”、“質(zhì)量好”、“價(jià)格低”的要求服務(wù)。達(dá)到這一要求急需發(fā)展如下幾項(xiàng)：
(1)全面推廣CAD/CAM/CAE技術(shù)
模具CAD/CAM/CAE技術(shù)是模具設(shè)計(jì)制造的發(fā)展方向。隨著微機(jī)軟件的發(fā)展和進(jìn)步，普及CAD/CAM/CAE技術(shù)的條件已基本成熟，各企業(yè)將加大CAD/CAM技術(shù)培訓(xùn)和技術(shù)服務(wù)的力度；進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大CAE技術(shù)的應(yīng)用范圍。計(jì)算機(jī)和網(wǎng)絡(luò)的發(fā)展正使CAD/CAM/CAE技術(shù)跨地區(qū)、跨企業(yè)、跨院所地在整個(gè)行業(yè)中推廣成為可能，實(shí)現(xiàn)技術(shù)資源的重新整合，使虛擬制造成為可能。
(2)高速銑削加工
國外近年來發(fā)展的高速銑削加工，大幅度提高了加工效率，并可獲得極高的表面光潔度。另外，還可加工高硬度模塊，還具有溫升低、熱變形小等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。高速銑削加工技術(shù)的發(fā)展，對(duì)汽車、家電行業(yè)中大型型腔模具制造注入了新的活力。目前它已向更高的敏捷化、智能化、集成化方向發(fā)展。
(3)模具掃描及數(shù)字化系統(tǒng)
高速掃描機(jī)和模具掃描系統(tǒng)提供了從模型或?qū)嵨飹呙璧郊庸こ銎谕哪Ｐ退璧闹T多功能，大大縮短了模具的在研制制造周期。有些快速掃描系統(tǒng)，可快速安裝在已有的數(shù)控銑床及加工中心上，實(shí)現(xiàn)快速數(shù)據(jù)采集、自動(dòng)生成各種不同數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的加工程序、不同格式的CAD數(shù)據(jù)，用于模具制造業(yè)的“逆向工程”。模具掃描系統(tǒng)已在汽車、摩托車、家電等行業(yè)得到成功應(yīng)用，相信在“十五”期間將發(fā)揮更大的作用。
(4)電火花銑削加工
電火花銑削加工技術(shù)也稱為電火花創(chuàng)成加工技術(shù)，這是一種替代傳統(tǒng)的用成型電極加工型腔的新技術(shù)，它是有高速旋轉(zhuǎn)的簡單的管狀電極作三維或二維輪廓加工(像數(shù)控銑一樣)，因此不再需要制造復(fù)雜的成型電極，這顯然是電火花成形加工領(lǐng)域的重大發(fā)展。國外已有使用這種技術(shù)的機(jī)床在模具加工中應(yīng)用。預(yù)計(jì)這一技術(shù)將得到發(fā)展。
(5)提高模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化程度
我國模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化程度正在不斷提高，估計(jì)目前我國模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件使用覆蓋率已達(dá)到30%左右。國外發(fā)達(dá)國家一般為80%左右。
(6)優(yōu)質(zhì)材料及先進(jìn)表面處理技術(shù)
選用優(yōu)質(zhì)鋼材和應(yīng)用相應(yīng)的表面處理技術(shù)來提高模具的壽命就顯得十分必要。模具熱處理和表面處理是否能充分發(fā)揮模具鋼材料性能的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)。模具熱處理的發(fā)展方向是采用真空熱處理。模具表面處理除完善應(yīng)發(fā)展工藝先進(jìn)的氣相沉積(TiN、TiC等)、等離子噴涂等技術(shù)。
(7)模具研磨拋光將自動(dòng)化、智能化
模具表面的質(zhì)量對(duì)模具使用壽命、制件外觀質(zhì)量等方面均有較大的影響，研究自動(dòng)化、智能化的研磨與拋光方法替代現(xiàn)有手工操作，以提高模具表面質(zhì)量是重要的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。
(8)模具自動(dòng)加工系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展
這是我國長遠(yuǎn)發(fā)展的目標(biāo)。模具自動(dòng)加工系統(tǒng)應(yīng)有多臺(tái)機(jī)床合理組合；配有隨行定位夾具或定位盤；有完整的機(jī)具、刀具數(shù)控庫；有完整的數(shù)控柔性同步系統(tǒng)；有質(zhì)量監(jiān)測(cè)控制系統(tǒng)。
2.要研究或解決的問題、擬采用的方法或技術(shù)路線
這次設(shè)計(jì)的任務(wù)是設(shè)計(jì)制造空氣濾清器殼的一副模具，并繪出模具裝配圖、模具零件圖以及編寫設(shè)計(jì)說明書。
首先我們需要知道模具在加工中的作用和設(shè)計(jì)的基本要求。模具的作用是將壓力機(jī)的作用力通過模具傳遞給金屬板料，在其內(nèi)部產(chǎn)生使之變形的內(nèi)力，使板料毛坯發(fā)生變形，從而獲得滿足一定性能要求的及符合所需尺寸及形狀的制品。在生產(chǎn)實(shí)際中。模具的作用在于保證沖件的質(zhì)量、提高生產(chǎn)率和降低成本等。為此除了采用行之有效的工藝手段、進(jìn)行正確的模具設(shè)計(jì)及選擇合理的模具結(jié)構(gòu)之外，還必須滿足以下幾個(gè)要求：①制造精度高 ②操作性能良好 ③使用壽命長 ④制造周期短 ⑤模具成本低。
