畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)（論 文）任 務(wù) 書
設(shè)計(jì)（論文）題目：貨車自動(dòng)緊繩裝置
學(xué)生姓名：
發(fā)任務(wù)書日期：年月日
任務(wù)書填寫要求
1．畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）任務(wù)書由指導(dǎo)教師根據(jù)各課題的具體情況填寫，經(jīng)學(xué)生所在專業(yè)的負(fù)責(zé)人審查、系
（院）領(lǐng)導(dǎo)簽字后生效。此任務(wù)書應(yīng)在畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）開始前一周內(nèi)填好并發(fā)給學(xué)生。
2．任務(wù)書內(nèi)容必須用黑墨水筆工整書寫，不得涂改或潦草書寫；或者按教務(wù)處統(tǒng)一設(shè)計(jì)的電子文檔標(biāo)準(zhǔn)格式
（可從教務(wù)處網(wǎng)頁上下載）打印，要求正文小4號宋體，1.5倍行距，禁 打印在 上 。
3．任務(wù)書內(nèi)填寫的內(nèi)容，必須 學(xué)生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文） 的情況 一 ， ，應(yīng) 經(jīng) 所在專業(yè)
系（院） 領(lǐng)導(dǎo)審 后 可 填寫。
4．任務(wù)書內(nèi) 學(xué)院 、 專業(yè) 名 的填寫，應(yīng)寫 文 ，不 寫 字?￠。學(xué)生的 學(xué)號 要寫
號，不 ￡寫?后2￥或1￥ 字。
5．任務(wù)書內(nèi) 要?§文currency1 的填寫，應(yīng)按'“???fi學(xué)院fl?畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文） 寫–??的要求書寫。
6． 年月日 日期的填寫，應(yīng) 按'·標(biāo)GB/T 7408—94“ 據(jù) ??格式、????、日期 ”?
…‰ ?–?的要求，一 用`′? 字書寫。? 2002年4月2日 或 2002-04-02”。
畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)（論 文）任 務(wù) 書
1．fl畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）課題應(yīng)ˉ?的目的：
˙ ¨行fl 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)， ?系統(tǒng)? 學(xué)生¨行設(shè)計(jì) ?? 的ˇfl— ， 學(xué)生 用所學(xué)ˇ
論、專業(yè) 各 fi ， 設(shè)計(jì)、計(jì) 、 題 ? 題的 a，¨ 、 ? ?得
論，¨行?o系統(tǒng)的工 — ， ?? a，? 論文 寫 fi … a，o? 工 ??ˇ ，
ˉ?人? 的目的 要求。
? ?下? ? a：
1． 查??、 文currency1 、閱讀與翻譯的 a；
2． 用ˇ 論、專業(yè) 論 ? ? 題的 a；
3．查閱 使用專業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)手冊的 a；
4．設(shè)計(jì)、計(jì) 與繪圖的 a，包括使用計(jì) 機(jī)¨行繪圖的 a；
5.觀察 再生活里? 制造物品的?用 a的§慮
6． 寫設(shè)計(jì)說明書（論文）的 a。
2．fl畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）課題任務(wù)的內(nèi)容 要求（包括原始 據(jù)、fi 要求、工 要求 ）：
1.設(shè)計(jì)一臺 夠 自動(dòng)或者半自動(dòng) 長途貨車（輪船）的繩 ¨行自動(dòng)緊固的設(shè)備
2.根據(jù)課題所確?該型設(shè)備鎖需要的 ，涉 領(lǐng)域，? 材料的選擇，?何?現(xiàn)整體功 。
3.擬?整機(jī)的機(jī)械傳動(dòng)鏈 傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)圖。
4.根據(jù) 構(gòu) 案圖，在圖 上擬?傳動(dòng)構(gòu)件 執(zhí)行構(gòu)件。
5.演 ?何布置各個(gè)活動(dòng)件的 配置，（ a允許的話做 三維動(dòng)態(tài)演‰圖）
6 ?出 的控制策略與設(shè)計(jì)。
畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)（論 文）任 務(wù) 書
3． fl畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）課題 果的要求〔包括圖…、?物 硬件要求〕：
1、畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說明書
2、 裝配圖 要零件圖一套
3 控制流 圖
4、 文?§資料譯文（附原文）
5 鼓勵(lì)做拓展性??
4． 要?§文currency1：
[1]. 吳宗澤.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)課 設(shè)計(jì)手冊[M].北京: 教育出版社,2006: 21-23, 35..
[2]. 大先 編.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊.第四版第五卷.化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社.2004
[3]. 李澄.“機(jī)械制圖? 教育出版社。2008
[4]. 襲華生.“?用點(diǎn)路創(chuàng)藝制造自學(xué)˙?
