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Rural Tourism and Economic Development作者： Martha Frederick 國(guó)籍：U.S出處：SAGE Publication Tourism is a popular economic development strategy. The author reviews three diverse books that study tourism from various social science perspectives——economic, sociological, psychological, and anthropological. Ryan’s book is multidisciplinary in approach and covers all major topics of tourism; tourist experience; and marketing. Michal Smith details the negative affects of tourism development in rural areas of the southeastern United States. Finally, Valene Smith’s book presents international case studies that document cultural changes caused by tourism development. Despite their different focuses, all three books agree that tourism development has its benefits and costs and that changes to the destination areas are inevitable. Careful planning and marketing can lessen the harmful effects of tourism development.Tourism is an increasingly popular elixir to economic rural and urban underdevelopment. Its current prominence in the array of local economic development strategies can be traced to several features of the tourism industry. Tourism jobs are mostly low-skill jobs, which are a good fit with the job skills of many rural residents. Also, tourism has a potential for creating an export base that builds on favorable local advantages such as a pleasant climate or sites of historic or natural interest. More important, tourism strategies mesh with the current political philosophy and budget realities of minimizing government involvement and investment. The accommodations, restaurants, and entertainment activities that necessarily accompany tourism are assumed to be provided by the private sector. Critics of tourism as a development strategy cite its low-paying and dead-end jobs, its degradation of the local natural environment, and its potential corruption of local culture and customs. Further, not every jurisdiction in need of jobs and a tax base has tourism potential.The study of tourism, like much of the economic development literature, draws from a wide range of disciplines. The forte of economists is in addressing the affects of tourism on the local economy; however, economists fail to describe who tourists are or why they travel. Anthropologists’ major contribution to defining and studying tourism is in examining the impacts of tourism on local culture. Psychologists are more likely to dwell on the motives for tourism, but they ignore the impacts. Clearly, the complete definition of tourism includes the economic, social, anthropological, and psychological viewpoints. One strength of Recreational Tourism: A social Science Perspective by Chris Ryan is its multidisciplinary approach to the study of tourism. In contrast, the case studies from around the world found in Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism, edited by Valene Smith, dwell on tourism from the perspectives of history and anthropology, with its focus on the culture affects of tourism and tourism’s role in the acculturation process. Behind the Glitter: The Impact of Tourism on Rural Women in the Southeast, by Michal Smith, focuses on the economic and cultural effects of tourism in the rural Southeast.Benefits of tourismPerhaps chief among the advantages of tourism is that it is seen as obtainable, even for communities with minimal public resources. Most communities envision negligible public investments such as new roads, history markers, town cleanup, storefront rehabilitation, and marketing. The