對(duì)于空氣濾清器殼，它屬于帶凸緣圓筒型件，從結(jié)構(gòu)上我們可以得知需要落料、正拉深和反拉深三個(gè)工序過程。從零件的工藝性分析可以看出此零件對(duì)落料是很適合的。但從拉深方面考慮就需要計(jì)算出拉深系數(shù)，判斷能否一次拉深成功，這也是本設(shè)計(jì)中需要重點(diǎn)分析的地方。再有對(duì)模具結(jié)構(gòu)和壓力機(jī)的選擇也是重點(diǎn)。在模具零件的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)上，也需要注意很多細(xì)小而不可忽視的問題。
對(duì)于整個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)過程可以按以下的方法來設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算。
1、 取得必要的資料
① 取得注明具體技術(shù)要求的產(chǎn)品零件圖。
② 收集工件加工的工藝工藝過程卡片。
③ 了解工件的生產(chǎn)批量。
④ 確認(rèn)工件原材料的規(guī)格及毛坯情況。
⑤ 熟悉沖壓車間的設(shè)備和情況。
2、 確定工藝方案
① 對(duì)零件進(jìn)行工藝性分析。
② 根據(jù)工藝計(jì)算，確定工序數(shù)目。
③ 計(jì)算拉深系數(shù)，確定拉深次數(shù)。
④ 根據(jù)生產(chǎn)批量、尺寸大小、精度要求選擇合理的加工方案。
3、 進(jìn)行必要的工藝計(jì)算。
① 設(shè)計(jì)材料的排樣和計(jì)算毛坯尺寸。
② 計(jì)算落料力、卸料力、壓邊力、拉深力和頂件力等。
③ 計(jì)算或估算模具各主要零件的厚度。
④ 計(jì)算凸、凹模的工作部分尺寸。
4、 模具的總體設(shè)計(jì)
在上述分析計(jì)算的基礎(chǔ)上，進(jìn)行模具的結(jié)構(gòu)的總體設(shè)計(jì)，估算出外形尺寸。
5、 模具主要零部件的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)
① 工作部分零件的設(shè)計(jì)。（凸模、凹模、凸凹模等）
② 定位零件的設(shè)計(jì)。（擋料銷）
③ 卸料零件的設(shè)計(jì)。（卸料板）
④ 導(dǎo)向零件的設(shè)計(jì)。（導(dǎo)柱、導(dǎo)套）
6、 選定沖壓設(shè)備
① 壓力機(jī)的標(biāo)稱壓力必須大于沖壓的工藝力。
② 壓力機(jī)的裝模高度必須符合模具的閉合高度的要求。
③ 壓力機(jī)的行程要符合要求。
7、 繪制模具總圖
① 主視圖
② 俯視圖
③ 工件圖
④ 排樣圖
⑤ 列出明細(xì)表
⑥ 技術(shù)要求及說明
8、 繪制各非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件的零件圖
9、 分析一個(gè)主要零件的加工工藝路線。
3.成果預(yù)測(cè)
完成本次設(shè)計(jì)后將會(huì)對(duì)我大學(xué)所學(xué)的知識(shí)進(jìn)行鞏固，使我所學(xué)的各種專業(yè)知識(shí)在實(shí)踐中得以應(yīng)用，在設(shè)計(jì)過程中也將會(huì)對(duì)繪圖的能力的提高有很大的幫助，還能使我的AUTOCAD和PRO/E的應(yīng)用能力加強(qiáng)，設(shè)計(jì)的成果可以供其它同類零件的模具設(shè)計(jì)參考和借鑒。
4.時(shí)間進(jìn)度計(jì)劃
2005.12.20—2006.01.02 完成畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的選題和開題報(bào)告。
2005.01.03—2006.01.20 對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)的相關(guān)資料進(jìn)行整理。
2006.03.10—2006.03.21 進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)的初期計(jì)算。
2006.03.22—2006.04.05 設(shè)計(jì)模具的結(jié)構(gòu)。
2006.04.05—2006.05.01 繪制裝配圖和零件圖。
2006.05.02—2006.05.15 對(duì)整個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)行合理性檢查。
2006.05.16—2006.05.25 設(shè)計(jì)說明書的輸入以及畢業(yè)答辯的準(zhǔn)備。
2006.06.02—2006.06.06 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)答辯。
5.指導(dǎo)教師意見（對(duì)課題方案的可行性、深度、廣度及工作量的意見）
指導(dǎo)教師___________
年 月 日
6.教研室意見
教研室主任___________
年 月 日
說明：開題報(bào)告作為畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）答辯委員會(huì)對(duì)學(xué)生答辯資格審查的依據(jù)材料之一，此報(bào)告應(yīng)在導(dǎo)師指導(dǎo)下，由學(xué)生填寫，將作為畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）成績考查的重要依據(jù)，經(jīng)導(dǎo)師簽署意見及教研室審查后生效。
文獻(xiàn)綜述
選??題? 空氣濾清器殼正反拉伸復(fù)合模設(shè)計(jì)
一、本選題的目的和意義??