[5].吳承建.“?屬材料?冶?出版社2009
畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)（論 文）任 務(wù) 書
5．fl畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）課題工 ¨度計(jì)劃：
2015.12.13—2016.03.09 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) ?；開題報(bào)告；英文翻譯；
2016.03.10—2016.04.06 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)查閱；收集資料；論文?綱；
2016.04.07—2016.05.04 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)?驗(yàn) 案 序設(shè)計(jì)與優(yōu)化；
2016.05.05—2016.05.11 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì) 套材料；
2016.05.12—2016.05.17 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)論文預(yù)審；畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)答 ；
所在專業(yè)審查 ：
˙
負(fù)責(zé)人： 2016 年 1 月 18 日
畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)（論 文）開 題 報(bào) 告
設(shè)計(jì)（論文）題目：貨車自動(dòng)緊繩裝置
學(xué)生姓名：
年 月 日
開題報(bào)告填寫要求
1．開題報(bào)告（含“文獻(xiàn)綜述”）作為畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）答辯委員會對學(xué)生答辯資格審查的依據(jù)材料之一。此
報(bào)告應(yīng)在指導(dǎo)教師指導(dǎo)下，由學(xué)生在畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）工作前期內(nèi)完成，經(jīng)指導(dǎo)教師簽署意見及所在專業(yè)審查
后生效；
2．開題報(bào)告內(nèi)容必須用黑墨水筆工整書寫或按教務(wù)處統(tǒng)一設(shè)計(jì)的電子文檔標(biāo)準(zhǔn)格式打印，禁止打印在其它紙
上后剪貼，完成后應(yīng)及時(shí)交給指導(dǎo)教師簽署意見；
3．“文獻(xiàn)綜述”應(yīng)按論文的框架成文，并直接書寫（或打印）在 開題報(bào)告 一 目內(nèi)，學(xué)生寫文獻(xiàn)綜述的
文獻(xiàn)應(yīng) 15 （ ）；
4． 年月日 日期的填寫，應(yīng) 按 標(biāo)GB/T 7408—94 據(jù) 交 格式 交 日期 時(shí)
?￠￡的要求，一?用￥?§ currency1書寫。'“2004年4月26日”或“2004-04-26”。
5 開題報(bào)告（文獻(xiàn)綜述）currency1“?按?“ ?fifl書寫， –1.5?。
畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)（論文） 開 題 報(bào) 告
1．?·畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文） 題??，?據(jù)所查?的文獻(xiàn)資料，”?…寫 1000currency1‰ 的文獻(xiàn)綜述：
貨車自動(dòng)緊繩設(shè)? `
′要：緊繩??要用 ˉ?貨車˙¨ ??對貨 的?? ˇ— ?的一 ?? 。 生 及查??
文文獻(xiàn)的 ， 內(nèi) 貨車的緊繩?的 ， 及所用材料，工 的 。
? ： ?；自動(dòng)緊繩設(shè)?；材料
一 前a
? 貨 車??，?o ? ? 75%的 ? ， ?的 一 ????業(yè)。
的統(tǒng)計(jì) ， 路貨 業(yè)其 ”天天在¨貨 達(dá)到8400余 噸，平均”噸貨 ?180 里，服務(wù)4.3
億個(gè)家庭。平均”年為”? ? 接受2噸貨 。對 ˉ車??而a，卡車的孤身 里 也遠(yuǎn)沒 美 路電
影那么浪漫。超速 疲勞駕駛 空擋溜車 卡車 ? 業(yè)的普遍現(xiàn)象。 '此，或許 很多，超速 超
， ˇ—……ˉ貨車??的生存現(xiàn)狀 什么樣呢？
二 `意義
查?文獻(xiàn)， 貨車緊繩?，并將它的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)歸納'下：
1． 優(yōu)點(diǎn)：
a) 在之前的貨車都 采用吊扣， 需要打繩?， ，現(xiàn)在基 都使用緊繩? ，尤其在半掛車 平板車
上的使用相 普及。雖然焊在貨箱下面并 起眼，但對 緊?貨 而a，確 能夠讓??輕松
b） 使用繩子捆綁時(shí)，將繩子的一頭?￡在圓棒上，將撬棍插入軸頭轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，帶動(dòng)棘輪轉(zhuǎn) ?緊繩子，擋鳥扣住
棘輪 現(xiàn)?￡。需放松繩子，只需扳動(dòng)擋鳥，輪軸就能自由轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，將繩子松開 。整個(gè) 程操作簡便，省力，
使用ˇ—
2． 缺點(diǎn)：
a) 內(nèi)緊繩? 品良莠 齊，?要 低檔劣質(zhì)的 品，很多都 家庭作坊式生 ，既無商標(biāo)也沒 經(jīng) 質(zhì)
檢測就直接投放，甚至采用 料 作，質(zhì) 無 。
`現(xiàn)狀
經(jīng) 的 速 ? 需求?速 ， 一個(gè)?效的 “ 的 。?效 要
求速 夠 ， 要 貨 的ˇ—。由 內(nèi)箱式貨車普及 ?，' 在貨 的ˇ—裝 也 現(xiàn)
需要面對的一個(gè) 要 題，由此緊繩?應(yīng)用而生。普 的緊繩? 含 下 ? ：輪軸 軸頭 棘輪
擋鳥 架 圓棒。貨車用的緊繩?就 焊接?￡在 的 上。一 的緊繩? 為開 開 ，
內(nèi) 見的 開 的 品，?要用 繩子捆綁。其?，開 ? 為“一”currency1￠開 “￡”currency1￠開 ，
“一”currency1?開 的緊繩??要?·緊繩￥帶使用，也?用 繩子§·捆綁；“￡”currency1?開 的緊繩?currency1能多樣，
'個(gè)在 內(nèi)“?沒 使用的，? ?·??繩 ￥帶 繩子使用
目前， 達(dá) 家ˉ多采用“￡”currency1￠開 fi式，軸頭ˉ多fl 能– 自動(dòng)– ? ，?·?力一 4T 上，
貨車裝上緊繩?后基 上 身 ，完—能??卡車?速 ?捆綁??的要求。
畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)（論文） 開 題 報(bào) 告
2． 題要 `或 ?的?題 ”采用的 ` ?（¨…）：
題的‰ ?生 ?的`身“′，作為 題的…寫?， 的?? 很多`ˉ都 ˙¨ ?的貨車??，而
也`身“會 貨車的 ?的 程并操作緊繩'一“力 ，由此而生?￡?'一 題
畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)（論文） 開 題 報(bào) 告
指導(dǎo)教師意見：
1．對“文獻(xiàn)綜述”的˙¨：
文獻(xiàn)檢 基 ·格。
2．對 題的? ? 及工作 的意見 對設(shè)計(jì)（論文）? 的?測：