private sector is expected to provide hotels, motels, restaurants, entertainment, and other tourist accommodations.Second, tourism is a relatively easy-to-understand concept for the lay public and can, therefore, generate local support. Community pride leads residents to conclude that their home town has something to offer tourists. Tourism builds on perceived and existing local advantages or amenities, such as sites of historical interest, mountains and other places of natural beauty, pleasant climates, or clean air. Tourism development uses these resources, which are “free” in the sense that the tourism industry has not paid for them. In some cases, these natural resources would have small economic value without tourism development. Mieczkowske cites the Alps, “dying” fishing or mill towns of New England and the Canadian Maritime provinces, and Caribbean islands as places where tourism has given economic value to natural amenities. Thus tourism can have a positive economic effect in such areas of otherwise low economic productivity.Third, decades of experience in smokestack chasing has been disappointing for many communities. The competition for manufacturing plants is intense and as long as manufacturing employment continues its downward trend, competition for the remaining plants will only increase. Also, tourism is perceived as a cleaner industry for the environment than is manufacturing.Fourth, rural tourism havens tend to be growth. This decade became known as the population turnaround as it was the first time in the history of the United States the population of rural areas grew at faster rates than urban areas. In Behind the Glitter, Smith found that 65 of the 84 rural tourism counties in her study of the Southeast had population growth equal to or exceeding the national rate of growth in the 1970s.,these nonmetropolitan counties grew 37.9% and in the 1980s, they grew at a still impressive rate of 24.6%.Fifth, tourism is a labor-intensive industry, creating large numbers of jobs that employ low-skill workers and youths, who may otherwise remain unemployed. The low-skilled nature of tourism jobs is ideal for economies with poorly educated or trained labor forces. These added jobs help cut welfare rolls and provide a source of tax revenue.Finally, tourism development means more income and profits for tourist-related businesses. Local income from tourist expenditures is mostly spent again in the local area, which leads to more local income, and perhaps, to more local jobs. Such indirect benefits of tourism are measured via regional economic impacts of tourism. Ryan’s book has a section that introduces techniques used to measure the economic impacts of tourism. Many other studies also focus on measuring economic effects of tourism. In contrast, other sources of economic activity, particularly for remote counties, create relatively few direct and indirect benefits. For example, nuclear power plants, waste disposal sites, and many manufacturing plants create relatively few jobs and generate small amounts of local purchases.Aside from the fact that not all communities can be tourist havens, tourism development has its costs. It seems that every benefit of tourism development has a corresponding cost. 鄉(xiāng)村旅游和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展作者：弗雷德里克國(guó)籍：美國(guó)出處：SAGE 出版社旅游業(yè)是一種十分受歡迎的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略。作者審查三本不同的書籍，研究了旅游業(yè)的各種社會(huì)科學(xué)觀點(diǎn)——經(jīng)濟(jì)，社會(huì)學(xué)，心理學(xué)，人類學(xué)。賴安的新書是綜合性的，涵蓋幾乎所有主要議題例如旅游；旅游體驗(yàn)；銷售。