模具被稱為工業(yè)產(chǎn)品之母。所以工業(yè)的高速發(fā)展也離不開模具工業(yè)的不斷進(jìn)步。中國模具巿場(chǎng)規(guī)模巨大，隨著國內(nèi)模具工業(yè)高速發(fā)展，技術(shù)也獲得了較大的飛躍，但是，仍然面對(duì)高檔模具以進(jìn)口為主的尷尬局面。提升技術(shù)實(shí)力，乃是中國模具工業(yè)發(fā)展的前途所在。隨著沖壓金屬制品在機(jī)械、電子、交通、國防、建筑、農(nóng)業(yè)等各行業(yè)的廣泛應(yīng)用，對(duì)冷沖壓模具的需求日益增加，沖壓模在國民經(jīng)濟(jì)中的重要性也日益突出。模具作為一種高附加值和技術(shù)密集型產(chǎn)品，其技術(shù)水平的高低已經(jīng)成為一個(gè)國家制造業(yè)水平的重要標(biāo)志之一。因此我選擇了模具設(shè)計(jì)的課題，即設(shè)計(jì)一副能夠生產(chǎn)所給空氣濾清器殼的模具，并且結(jié)構(gòu)合理、能保證制品的精度、表面質(zhì)量。在設(shè)計(jì)中能熟練使用PRO/E?、AUTOCAD?等機(jī)械、模具相關(guān)繪圖軟件。
二、模具工業(yè)的現(xiàn)狀
現(xiàn)代模具行業(yè)是技術(shù)、資金密集型的行業(yè)。它作為重要的生產(chǎn)裝備行業(yè)在為各行各業(yè)服務(wù)的同時(shí)，也直接為高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)服務(wù)。由于模具生產(chǎn)要采用一系列高新技術(shù)，如CAD/CAE/CAM/CAPP等技術(shù)、計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)、激光技術(shù)、逆向工程和并行工程、快速成型技術(shù)及敏捷制造技術(shù)、高速加工及超精加工技術(shù)等等，因此，模具工業(yè)已成為高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)的一個(gè)重要組成部分，有人說，現(xiàn)代模具是高技術(shù)背景下的工藝密集型工業(yè)。模具技術(shù)水平的高低，在很大程度上決定著產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量、效益和新產(chǎn)品的開發(fā)能力，因此已成為衡量一個(gè)國家產(chǎn)品制造水平高低的重要標(biāo)志。
????模具工業(yè)是無以倫比的"效益放大器"。用模具加工產(chǎn)品大大提高了生產(chǎn)效率，而且還具有節(jié)約原材料、降低能耗和成本、保持產(chǎn)品高一致性等特點(diǎn)。因此模具被稱為"效益放大器"，在國外，模具被稱為"金鑰匙"、"進(jìn)入富裕社會(huì)的原動(dòng)力"等等。從另一個(gè)角度上看，模具是人性化、時(shí)代化、個(gè)性化、創(chuàng)造性的產(chǎn)品。更重要的是模具發(fā)展了，使用模具的產(chǎn)業(yè)其產(chǎn)品的國際競(jìng)爭力也提高了。據(jù)國外統(tǒng)計(jì)資料，模具可帶動(dòng)其相關(guān)產(chǎn)業(yè)的比例大約是1:100，即模具發(fā)展1億元，可帶動(dòng)相關(guān)產(chǎn)業(yè)100億元。
????模具不是批量生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品。它具有單件生產(chǎn)和對(duì)特定用戶的依賴特性。就模具行業(yè)來說，引進(jìn)國外先進(jìn)技術(shù)，不能采用通常的引進(jìn)產(chǎn)品許可證和技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)讓等方式，而主要是引進(jìn)已經(jīng)商品化了的CAD/ CAM /CAE軟件和精密加工設(shè)備等。模具的CAD/CAE/CAM涉及面廣、集多種學(xué)科與工程技術(shù)于一體，是綜合型、技術(shù)密集型產(chǎn)品。如塑料模具的CAE技術(shù)要利用高分子材料學(xué)、流變學(xué)、傳熱學(xué)、計(jì)算力學(xué)、計(jì)算機(jī)圖形學(xué)等知識(shí)，涉及的領(lǐng)域還包括聲波及電磁場(chǎng)、溫度場(chǎng)等各類物理場(chǎng)，通過工程分析、來建立塑料成型的數(shù)學(xué)和物理模型，構(gòu)造有效的數(shù)值計(jì)算方法，實(shí)現(xiàn)成型過程的動(dòng)態(tài)仿真分析?，F(xiàn)代化的模具要實(shí)現(xiàn)數(shù)字化設(shè)計(jì)、數(shù)字化制造、數(shù)字化管理、數(shù)字化生產(chǎn)流程。這些模具的數(shù)字化代表了現(xiàn)代模具的一個(gè)方面，沒有模具的數(shù)字化，就沒有現(xiàn)代模具。模具的CAD/CAE/CAM技術(shù)日新月異，重要的工作是后續(xù)對(duì)人員的培訓(xùn)和對(duì)于引進(jìn)的軟件進(jìn)行二次開發(fā)。像我們熟知的CIMATRON公司不但在塑料模具的CAD/ CAM軟件上在中國保持其市場(chǎng)占有率并且在擴(kuò)大，而且在沖壓模具、多成份橡膠制鞋模具等領(lǐng)域開拓，也將大顯身手；開發(fā)FUTABA、LKM、MISUMI標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模架數(shù)據(jù)庫的工作也已提上日程。這是為模具行業(yè)服務(wù)的具體體現(xiàn)。