意?ˇ 題 `。
3. — 意開題： 意 意
指導(dǎo)教師：
2016 年 03 月 17 日
所在專業(yè)審查意見：
意
?：
2016 年 03 月 28 日
畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)（論 文）外 文 參 考 資 料 及 譯 文
譯文題目 The relationship between cargo transportation and numerical control equipment（貨物運(yùn)輸與數(shù)控設(shè)備的關(guān)系 ）
學(xué)生姓名：
專 業(yè)：
所在學(xué)院：
指導(dǎo)教師：
職 稱：
In recent years the development of transportation industry in China has always maintained a rapid and steady growth, can assert that, along with our country to pay more attention to for the development of transportation industry, as well as national economic development for logistics, especially transportation demand, the overall size of the freight market in the next few years will continue to expand, transportation industry as the role of the artery of national economy will be more obvious.Freight volume increasing, however, to some extent contributed to the growth of the cargo security hidden danger, such as the improvement of transportation speed will increase the risk of shipping accidents.In addition, in 2007 China's highway freight, rail freight, shipping freight volume reached 16.394 billion tons, 3.14 billion tons, 3.14 billion tons, it can be seen that the main highway transportation is still the freight market.In the three kinds of modes of transportation, for the regulation is difficult and so on various aspects reason, highway transportation is one of the most easy to shipping safety accidents.Therefore, our country's cargo security, especially the freight market security situation is not optimistic. Numerical control technology and equipping development trend and countermeasure
Equip the engineering level, level of determining the whole national economy of the modernized degree and modernized degree of industry, numerical control technology is it develop new developing new high-tech industry and most advanced industry to equip (such as information technology and his industry, biotechnology and his industry, aviation, spaceflight, etc. national defense industry) last technology and getting more basic most equipment. Marx has ever said "the differences of different economic times, do not lie in what is produced, and lie in how to produce, produce with some means of labor ". Manufacturing technology and equipping the most basic means of production that are that the mankind produced the activity, and numerical control technology is nowadays advanced manufacturing technology and equips the most central technology. Nowadays the manufacturing industry all around the world adopts numerical control technology extensively, in order to improve manufacturing capacity and level, improve the adaptive capacity and competitive power to the changeable market of the trends. In addition every industrially developed country in the world also classifies the technology and numerical control equipment of numerical control as the strategic materials of the country, not merely take the great measure to develop one's own numerical control technology and industry, and implement blockading and restrictive policy to our country in view of " high-grade, precision and advanced key technology of numerical control " and equipping. In a word, develop the advanced manufacturing technology taking numerical control technology as the core and already become every world developed country and accelerate economic development in a more cost-effective manner, important way to improve the overall national strength and national position.