米哈烏詳細(xì)的描述了美國(guó)東南部的鄉(xiāng)村旅游發(fā)展所帶來的負(fù)面影響。最后，纈草烯的書介紹了因鄉(xiāng)村旅游發(fā)展導(dǎo)致鄉(xiāng)村文化發(fā)生改變的國(guó)際研究案例。盡管他們有不同的側(cè)重，但是三本書全部都認(rèn)為，旅游開發(fā)具有的成本效益和改變目的地的環(huán)境是不可避免的，精心的策劃和營(yíng)銷可以減輕旅游業(yè)的發(fā)展對(duì)鄉(xiāng)村造成的影響。鄉(xiāng)村旅游作為經(jīng)濟(jì)農(nóng)村和城市發(fā)展的靈藥越來越受到人們的歡迎。目前較為突出的地方經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略中可以追溯到幾個(gè)工業(yè)旅游的特點(diǎn)。旅游相關(guān)工作大多是低技能的工作，這是一個(gè)適合許多農(nóng)村居民的較好的工作。此外，旅游業(yè)有潛力創(chuàng)造出一個(gè)具有有利條件的、氣候宜人的，擁有古跡使人產(chǎn)生興趣的出口基地。更重要的是，旅游業(yè)策略與當(dāng)代政治哲學(xué)和減少政府預(yù)算參與投資有關(guān)。伴隨旅游產(chǎn)生的住宿，餐飲，娛樂活動(dòng)，被認(rèn)為是必然由私營(yíng)部門提供的。批評(píng)發(fā)展旅游業(yè)中工資低及沒錢途的工作及對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)刈匀画h(huán)境和腐敗的當(dāng)?shù)匚幕傲?xí)俗。此外，并不是每一個(gè)管轄地區(qū)或納稅區(qū)域都具有發(fā)展旅游的潛力。旅游業(yè)的研究，正如經(jīng)濟(jì)方面的文獻(xiàn)研究，借鑒了一定范圍廣泛的學(xué)科。福特的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)課運(yùn)用在處理旅游業(yè)對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)亟?jīng)濟(jì)的影響；然而，經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家無法描述誰是游客或他們?yōu)槭裁绰眯?。人類學(xué)家的最大貢獻(xiàn)是確定和研究旅游發(fā)展開發(fā)對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)匚幕斐傻挠绊?。心理學(xué)家可能對(duì)于旅游動(dòng)機(jī)更為關(guān)注，卻忽視了旅游發(fā)展的影響。顯然，完整的旅游業(yè)定義包括經(jīng)濟(jì)，社會(huì)，人類學(xué)，和心理的觀點(diǎn)。一個(gè)有力的休閑旅游：克里斯瑞安法是以社會(huì)科學(xué)的角度觀察并以多學(xué)科的方法來研究旅游。與此相反，在對(duì)世界各地的案例研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，主人與客人：纈草烯編輯的旅游人類學(xué)，旅游從歷史和人類學(xué)的角度，發(fā)現(xiàn)重點(diǎn)是旅游的影響文化和涵化過程。背后亮點(diǎn)：米歇爾認(rèn)為鄉(xiāng)村旅游對(duì)東南亞當(dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)村婦女產(chǎn)生了影響，旅游業(yè)在農(nóng)村地區(qū)的影響側(cè)重于經(jīng)濟(jì)和文化影響。旅游的好處：也許是旅游的優(yōu)勢(shì)是它被視為即使是最小的社區(qū)公共資源。大多數(shù)社區(qū)考慮的就是較細(xì)微的公共投資等例如新的道路，歷史標(biāo)志，鎮(zhèn)清理，店面康復(fù)，銷售。人們期望私營(yíng)部門能提供酒店，汽車旅館，餐飲，娛樂，和其他旅游住宿。其次，旅游對(duì)于公眾來說是一個(gè)比較容易理解的概念，需要獲得當(dāng)?shù)毓姷闹С?。社區(qū)居民對(duì)自身社區(qū)驕傲導(dǎo)致居民認(rèn)為他們的家鄉(xiāng)可以為旅游者提供他們所需要的。當(dāng)?shù)芈糜螛I(yè)建設(shè)具有較強(qiáng)的本地優(yōu)勢(shì)，如歷史古跡，山等地的自然美，氣候宜人，或清潔空氣。旅游開發(fā)利用的這些資源，意義上是“自由”的，旅游產(chǎn)業(yè)沒有為他們支付任何成本。在某些情況下，這些經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值較小的旅游資源沒有被開發(fā)。Mieczkowske 引用了阿爾卑斯山，“死亡”釣魚或英國(guó)城鎮(zhèn)新工廠和加拿大的沿海省份及加勒比群島等具有地方旅游經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值的自然景觀。第三，幾十年“煙囪追逐”的經(jīng)驗(yàn)一直令許多社區(qū)人們感到失望。競(jìng)爭(zhēng)是激烈的，只要制造產(chǎn)生產(chǎn)就業(yè)繼續(xù)呈下降趨勢(shì)，其余生產(chǎn)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)就會(huì)增加。此外，旅游業(yè)被視為一個(gè)比制造業(yè)清潔的環(huán)境。第四，鄉(xiāng)村旅游發(fā)展一直保持增長(zhǎng)的趨勢(shì)。這一年被稱為人口轉(zhuǎn)變，因?yàn)樗敲绹?guó)在歷史上第一次農(nóng)村人口增長(zhǎng)速度高于城市地區(qū)。在背后，斯密斯發(fā)現(xiàn)，在她對(duì)東南地區(qū)的 84 個(gè)鄉(xiāng)村研究中有 65 個(gè)旅游縣在 70 年代的人口增長(zhǎng)等于或超過全國(guó)的增長(zhǎng)速度。這些縣增長(zhǎng)了 37.9%，在 80 年代，他們的成長(zhǎng)率保持在了一個(gè)仍然令人印象深刻的 24.6%。第五，旅游業(yè)是勞動(dòng)密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)，創(chuàng)造了大量就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)，雇傭那些可能仍面臨著失業(yè)的低技能工人和青年。旅游業(yè)的對(duì)技能要求較低的工作對(duì)于那些教育文化背景較低的人來說是非常合適的。這些工作的增加幫助削減了福利并且提供一個(gè)收入來源。最后，旅游業(yè)的發(fā)展帶來更多的收入和利潤(rùn)以及與旅客有關(guān)的業(yè)務(wù)。在局部地區(qū)的地方旅游所得又用于旅游支出，從而導(dǎo)致更多的地方收入，甚至更多的地方工作機(jī)會(huì)。這種旅游的間接的好處是通過測(cè)量區(qū)域旅游業(yè)的經(jīng)濟(jì)影響達(dá)到的。瑞安的書中有一部分介紹了用來衡量旅游業(yè)的經(jīng)濟(jì)影響的技術(shù)。許多其他研究也側(cè)重于衡量旅游的經(jīng)濟(jì)影響。相比之下，其他來源的經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)，特別是邊遠(yuǎn)縣，創(chuàng)造了相對(duì)較少的直接和間接的好處。例如，核電廠，垃圾處理場(chǎng)，和許多制造廠創(chuàng)造了相對(duì)較少的工作機(jī)會(huì)和產(chǎn)生少量本地采購(gòu)。事實(shí)上，并非所有的社區(qū)都可以成為旅游區(qū)，旅游開發(fā)需要一定的成本。似乎每一受益的旅游的發(fā)展都有一個(gè)相應(yīng)的成本。