????1．我國模具工業(yè)基本狀況簡介
????我國模具工業(yè)近年來發(fā)展很快，據(jù)不完全統(tǒng)計(jì)，2003年我國模具生產(chǎn)廠點(diǎn)約有２萬多家，從業(yè)人員約50多萬人，2004年模具行業(yè)的發(fā)展保持良好勢(shì)頭，模具企業(yè)總體上訂單充足，任務(wù)飽滿，2004年模具產(chǎn)值530億元。進(jìn)口模具18.13億 美元，出口模具4.91億美元，分別比2003年增長18%、32.4%和45.9%。進(jìn)出口之比2004年為3.69:1，進(jìn)出口相抵后的進(jìn)凈口達(dá)13.2億美元，為凈進(jìn)口量較大的國家。
????在２萬多家生產(chǎn)廠點(diǎn)中，有一半以上是自產(chǎn)自用的。在模具企業(yè)中，產(chǎn)值過億元的模具企業(yè)只有20多家，中型企業(yè)幾十家，其余都是小型企業(yè)，多數(shù)只有幾十名職工，百十萬產(chǎn)值，自有資金有限，靠自我發(fā)展很困難。 近年來， 模具行業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整和體制改革步伐加快，主要表現(xiàn)為：大型、精密、復(fù)雜、長壽命中高檔模具及模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件發(fā)展速度快于一般模具產(chǎn)品；塑料模和壓鑄模比例增大；專業(yè)模具廠數(shù)量增加，能力提高較快；"三資"及私營企業(yè)發(fā)展迅速；國企股份制改造步伐加快等。
????2004年模具行業(yè)還顯現(xiàn)另外兩個(gè)特點(diǎn)，一是各地政府對(duì)模具工業(yè)的發(fā)展進(jìn)一步關(guān)注。許多地方政府進(jìn)一步認(rèn)識(shí)到模具工業(yè)對(duì)發(fā)展制造業(yè)的重要意義，因此加強(qiáng)了模具工業(yè)園區(qū)的建設(shè)。已有的園區(qū)進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大，如寧波余姚、寧海和蘇州昆山等模具園區(qū)都有所擴(kuò)大；新的模具工業(yè)園區(qū)正在加緊建設(shè)，如重慶、大連、深圳市等已建立模具園區(qū)；另外沈陽、西安、成都、上海、寧波北侖、浙江黃巖等地都在積極籌備建立模具園區(qū)，以利帶動(dòng)地區(qū)模具及相關(guān)產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈乃至制造業(yè)的發(fā)展，有些高科園內(nèi)模具企業(yè)已占有相當(dāng)?shù)姆萘?，像天津高新區(qū)就有40多家模具企業(yè)。
????二是外資及社會(huì)投資模具產(chǎn)業(yè)增長顯著。許多地方加強(qiáng)了吸引外資及合資投入模具工業(yè)的工作，特別是在高新技術(shù)園區(qū)和工業(yè)園區(qū)，外資、合資模具企業(yè)進(jìn)一步增加，如蘇州昆山模具園區(qū)，60%以上是外資企業(yè)。大連模具園區(qū)到日本、韓國招商。而有些地區(qū)高科技園內(nèi)模具企業(yè)已占有相當(dāng)?shù)姆萘浚裉旖蚋咝聟^(qū)有40多家模具企業(yè)。由于汽車產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的拉動(dòng)，社會(huì)投資模具產(chǎn)業(yè)有所加強(qiáng)，如五糧液集團(tuán)投資5億元建立汽車模具生產(chǎn)廠，比亞迪公司投資2億元建立了北京汽車模具公司，等等。
????從地區(qū)分布來說，以珠江三角洲和長江三角洲為中心的東南沿海地區(qū)（模具產(chǎn)值已占全國總量的70%左右）發(fā)展快于中西部地區(qū)，南方的發(fā)展快于北方。目前發(fā)展最快、模具生產(chǎn)較為集中的省份是廣東和浙江。我國模具總量雖然已位居日、美、德之后，但設(shè)計(jì)制造水平在總體上要比德、美、日、法、意等發(fā)達(dá)國家落后許多，也要比英國、加拿大、西班牙、葡萄牙、韓國、新加坡等有差距。
????2．落后和差距主要表現(xiàn)在下列幾方面
????（1）總量供不應(yīng)求、產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)不夠合理。
????其中中低檔模具供過于求，中高檔模具自配率嚴(yán)重不足，大量進(jìn)口。國內(nèi)模具總量中屬大型、精密、復(fù)雜、長壽命模具的比例不足30%，國外在50%以上。
????（2）企業(yè)組織結(jié)構(gòu)都不夠合理。
????我國模具生產(chǎn)廠點(diǎn)中多數(shù)是自產(chǎn)自配的工模具車間（分廠），自產(chǎn)自配比例高達(dá)60%左右，國外70%以上是商品模具；專業(yè)模具廠也大多數(shù)是"大而全 "、"小而全"的組織形式，國外模具企業(yè)是"大而專"、"大而精"。2004年中國模協(xié)在德國訪問時(shí)，從德國工、模具行業(yè)組織--德國機(jī)械制造商聯(lián)合會(huì)（VDMA）工模具協(xié)會(huì)了解到，德國有模具企業(yè)約5000家。2003年德國模具產(chǎn)值達(dá)48億歐元。其中（VDMA）會(huì)員模具企業(yè)有90家，這90家骨干模具企業(yè)的產(chǎn)值就占德國模具產(chǎn)值的90%，可見其規(guī)模效益。