Numerical control technology is the technology controlled to mechanical movement and working course with digital information, integrated products of electromechanics that the numerical control equipment is the new technology represented by numerical control technology forms to the manufacture industry of the tradition and infiltration of the new developing manufacturing industry, namely the so-called digitization is equipped, its technological range covers a lot of fields: (1)Mechanical manufacturing technology; (2)Information processing, processing, transmission technology; (3)Automatic control technology; (4)Servo drive technology; (5)Technology of the sensor; (6)Software engineering ,etc..
Development trend of a numerical control technology
The application of numerical control technology has not only brought the revolutionary change to manufacturing industry of the tradition, make the manufacturing industry become the industrialized symbol , and with the constant development of numerical control technology and enlargement of the application, the development of some important trades (IT , automobile , light industry , medical treatment ,etc. ) to the national economy and the people's livelihood of his plays a more and more important role, because the digitization that these trades needed to equip has already been the main trend of modern development. Numerical control technology in the world at present and equipping the development trend to see, there is the following several respect [1- ] in its main research focus.
1 A high-speed, high finish machining technology and new trend equipped
The efficiency, quality are subjavanufacturing technology. High-speed, high finish machining technology can raise the efficiency greatly , improve the quality and grade of the products, shorten production cycle and improve the market competitive power. Japan carries the technological research association first to classify it as one of the 5 great modern manufacturing technologies for this, learn (CIRP) to confirm it as the centre in the 21st century and study one of the directions in international production engineering.
In the field of car industry, produce one second when beat such as production of 300,000 / vehicle per year, and many variety process it is car that equip key problem that must be solved one of; In the fields of aviation and aerospace industry, spare parts of its processing are mostly the thin wall and thin muscle, rigidity is very bad, the material is aluminium or aluminium alloy, only in a situation that cut the speed and cut strength very small high, could process these muscles, walls. Adopt large-scale whole aluminium alloy method that blank " pay empty " make the wing recently, such large-scale parts as the fuselage ,etc. come to substitute a lot of parts to assemble through numerous rivet , screw and other connection way, make the intensity , rigidity and dependability of the component improved. All these, to processing and equipping the demand which has proposed high-speed, high precise and high flexibility.
According to EMO2001 exhibition situation, high-speed machining center is it give speed can reach 80m/min is even high , air transport competent speed can up to 100m/min to be about to enter. A lot of automobile factories in the world at present, including Shanghai General Motors Corporation of our country, have already adopted and substituted and made the lathe up with the production line part that the high-speed machining center makes up. HyperMach lathe of U.S.A. CINCINNATI Company enters to nearly biggest 60m/min of speed, it is 100m/min to be fast, the acceleration reaches 2g, the rotational speed of the main shaft has already reached 60 000r/min. Processing a thin wall of plane parts, spend 30min only, and same part general at a high speed milling machine process and take 3h, the ordinary milling machine is being processed to need 8h; The speed and acceleration of main shaft of dual main shaft lathes of Germany DMG Company are up to 120000r/mm and 1g.
In machining accuracy, the past 10 years, ordinary progression accuse of machining accuracy of lathe bring 5μm up to from 10μm already, accurate grades of machining center from 3～5μm, rise to 1～1.5μm, and ultraprecision machining accuracy is it enter nanometer grade to begin already (0.01μm).
In dependability, MTBF value of the foreign numerical control device has already reached above 6 000h, MTBF value of the servo system reaches above 30000h, demonstrate very high dependability .
In order to realize high-speed, high finish machining, if the part of function related to it is electric main shaft, straight line electrical machinery get fast development, the application is expanded further . 1.2 Link and process and compound to process the fast development of the lathe in 5 axes
Adopt 5 axles to link the processing of the three-dimensional curved surface part, can cut with the best geometry form of the cutter , not only highly polished, but also efficiency improves by a large margin . It is generally acknowledged, the efficiency of an 5 axle gear beds can equal 2 3 axle gear beds, is it wait for to use the cubic nitrogen boron the milling cutter of ultra hard material is milled and pared at a high speed while quenching the hard steel part, 5 axles link and process 3 constant axles to link and process and give play to higher benefit. Because such reasons as complicated that 5 axles link the numerical control system , host computer structure that but go over, it is several times higher that its price links the numerical control lathe than 3 axles , in addition the technological degree of difficulty of programming is relatively great, have restricted the development of 5 axle gear beds.
At present because of electric appearance of main shaft, is it realize 5 axle complex main shaft hair structure processed to link greatly simplify to make, it makes degree of difficulty and reducing by a large margin of the cost, the price disparity of the numerical control system shrinks. So promoted 5 axle gear beds of head of complex main shaft and compound to process the development of the lathe (process the lathe including 5).
