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譯文題目： The aggregate machine-tool
組合機(jī)床
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20xx年 2月 27日
附錄：畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯原文
The aggregate machine-tool
Author: Pramila Rani
Nilanjan Sarkar
Eric Vanman
Summary: The aggregate machine-tool machining center may cause the demand which the processing manufacturing industry adapts changes unceasingly, uses the pool of labor power effectively, and has the competitive power in global scale's market.
Key word: aggregate machine-tool
The aggregate machine-tool is based on general parts, according to the specific shape and work piece machining process of the special components and fixture design, semi-automatic or automatic special machine. Editor this segment] The aggregate machine-tool machining The aggregate machine-tool usually adopts the multiracial, knife, more processes, and multi-faceted or multistage and processing, production efficiency than general machine high several times or more. Due to the standardization and serialization general parts have, can according to need flexible configuration, can shorten the cycle of design and manufacture. Therefore, the combination machine has the advantages of low cost and high efficiency, in large, large production is widely used, and the automatic production line can be used to composition.
The aggregate machine-tool for processing general box or special shape of parts. Processing, work piece rotate, generally by the tool and work piece rotate movement and tools for the relative motion, to realize in drilling, reaming, economic hole, reaming, boring, cutting and milling, and the processing thread and fiber-end surface etc. Some combination machine adopts clamping work piece machining head to rotate, feeding movement by the tool for, also can achieve some ax symmetrical parts (such as the flywheel, automobile rear half axle, etc.) of the circle and the process.
Combination machine parts classification
General parts according to the function can be divided into power components and parts, transmission parts, supporting the control and auxiliary parts. Power components are provided for The aggregate machine-tool in the movement and moving parts. Main motivation, cutting head and dynamic slide.
Supporting components are installed power to slide into to institutions, cutting head or fixture, have side base, base, support, adjustable bracket, column and column base, etc.
Transmission parts is used to transport or spindle box to the processing of the main parts, workstation dividing rotating table, the annular dividing rotating table, drum and to-and-fro moving workbench, etc.
Control components are used to control the machine parts, automatic working cycle is hydraulic pressure station and electrical cabinets and control console, etc. Auxiliary parts are lubrication device and cooling device and scraps discharge device etc.
The development of modular machine tool
In order to make the aggregate machine-tool in small batch production, often applied to the structure, the application of group technology and craft of similar parts in a centralized modular machine tool, in order to improve the machining efficiency. This machine has two kinds of common, spindle box The aggregate machine-tool and turn tower The aggregate machine-tool.
The aggregate machine-tool of future development will be more adopts stepless motor and transmission of ball screw, etc, to simplify structure and shorten the production beat, Using digital control system and spindle box, jig automatic replacement system, in order to improve the process adjustability, Flexible manufacturing systems and into.
The aggregate machine-tool is take the general part as a foundation, matches by presses the work piece specific shape and the processing technological design special-purpose part and the jig, the composition semiautomatic or the automatic special purpose machine. The aggregate machine-tool selects the method which generally multiple spindle, the multi-knives, the multi-working procedures, many or the multi-locations simultaneously process, production efficiency ratio general engine bed high several times to several dozens times. Because the general part already the standardization and the serration, might according to need to dispose nimbly, could reduce the design and the manufacturing cycle. The multi-axle-boxes are aggregate machine-tool's core parts. It selects the common parts, carries on the design according to the special-purpose request, in the aggregate machine-tool design's process, is one of work load big parts. It is acts according to the work piece processing hole quantity which and the position the working procedure chart and the processing schematic drawing determined, the cutting specifications and the main axle type design transmission various main axles movement power unit. Its power from the general power box, installs together with the power box in to feed sliding table, may complete drills, twists and so on working processes.
This topic designed has used in the top head hole processing the drill hole aggregate machine-tool. According to the top head hole components size which must process carries on the aggregate machine-tool general multi-axle-boxes the design, draws up the multi-axle-box primitive basis chart, the definite main axle and the gear modulus, determined the transmission system, calculates the main axle and drive shaft's coordinate. Through the above design, realized a top head one-sided six processing to complete, has achieved the design requirements well。
To meet the combination of CNC machine tools of development, it is a component of the NC machine tool NC module. Portfolio machine is modular combination of CNC machine tools brought about by the inevitable result is the combination of CNC machine tools necessary foundation, NC module so greatly enriched the portfolio of generic pieces of machine tools, it will cause combination of General Machine Type of a fundamental change. NC modules, according to their coordinates NC (axis) of mainly single coordinates, dual coordinates and coordinates. Its spindle number, single and multi-axis module, there are single and multi-axis
composite processing module. NC module development, there are mainly two kinds of ways: First, the existing the aggregate machine-tool tools should be relatively common items, the NC General of the design. At present there is also domestic NC is developing one-dimensional slider, NC two-dimensional (Cross) Waterloo Taiwan, the NC rotary table, all this is the way the NC is based on the characteristics of the development of NC The unique the aggregate machine-tool tool parts, such as automatic replacement of multi-axis spindle box, the NC rotary knife, NC for the manipulator, NC for me, such as mechanical hand. The past 10 years, machine tools and automatic line group in the highly efficient, high productivity, flexibility and the use of parallel (synchronous) works develop more reasonable and more savings in the programmed has made a lot of progress. In particular the automobile industry, in order to improve the performance of motor vehicles, precision machining of components made a number of new demands, so the machine performance requirements are also higher.