????（3） 工藝裝備水平低，且配套性不好，利用率低，技術(shù)結(jié)構(gòu)、模具產(chǎn)品水平比國際水平低許多。而模具生產(chǎn)周期卻要比國際水平長許多。
????產(chǎn)品水平低主要表現(xiàn)在對(duì)后續(xù)使用模具制造制件的工藝（如沖壓工藝）理解上，在模具設(shè)計(jì)上；在加工中精度、型腔表面粗糙度、壽命及模具的復(fù)雜程度上等?，F(xiàn)代模具行業(yè)是技術(shù)密集型、資金密集型的產(chǎn)業(yè)，由于模具行業(yè)是微利行業(yè)，因而總體來看模具行業(yè)在科研開發(fā)和技術(shù)攻關(guān)方面投入太少，至使科技進(jìn)步的步伐跟不上模具市場(chǎng)的需要。雖然國內(nèi)許多企業(yè)已引進(jìn)了不少國外先進(jìn)設(shè)備，但總的來看裝備水平仍比國外企業(yè)落后許多，特別是設(shè)備數(shù)控率和CAD/CAM應(yīng)用覆蓋率要比國外企業(yè)低得多。由于體制和資金等方面原因，引進(jìn)設(shè)備不配套、設(shè)備與附配件不配套現(xiàn)象十分普遍，設(shè)備利用率低，開發(fā)能力較差，科研開發(fā)及技術(shù)攻關(guān)方面投入太少。不重視產(chǎn)品開發(fā)，在市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)中常處于被動(dòng)地位。
????（4）技術(shù)人才嚴(yán)重不足，經(jīng)濟(jì)效益欠佳。隨著時(shí)代的進(jìn)步和技術(shù)的發(fā)展，能掌握和運(yùn)用新技術(shù)的人才如模具結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)、模具工藝設(shè)計(jì)異常短缺，高級(jí)鉗工及企業(yè)管理人才也非常緊缺。我國模具企業(yè)技術(shù)人員比例低，水平也較低，我國每個(gè)職工平均每年創(chuàng)造模具產(chǎn)值約合1萬美元左右，國外模具工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國家大多15～20萬美元，有的達(dá)到 25～30萬美元。我國模具企業(yè)大都微利，缺乏后勁。
????（5）與國際水平相比，模具企業(yè)的管理落后更甚于技術(shù)落后。技術(shù)落后易被發(fā)現(xiàn)，管理落后易被忽視。國內(nèi)大多數(shù)模具企業(yè)還沿用過去作坊式管理模式，真正實(shí)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代化企業(yè)管理的還不多。信息化、數(shù)字化管理在模具企業(yè)應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在剛剛開始。
????（6）專業(yè)化、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、商品化的程度低，協(xié)作差。
????由于長期以來受"大而全""小而全"影響，模具專業(yè)化生產(chǎn)水平低，專業(yè)化分工不細(xì)，商品化程度也低。目前國內(nèi)每年生產(chǎn)的模具，商品模具只占40%左右，其余為自產(chǎn)自用。模具企業(yè)之間協(xié)作不好，難以完成較大規(guī)模的模具成套任務(wù)。與國際水平相比要落后許多。模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化水平低， 模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件使用覆蓋率低也對(duì)模具質(zhì)量、成本有較大影響，特別是對(duì)模具制造周期有很大影響。
????20年來我國模具制造水平有了很大的提高，模具的CAD/ CAM已很普遍，CAE/CAPP也在積極推廣。如今我國生產(chǎn)的模具精度已達(dá)到微米級(jí)，與20年前相比，模具壽命提高了幾十倍，模具生產(chǎn)周期縮短了約3/4，模具的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件使用覆蓋率從幾乎是零，達(dá)到45%左右。
????20年來我國模具人才的培養(yǎng)也上了一個(gè)很大的臺(tái)階。20年前我國大專院校都沒有設(shè)立模具專業(yè)的，而如今，已有六、七十所大專院校設(shè)立了模具專業(yè)。中國模協(xié)在全國建有38個(gè)模具人才培訓(xùn)基地。
????上述情況正是我們模具行業(yè)和模具相關(guān)行業(yè)要一同努力，使之發(fā)展的領(lǐng)域，在這里也希望有越來越多的人加入到模具的行列中。
三、參考文獻(xiàn)
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Mold high speed milling processing technology
The abstract Introduced the high speed milling in the mold processing application as well as the influence, and brief introduction high speed milling engine bed structure, control system and cutting tool. Has carried on the simple analysis to the high speed processing craft.