At EMO2001 exhibition, new Japanese 5 of worker machine process lathe adopt complex main shaft hair, can realize the processing of 4 vertical planes and processing of the wanton angle, make 5 times process and 5 axles are processed and can be realized on the same lathe, can also realize the inclined plane and pour the processing of the hole of awls. Germany DMG Company exhibits the DMUVoution series machining center, but put and insert and put processing and 5 axles 5 times to link and process in once, can be controlled by CNC system or CAD/CAM is controlled directly or indirectly.
1.3 Become the main trend of systematic development of contemporary numerical control intelligently, openly, networkedly.
The numerical control equipment in the 21st century will be sure the intelligent system, the intelligent content includes all respects in the numerical control system: It is intelligent in order to pursue the efficiency of processing and process quality, control such as the self-adaptation of the processing course, the craft parameter is produced automatically; Join the convenient one in order to improve the performance of urging and use intelligently, if feedforward control , adaptive operation , electrical machinery of parameter , discern load select models , since exactly makes etc. automatically; The ones that simplified programming , simplified operating aspect are intelligent, for instance intelligent automatic programming , intelligent man-machine interface ,etc.; There are content of intelligence diagnose , intelligent monitoring , diagnosis convenient to be systematic and maintaining ,etc..
Produce the existing problem for the industrialization of solving the traditional numerical control system sealing and numerical control application software. A lot of countries carry on research to the open numerical control system at present, such as NGC of U.S.A. (The Next Generation Work-Station/Machine Control), OSACA of European Community (Open System Architecture for Control within Automation Systems), OSEC (Open System Environment for Controller) of Japan, ONC (Open Numerical Control System) of China, etc.. The numerical control system melts to become the future way of the numerical control system open. The so-called open numerical control system is the development of the numerical control system can be on unified operation platform, face the lathe producer and end user, through changing, increasing or cutting out the structure target(numerical control function), form the serration, and can use users specially conveniently and the technical know-how is integrated in the control system, realize the open numerical control system of different variety , different grade fast, form leading brand products with distinct distinction. System structure norm of the open numerical control system at present, communication norm , disposing norm , operation platform , numerical control systematic function storehouse and numerical control systematic function software development ,etc. are the core of present research.
The networked numerical control equipment is a new light spot of the fair of the internationally famous lathe in the past two years. Meeting production line , manufacture system , demand for the information integration of manufacturing company networkedly greatly of numerical control equipment, realize new manufacture mode such as quick make , fictitious enterprise , basic Entrance that the whole world make too. Some domestic and international famous numerical control lathes and systematic manufacturing companies of numerical control have all introduced relevant new concepts and protons of a machine in the past two years, if in EMO2001 exhibition, " Cyber Production Center " that the company exhibits of mountain rugged campstool gram in Japan (Mazak) (intellectual central production control unit, abbreviated as CPC); The lathe company of Japanese big Wei (Okuma ) exhibits " IT plaza " (the information technology square , is abbreviated as IT square ); Open Manufacturing Environment that the company exhibits of German Siemens (Siemens ) (open the manufacturing environment, abbreviated as OME),etc., have reflected numerical control machine tooling to the development trend of networked direction. 1.4 Pay attention to the new technical standard, normal setting-up
1.4.1 Design the norm of developing about the numerical control system
As noted previously, there are better common ability, flexibility, adaptability, expanding in the open numerical control system, such countries as U.S.A. ,European Community and Japan ,etc. implement the strategic development plan one after another , carry on the research and formulation of the systematic norm (OMAC , OSACA , OSEC ) of numerical control of the open system structure, 3 biggest economies in the world have carried on the formulation that nearly the same science planned and standardized in a short time, have indicated a new arrival of period of change of numerical control technology. Our country started the research and formulation of standardizing the frame of ONC numerical control system of China too in 2000.
1.4.2 About the numerical control standard
The numerical control standard is a kind of trend of information-based development of manufacturing industry. Information exchange among 50 years after numerical control technology was born was all because of ISO6983 standard, namely adopt G, M code describes how processes, its essential characteristic faces the processing course, obviously, he can't meet high-speed development of modern numerical control technology's needs more and more already. For this reason, studying and making a kind of new CNC system standard ISO14649 (STEP-NC) in the world, its purpose is to offer a kind of neutral mechanism not depending on the concrete system, can describe the unified data model in cycle of whole life of the products, thus realize the whole manufacture process, standardization of and even each industrial field product information.
譯文
近年來我國運(yùn)輸業(yè)的發(fā)展始終保持著快速、穩(wěn)步的增長勢頭，可以斷言，隨著我國對發(fā)展交通運(yùn)輸業(yè)的更加重視，以及國民經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展 對物流尤其是運(yùn)輸?shù)男枨罄瓌?dòng)，貨運(yùn)市場的總體規(guī)模在未來幾年將繼續(xù)擴(kuò)大，運(yùn)輸業(yè)作為國民經(jīng)濟(jì)大動(dòng)脈的作用將更加明顯。然而，貨運(yùn)量的不斷增長一定程度上促發(fā)了貨運(yùn)安全隱患的增長，比如運(yùn)輸速度的提高就會增加發(fā)生貨運(yùn)事故的幾率。另外，2007年我國公路貨運(yùn)量、鐵路貨運(yùn)量、水運(yùn)貨運(yùn)量分別達(dá)到了163.94億噸、31.4億噸、28.12億噸，可以看出公路運(yùn)輸業(yè)仍是貨運(yùn)市場的主力。而在三種運(yùn)輸方式中，由于監(jiān)管難度大等各方面原因，公路運(yùn)輸是最容易發(fā)生貨運(yùn)安全事故的一種。因此，我國的貨運(yùn)安全，尤其是貨運(yùn)市場安全形勢不容樂觀。數(shù)控技術(shù)和裝備發(fā)展趨勢及對策
裝備工業(yè)的技術(shù)水平和現(xiàn)代化程度決定著整個(gè)國民經(jīng)濟(jì)的水平和現(xiàn)代化程度，數(shù)控技術(shù)及裝備是發(fā)展新興高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)和尖端工業(yè)（如信息技術(shù)及其產(chǎn)業(yè)、生物技術(shù)及其產(chǎn)業(yè)、航空、航天等國防工業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)）的使能技術(shù)和最基本的裝備。馬克思曾經(jīng)說過“各種經(jīng)濟(jì)時(shí)代的區(qū)別，不在于生產(chǎn)什么，而在于怎樣生產(chǎn)，用什么勞動(dòng)資料生產(chǎn)”。制造技術(shù)和裝備就是人類生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)的最基本的生產(chǎn)資料，而數(shù)控技術(shù)又是當(dāng)今先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)和裝備最為核心的技術(shù)。當(dāng)今世界各國制造業(yè)廣泛采用數(shù)控技術(shù)，以提高制造能力和水平，提高對動(dòng)態(tài)多變市場的適應(yīng)能力和競爭能力。此外，世界上各工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國家還將數(shù)控技術(shù)及數(shù)控裝備列為國家的戰(zhàn)略物資，不僅采取重大措施來發(fā)展自己的數(shù)控技術(shù)及其產(chǎn)業(yè)，而且在“高精尖”數(shù)控關(guān)鍵技術(shù)和裝備方面對我國實(shí)行封鎖和限制政策?？傊?，大力發(fā)展以數(shù)控技術(shù)為核心的先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)已成為世界各發(fā)達(dá)國家加速經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展、提高綜合國力和國家地位的重要途徑。
數(shù)控技術(shù)是用數(shù)字信息對機(jī)械運(yùn)動(dòng)和工作過程進(jìn)行控制的技術(shù)，數(shù)控裝備是以數(shù)控技術(shù)為代表的新技術(shù)對傳統(tǒng)制造產(chǎn)業(yè)和新興制造業(yè)的滲透形成的機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品，即所謂的數(shù)字化裝備，其技術(shù)范圍覆蓋很多領(lǐng)域：(1)機(jī)械制造技術(shù)；(2)信息處理、加工、傳輸技術(shù)；(3)自動(dòng)控制技術(shù)；(4)伺服驅(qū)動(dòng)技術(shù)；(5)傳感器技術(shù)；(6)軟件技術(shù)等。
1 數(shù)控技術(shù)的發(fā)展趨勢
數(shù)控技術(shù)的應(yīng)用不但給傳統(tǒng)制造業(yè)帶來了革命性的變化，使制造業(yè)成為工業(yè)化的象征，而且隨著數(shù)控技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展和應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域的擴(kuò)大，他對國計(jì)民生的一些重要行業(yè)（IT、汽車、輕工、醫(yī)療等）的發(fā)展起著越來越重要的作用，因?yàn)檫@些行業(yè)所需裝備的數(shù)字化已是現(xiàn)代發(fā)展的大趨勢。從目前世界上數(shù)控技術(shù)及其裝備發(fā)展的趨勢來看，其主要研究熱點(diǎn)有以下幾個(gè)方面［1～4］。
1.1 高速、高精加工技術(shù)及裝備的新趨勢
效率、質(zhì)量是先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)的主體。高速、高精加工技術(shù)可極大地提高效率，提高產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量和檔次，縮短生產(chǎn)周期和提高市場競爭能力。為此日本先端技術(shù)研究會將其列為5大現(xiàn)代制造技術(shù)之一，國際生產(chǎn)工程學(xué)會（CIRP）將其確定為21世紀(jì)的中心研究方向之一。