Key word high speed milling; mold processing
First, foreword
In the modern mold production, along with to models artistic and the function must obtain more and more high, models the internal structure to design more and more complex, the mold contour design day by day is also complex, the free curved surface accounts for the proportion to increase unceasingly, the corresponding mold structure also designs more and more complex. These all set a higher request to the mold processing technology, not only should guarantee the high manufacture precision and the surface quality, moreover must pursue the processing surface artistic. Along with is unceasingly thorough to the high speed processing engineering research, is processing the engine bed, the numerical control system, the cutting tool system, CAD/ especially Correlation technology and so on CAM software develops unceasingly under the impetus, high speed processes the technology more and more many to apply in the mold cavity processing and the manufacture.
The numerical control high-speed cutting processing took in the mold manufacture a most important advanced manufacture technology, is the collection is highly effective, high quality, the low consumption in a body advanced manufacture technology. Is opposite in the traditional machining, its cutting speed, entered to the speed had the very big enhancement, moreover cut the mechanism not to be same. The high-speed cutting caused the machining to have the leap, its specific power metal excision rate enhanced 30%~40%, the cutting force reduced 30%, the cutting tool working durability enhanced 70%, remained hotly large scale reduces in the work piece cutting, the low step shudder vanished nearly. Along with the cutting speed enhancement, unit time semifinished materials material removing rate increased, the cutting time reduced, the processing efficiency enhanced, thus reduced the product manufacture cycle, enhanced the product market competitive power. At the same time, the high speed processing small amount entered quickly causes the cutting force to reduce, the scrap high speed discharged reduced the work piece cutting force and the thermal load distorts, enhances the rigidity to be bad and the thin wall components machining possibility. Because cutting force reducing, the rotational speed enhancement causes the cutting system the operating frequency to be far away the engine bed the low step natural frequency, but the work piece surface roughness is most sensitive to the low step frequency, from this reduced the surface roughness. In mold high hard steel stock (HRC45~HRC65) in the processing process, uses the high-speed cutting to be possible to substitute for the working procedure which the electrical finishing and rubs truncates polishes, thus has avoided the electrode manufacture and the time-consuming electrical finishing, large scale reduced fitter's polishing with to throw the light quantity. Thin wall mold work piece more and more needs which regarding some markets in, the high speed milling also may smoothly complete, moreover in the high speed milling CNC processing center, a mold attire clamps may complete the multiplex step of processing.
The high speed processing technology has had the huge influence to the mold processing craft, changed the traditional mold processing to use "the annealing → milling processing → heat treatment → to rub truncates" or "the electric spark machining →manually polishes, polishes" and so on the complex long technical process, even might use the high-speed cutting processing substitution original complete working procedure. The high speed processing technology besides may apply in the hard mold cavity direct processing (in particular half precision work and precision work), in EDM aspect and so on electrode processing, fast type manufacture also obtained the widespread application. The mass productions practice indicated that, the application high-speed cutting technology may save in the mold following processing 80% handwork to grind the time approximately, saves the processing cost expense nearly 30%, the mold face work precision may reach 1 m, the cutting tool cutting efficiency may enhance one time.
Second, high speed milling processing engine bed
The high-speed cutting technology is one of machining technology main development directions, it along with foundation technology the and so on CNC technology, microelectronic technology, new material and new structure development but steps a higher stair. Because the mold processes particular as well as high speed processing technology own characteristic, (processed engine bed, numerical control system, cutting tool to the mold high speed processing related technology and the craft system and so on) proposed processed a higher request compared to the traditional mold.
1. High stable engine bed strut part
The high-speed cutting engine bed lathe bed and so on supports the part to be supposed to have very well moves, the static rigidity, hot rigidity and best damping characteristic. The majority of engine beds all use high grade, the high rigidity and Gao Kangzhang the gray iron took the strut part material, some engine bed companies also increase the high damping characteristic in the foundation polymer concrete, by increases its vibration-proof and the thermostability, this not only may guarantee the engine bed precision is stable, also may prevent when cutting the cutting tool inspires trembles. Uses the enclosed lathe bed design, the overall casting lathe bed, the symmetrical lathe bed structure and has the densely covered stiffener and so on also enhances the engine bed stable important measure. Some engine bed companies' research and development departments in design process, but also uses the modality analysis and the finite element structure computation and so on, optimized the structure, stably causes the engine bed strut part to be reliable.