在轎車工業(yè)領(lǐng)域，年產(chǎn)30萬輛的生產(chǎn)節(jié)拍是40秒/輛，而且多品種加工是轎車裝備必須解決的重點(diǎn)問題之一；在航空和宇航工業(yè)領(lǐng)域，其加工的零部件多為薄壁和薄筋，剛度很差，材料為鋁或鋁合金，只有在高切削速度和切削力很小的情況下，才能對這些筋、壁進(jìn)行加工。近來采用大型整體鋁合金坯料“掏空”的方法來制造機(jī)翼、機(jī)身等大型零件來替代多個(gè)零件通過眾多的鉚釘、螺釘和其他聯(lián)結(jié)方式拼裝，使構(gòu)件的強(qiáng)度、剛度和可靠性得到提高。這些都對加工裝備提出了高速、高精和高柔性的要求。
從EMO2001展會情況來看，高速加工中心進(jìn)給速度可達(dá)80m/min，甚至更高，空運(yùn)行速度可達(dá)100m/min左右。目前世界上許多汽車廠，包括我國的上海通用汽車公司，已經(jīng)采用以高速加工中心組成的生產(chǎn)線部分替代組合機(jī)床。美國CINCINNATI公司的HyperMach機(jī)床進(jìn)給速度最大達(dá)60m/min，快速為100m/min，加速度達(dá)2g，主軸轉(zhuǎn)速已達(dá)60 000r/min。加工一個(gè)薄壁飛機(jī)零件，只用30min，而同樣的零件在一般高速銑床加工需3h，在普通銑床加工需8h；德國DMG公司的雙主軸車床的主軸速度及加速度分別達(dá)120000r/mm和1g。
在加工精度方面，近10年來，普通級數(shù)控機(jī)床的加工精度已由10μm提高到5μm，精密級加工中心則從3～5μm，提高到1～1.5μm，并且超精密加工精度已開始進(jìn)入納米級(0.01μm)。
在可靠性方面，國外數(shù)控裝置的MTBF值已達(dá)6 000h以上，伺服系統(tǒng)的MTBF值達(dá)到30000h以上，表現(xiàn)出非常高的可靠性。
為了實(shí)現(xiàn)高速、高精加工，與之配套的功能部件如電主軸、直線電機(jī)得到了快速的發(fā)展，應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大。1.2 五軸聯(lián)動(dòng)加工和復(fù)合加工機(jī)床快速發(fā)展
采用5軸聯(lián)動(dòng)對三維曲面零件的加工，可用刀具最佳幾何形狀進(jìn)行切削，不僅光潔度高，而且效率也大幅度提高。一般認(rèn)為，1臺5軸聯(lián)動(dòng)機(jī)床的效率可以等于2臺3軸聯(lián)動(dòng)機(jī)床，特別是使用立方氮化硼等超硬材料銑刀進(jìn)行高速銑削淬硬鋼零件時(shí)，5軸聯(lián)動(dòng)加工可比3軸聯(lián)動(dòng)加工發(fā)揮更高的效益。但過去因5軸聯(lián)動(dòng)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)、主機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜等原因，其價(jià)格要比3軸聯(lián)動(dòng)數(shù)控機(jī)床高出數(shù)倍，加之編程技術(shù)難度較大，制約了5軸聯(lián)動(dòng)機(jī)床的發(fā)展。
當(dāng)前由于電主軸的出現(xiàn)，使得實(shí)現(xiàn)5軸聯(lián)動(dòng)加工的復(fù)合主軸頭結(jié)構(gòu)大為簡化，其制造難度和成本大幅度降低，數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的價(jià)格差距縮小。因此促進(jìn)了復(fù)合主軸頭類型5軸聯(lián)動(dòng)機(jī)床和復(fù)合加工機(jī)床（含5面加工機(jī)床）的發(fā)展。
在EMO2001展會上，新日本工機(jī)的5面加工機(jī)床采用復(fù)合主軸頭，可實(shí)現(xiàn)4個(gè)垂直平面的加工和任意角度的加工，使得5面加工和5軸加工可在同一臺機(jī)床上實(shí)現(xiàn)，還可實(shí)現(xiàn)傾斜面和倒錐孔的加工。德國DMG公司展出DMUVoution系列加工中心，可在一次裝夾下實(shí)現(xiàn)5面加工和5軸聯(lián)動(dòng)加工，可由CNC系統(tǒng)控制或CAD/CAM直接或間接控制。
1.3 智能化、開放式、網(wǎng)絡(luò)化成為當(dāng)代數(shù)控系統(tǒng)發(fā)展的主要趨勢
21世紀(jì)的數(shù)控裝備將是具有一定智能化的系統(tǒng)，智能化的內(nèi)容包括在數(shù)控系統(tǒng)中的各個(gè)方面：為追求加工效率和加工質(zhì)量方面的智能化，如加工過程的自適應(yīng)控制，工藝參數(shù)自動(dòng)生成；為提高驅(qū)動(dòng)性能及使用連接方便的智能化，如前饋控制、電機(jī)參數(shù)的自適應(yīng)運(yùn)算、自動(dòng)識別負(fù)載自動(dòng)選定模型、自整定等；簡化編程、簡化操作方面的智能化，如智能化的自動(dòng)編程、智能化的人機(jī)界面等；還有智能診斷、智能監(jiān)控方面的內(nèi)容、方便系統(tǒng)的診斷及維修等。