2. Engine bed main axle
The high speed engine bed main axle performance is the realization high-speed cutting processing important condition. The high-speed cutting engine bed main axle rotational speed scope is 10000~100000m/Min, the main axle power is bigger than 15kW. Is not bigger than 0.005mm through the main axle compressed air of or axial play between the cooling system control hilt and the main axle. Also requests the main axle to have the fast vertical speed, to assign the performance which the position is fast stops (namely to have extremely high angle addition and subtraction speed), therefore the high speed main axle often uses the liquid static pressure bearing type, the air static pressure bearing type, the thermo-compression nitriding silicon (Si3N4) the ceramic bearing magnetism aerosol bearing type isostructuralism form. Lubricates uses technology and so on oil gas lubrication, splash lubrication. The main axle cools uses the main axle interior water cooling generally or air cooled.
3. The engine bed actuates the system
In order to satisfy the mold high speed processing the need, high speed processes the engine bed the actuation system to be supposed to have the following characteristic:
(1) high entering for speed.
The research indicated that, regarding the minor diameter cutting tool, enhances the rotational speed and each tooth enters for the quantity is advantageous in reduces the cutting tool attrition. At present commonly used entering for the speed range is 20~30m/Min, like uses leads greatly the ball bearing guide screw transmission, enters may reach 60m/ for the speedMin; Uses the straight line electrical machinery then may enable to achieve 120m/ to the speedMin.
(2) high acceleration.
Has the good acceleration characteristic to the three dimensional complex curved surface silhouette high speed processing request actuation system, the request provides the driver which the high rapid advance or progress gives (to enter speed approximately 40m/ quicklyMin, the 3D outline processing speed is 10m/Min), can provide 0.4m/S2 to 10m/The s2 acceleration and reduces the speed.
The engine bed manufacturer mostly uses the entire closed loop position servo-control slightly to lead, the great size, the high grade ball bearing guide screw or leads greatly many guide screws. Along with the electrical machinery technology development, the advanced straight line electric motor already was published, and the success applied in the CNC engine bed. The advanced straight line direct motor drive enable the CNC engine bed no longer to have the mass inertia, in advance, question and so on lag and vibration, sped up the servo speed of response, increased the servo-control precision and the engine bed processing precision.
4. Numerical control system
The advanced numerical control system is guaranteed the mold complex curved surface high speed processing quality and the efficiency key aspect, the mold high-speed cutting processing to the numerical control system basic request is:
A. High speed numerical control return route (Digital control loop), including: 32 or above 64 bit parallel processors and 1.5Gb hard disk; Extremely short straight line electrical machinery sampling time.
B. Speed and acceleration feed-forward control (Feed forward control); Digital actuation system crawling control (Jerk control).
C. Advanced inserts makes up the method (to insert based on the NURBS transect makes up), by obtains the good surface quality, the precise size and the high geometry precision.
D. Pretreatment (Look-ahead) function. The request has the large capacity cushion register, may read in advance and inspects many segments (for example the DMG engine bed to be possible to reach 500 segments, the Simens system may reach a 1000~2000 segment), in order to when is processed the superficial shape (curvature) changes may promptly adopt changes for measure and so on speed by avoids cutting and so on.
E. The error compensatory function, including because the straight line electrical machinery, the main axle and so on gives off heat the hot error which causes to compensate, the quadrantal error compensates, the measurement system error compensates and so on the function. In addition, the mold high-speed cutting processing very is also high to the data transmission speed request.
F. The traditional data connection, like the RS232 serial mouth transmission speed is 19.2kb, but many advanced processings centers have used the ether local area network (Ethernet) to carry on the data transmission, the speed may reach 200kb.
5. Cooling lubrication
The high speed processing uses the belt coating the hard alloy tools, in high speed, the high temperature situation does not need the cutting compound, the cutting efficiency to be higher. This is because: The milling main axle high speed revolves, the cutting compound if achieved the cutting area, first must overcome the enormous centrifugal force; Even if it overcame the centrifugal force to enter the cutting area, also was possible as a result of the cutting area high temperature but to evaporate immediately, the cooling effect very small did not even have; At the same time the cutting compound can cause the cutting tool edge of a sword the temperature intense change, is easy to cause the crack the production, therefore must pick the oil used/Gas cooling lubrication dry type cutting way. This way may use the compressed gas rapidly the cutting which the cutting area produces, thus the massive cuttings hotly will carry off, at the same time might forms extremely thin microscopic protective film after the atomization lubricating oil in the cutting tool edge of a sword and the work piece surface, but effectively will lengthen the cutting tool life and enhances the components the surface quality.
Third, high-speed cutting processing cutting tool
The cutting tool is in the high-speed cutting processing one of most active important factors, it is affecting the processing efficiency, the production cost and the product processing precision directly. The cutting tool must withstand load and so on high temperature, high pressure, friction, impact and vibration in the high speed processing process, the high-speed cutting cutting tool should have the good machine capability and the thermostability, namely has the good anti- impact, the wearability and resists heat the weary characteristic. The high-speed cutting processing cutting tool technological development speed is very quick, application many like diamonds (PCD), cubic boron nitride (CBN), ceramic cutting tool, coating hard alloy, (carbon) titanium nitrides hard alloy TIC (N) and so on.
In the processing cast iron and in the alloy steel cutting tool, the hard alloy is the most commonly used cutting tool material. Hard alloy tools resistance to wear good, but the solidity ratio cube boron nitride and the ceramics are low. In order to enhance degree of hardness and the superficially attractive fineness, uses the cutting tool coating technology, the coating material for the titanium nitrides (TiN), the aluminium nitride titanium (TiALN) and so on. The coating technology causes the coating by the sole coating development for multilayered, the many kinds of coating material coating, has become one of enhancement high-speed cutting ability essential technical. The diameter in the 10~40mm scope, also has the carbon titanium nitrides coating the hard alloy bit to be able to process the Luo river degree of hardness to be smaller than 42 materials, but the titanium nitrides aluminum coating cutting tool can process the Luo river degree of hardness is 42 even higher materials. When high-speed cutting steel products, the cutting tool material should select the hot rigidity and the fatigue strength high P kind of hard alloy, the coating hard alloy, the cubic boron nitride (CBN) and the CBN compound cutting tool material (WBN) and so on. The cutting cast iron, should select the fine grain K kind of hard alloy to carry on the rough machining, selects the compound nitrided silicon ceramics or the crystal combination cube boron nitride (PCNB) the compound cutting tool carries on the precision work. When precise processing non-ferrous metal or nonmetallic material, should select crystal combination diamond PCD or the CVD diamond coating cutting tool. When choice cutting parameter, in view of the circular shear blade and a ball milling cutter, should pay attention to the effective diameter the concept. The high speed milling cutting tool should press the balance design manufacture. The cutting tool front angle must be smaller than the conventional cutting tool front angle, the clearance angle is slightly big. The host vice- cutting edge attachment point should the cavetto or the lead angle, increases the vertex angle, prevents the knife point place hot attrition. Should enlarge nearby the knife point the cutting edge length and the cutting tool material volume, enhances the cutting tool rigidity. Is safe in the guarantee and satisfies the processing request under the condition, the cutting tool hangs extends as far as possible short, cutter body central toughness is friends with. The hilt must be sturdier than the cutting tool diameter, connects the handle to assume but actually the pyramidal, by increases its rigidity. As far as possible central the refrigerant hole in the cutting tool and the cutting tool system. A ball end mill must consider effectively cuts the length, the cutting edge must be as far as possible short, two spiral grooves balls end mill usually uses in the thick mill complex curved surface, four spiral grooves balls end mill usually uses in the fine mill complex curved surface.
Fourth, mold high speed processing craft
The high speed processing including take removes the remainder as the goal rough machining, the residual rough machining, as well as take gains the high grade processing surface and the slight structure as the goal half precision work, the precision work and the mirror surface processing and so on.
1. Rough machining
The mold rough machining essential target is pursues in the unit time material removing rate, and is half precision work preparation work piece geometry outline. In the high speed processing rough machining should adopt the craft plan is the high cutting speed, Gao Jin giving rate and the small cutting specifications combination. The contour processing way is one processing way which the multitudinous CAM software uses generally. Using is spiral contour and so on the Z axis contour two ways which are many, also is in processes the region only time to feed, in does not lift the knife in the situation to produce continuously the smooth cutting tool way, enters, draws back the knife way to use the circular arc to cut into, to cut. The spiral contour way characteristic is, has not waited the high level between the knife road migration, may avoid frequently lifting the knife, feeding to the components surface quality influence and mechanical device nonessential consuming. To is steep and the flat site processes separately, the computation suits contour and suits the use similar 3D bias the region, and may use the spiral way, in very little lifts the cutting tool way which the knife in the situation produces optimizes, obtains the better surface quality. In the high speed processing, certainly must adopt the circular arc to cut into, to cut the connection way, as well as the circular arc transition, avoids changing the cutting tool to enter suddenly for the direction, the prohibition use direct under knife connection way, avoids burying the cutting tool the work piece. When processes the mold cavity, should avoid the cutting tool vertical insertion work piece under, but should use inclines the knife way (commonly used angle of bank for 20°~30°), best uses the screw type under knife by to reduce the cutting tool load. When processes the mold core, should under the knife then level cut into the work piece as far as possible first from the work piece. The cutting tool cuts into, cuts when the work piece should use as far as possible inclines the type (or round arc-type) cuts into, cuts, vertically avoids cutting into, cutting. Uses climbs up the type cutting to be possible to reduce the cutting heat, reduces the cutting tool stress and the work hardening degree, improves the processing quality.
2. Half precision work
The mold half precision work essential target is causes the work piece outline shape smoothly, surface finish remainder even, this especially is important regarding the tool steel mold, because it will affect time the precision work cutting tool layer of cutting area change and cutting tool load change, thus influence cutting process stability and precision work surface quality.
The rough machining is based on the volume model, the precision work then is based on the face mold. Before develops CAD/The CAM system to the components geometry description is not continual, after because has not described in front of the rough machining, the precision work processes the model the average information, therefore the rough machining surface surplus processing remainder distribution and the great surplus processing remainder is unknown. Therefore should fifty-fifty the precision work strategy carry on the optimization after to guarantee half precision work the work piece surface has the even surplus processing remainder. The optimized process includes: After the rough machining the outline computation, the great surplus processing remainder computation, the biggest permission processing remainder determination,