為解決傳統(tǒng)的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)封閉性和數(shù)控應(yīng)用軟件的產(chǎn)業(yè)化生產(chǎn)存在的問題。目前許多國家對開放式數(shù)控系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行研究，如美國的NGC(The Next Generation Work-Station/Machine Control)、歐共體的OSACA(Open System Architecture for Control within Automation Systems)、日本的OSEC(Open System Environment for Controller)，中國的ONC(Open Numerical Control System)等。數(shù)控系統(tǒng)開放化已經(jīng)成為數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的未來之路。所謂開放式數(shù)控系統(tǒng)就是數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的開發(fā)可以在統(tǒng)一的運(yùn)行平臺上，面向機(jī)床廠家和最終用戶，通過改變、增加或剪裁結(jié)構(gòu)對象（數(shù)控功能），形成系列化，并可方便地將用戶的特殊應(yīng)用和技術(shù)訣竅集成到控制系統(tǒng)中，快速實(shí)現(xiàn)不同品種、不同檔次的開放式數(shù)控系統(tǒng)，形成具有鮮明個(gè)性的名牌產(chǎn)品。目前開放式數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的體系結(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)范、通信規(guī)范、配置規(guī)范、運(yùn)行平臺、數(shù)控系統(tǒng)功能庫以及數(shù)控系統(tǒng)功能軟件開發(fā)工具等是當(dāng)前研究的核心。
網(wǎng)絡(luò)化數(shù)控裝備是近兩年國際著名機(jī)床博覽會的一個(gè)新亮點(diǎn)。數(shù)控裝備的網(wǎng)絡(luò)化將極大地滿足生產(chǎn)線、制造系統(tǒng)、制造企業(yè)對信息集成的需求，也是實(shí)現(xiàn)新的制造模式如敏捷制造、虛擬企業(yè)、全球制造的基礎(chǔ)單元。國內(nèi)外一些著名數(shù)控機(jī)床和數(shù)控系統(tǒng)制造公司都在近兩年推出了相關(guān)的新概念和樣機(jī)，如在EMO2001展中，日本山崎馬扎克（Mazak)公司展出的“CyberProduction Center”（智能生產(chǎn)控制中心，簡稱CPC)；日本大隈（Okuma）機(jī)床公司展出“IT plaza”（信息技術(shù)廣場，簡稱IT廣場)；德國西門子(Siemens)公司展出的Open Manufacturing Environment（開放制造環(huán)境，簡稱OME）等，反映了數(shù)控機(jī)床加工向網(wǎng)絡(luò)化方向發(fā)展的趨勢。.4 重視新技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、規(guī)范的建立
1.4.1 關(guān)于數(shù)控系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)開發(fā)規(guī)范
如前所述，開放式數(shù)控系統(tǒng)有更好的通用性、柔性、適應(yīng)性、擴(kuò)展性，美國、歐共體和日本等國紛紛實(shí)施戰(zhàn)略發(fā)展計(jì)劃，并進(jìn)行開放式體系結(jié)構(gòu)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)規(guī)范(OMAC、OSACA、OSEC)的研究和制定，世界3個(gè)最大的經(jīng)濟(jì)體在短期內(nèi)進(jìn)行了幾乎相同的科學(xué)計(jì)劃和規(guī)范的制定，預(yù)示了數(shù)控技術(shù)的一個(gè)新的變革時(shí)期的來臨。我國在2000年也開始進(jìn)行中國的ONC數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的規(guī)范框架的研究和制定。
1.4.2 關(guān)于數(shù)控標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
數(shù)控標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是制造業(yè)信息化發(fā)展的一種趨勢。數(shù)控技術(shù)誕生后的50年間的信息交換都是基于ISO6983標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，即采用G，M代碼描述如何（how）加工，其本質(zhì)特征是面向加工過程，顯然，他已越來越不能滿足現(xiàn)代數(shù)控技術(shù)高速發(fā)展的需要。為此，國際上正在研究和制定一種新的CNC系統(tǒng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)ISO14649（STEP－NC)，其目的是提供一種不依賴于具體系統(tǒng)的中性機(jī)制，能夠描述產(chǎn)品整個(gè)生命周期內(nèi)的統(tǒng)一數(shù)據(jù)模型，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)整個(gè)制造過程，乃至各個(gè)工業(yè)領(lǐng)域產(chǎn)品信息的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化。