In recent years, with numerical control technology, electronics technology, computer technology, such as the development of machine tools combination of mechanical structure and control system has also undergone a tremendous change. With the the aggregate machine-tool tools of development:
1） . NC. A combination of CNC machine tools, not only a complete change from the previous relay circuit composed of a the aggregate machine-tool tool control system, and the head. Also the mechanical structure and composition of machine parts universal standards has or is undergoing an enormous change。
2） . Modular. NC plus one two modular greatly enrich the composition of the Universal machine parts, it will cause universal machine combination of a fundamental change，According to modularization design theory, the modules of aggregate machine tool are divided in this paper on the basis of function analysis. Taking UG software as developing flat, the parametric 3D modeling module bank is set up. The database for storing the data used in design is also set up at the same time. Under the guiding of the system, users can complete such tasks as module choice, module combination, and calculation, etc.Therefore,computer aided modularization design of aggregate machine tool can be realize..
3） . High-speed. As high-speed processing can greatly reduce the surface roughness and cutting force components, greatly reducing cutting temperature, increase productivity, the machine's high-speed research is rising, especially NC machine tool movements and the main feed velocity has reached an alarming high-speed . For example, the U.S. production of processing center, spindle speed up to 15 000-60 000r/min, table fast forward speed of up to 90-120 m / min. Conform to the trend of high-speed machines, machine tools combination of speed getting higher and higher. For example, the German Volkswagen plant in the processing of aluminum cylinder head combustion chamber side, the use of PCD cutter and milling speed of up to 3 075m/min, feed rate of 3 600mm/min, the CBN has adopted the installation of the new boring knife blade processing Kevin Gray Rail, the cutting speed of 800 m / min, feed rate of I 500 mm / min. 4, precision of. As the realization of NC machine tools, thus increasing the accuracy of processing machine, so that some of the past seem difficult to achieve the accuracy of processing has been realized today.5. Protection of the whole. Completely closed the machine is now a major characteristic, whether single or machine tool production lines, are all closed by the housings, electrical, hydraulic full use of air alignment. All closed protection, not only production line machine tools and their aesthetic appearance, but also improve the safety, reliability and ease of maintenance.
Machine tools and automatic combination of technical development trend line
Combination of automated machine tools and machine tool portfolio is a dedicated high-performance line of automation technology and equipment, at present, it is still a large number of mechanical products for efficient, high-quality and economic production of key equipment, have been widely used in automobiles, tractors, internal combustion engines and compression machines and many other areas of industrial production. Which, in particular the automotive industry is the combination of the largest machine tool and automatic line users? Such as the German Volkswagen plant in Salzgitter engine plant, used in the early 90's metal-cutting machine is automatic line (60%), Modular Machine Tool (20%) and processing center (20%). It is clear that mass production of machinery in the industrial sector, a large number of combinations used in machine tool equipment and automatic lines. Therefore, the the aggregate machine-tool and automatic line technical performance and the level of integrated automation, determine to a large extent the industrial sector production efficiency, product quality and production structure, but also enterprise products to a large extent determines the competitiveness.
Modern machine tools and automatic line combinations as a mechanical-electrical integration products, it is the control-driven, measurement, monitoring, tool and machinery components, such as a comprehensive reflection of technology. Over the past 20 years, these technologies have made considerable progress, at the same time as the main users of combined machine tool and automotive industries, such as internal combustion engines have a lot of changes in the market for their products continue to shorten life expectancy, increasing variety and quality improved. These factors promote and stimulate the the aggregate machine-tool tools and automatic lines for the continuous development of technology.
1 combination of tools focused on the development of varieties
Machine tools in the portfolio in such a dedicated machine, rotary combination of multi-machine and automatic line plays an important role. Because these two types of machine can work in many of the processes assigned to the position on a number of processing and at the same time from different directions on the work piece surface for processing a few, in addition, can also switch fixture (in the rotary table machine) or by translocation, inversion devices (in the automatic online) the realization of the five parts or all of the processing process, which has a high degree of automation and production efficiency, by a car, motorcycle and compressors used in industrial sectors such as .
According to the statistics, Germany in 1990 and 1992, rotary combination of multi-machine and automatic production lines each the aggregate machine-tool tool about 50% of the total.
It should be noted that rotary combination of multi-machine is a special type of small automatic lines, the outline of the size suitable for processing small and medium-sized pieces of ≤ 250mm. Compared with the automatic line, with a work piece in the processing of cases, multi-rotary machine share portfolio automatically operating area than a small line of about 2 / 3.
At present, characterized by mass production of cars and light trucks, the engine output is usually around 60 million units, the realization of such a large volume, multi-station rotary machine and automatic line combinations in the three cases the operation, the beat period of 20 to 30 seconds, when a greater volume of production parts, the machine would also like to beat the time shorter. In the 70's, automatic line in order to achieve such a short period of the beat, often side by side duplex to be used or set up two ways, namely, the decision of the automatic line rhythms, processes the longest processing time through parallel processing of two identical workers spaces, if more restrictive process, then the same through the use of two automatic lines to balance the processing line system automatically beat. It is clear that this is necessary to increase investment in equipment and operating area. Automatic beat short lines, mainly by shortening the time and support the basic time to achieve.
There are two virtues that are low cost and high efficiency in modular machine tools, which is widely used in batch production. This text introduces an automatic control system of multi-station modular machine tool. Applying PLC to control the modular machine tool can raise the automation extent and work efficiency and reduce a great deal of hardware wiring,so the dependability of the machine tool is also increased.
組合機(jī)床
作者: Pramila Rani
Nilanjan Sarkar
Eric Vanman
摘要：組合機(jī)床加工中心可使加工制造業(yè)適應(yīng)不斷變化的需求,有效利用勞動(dòng)力資源,并在全球范圍的市場(chǎng)上更具競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。
關(guān)鍵詞：組合機(jī)床
組合機(jī)床是以通用部件為基礎(chǔ)，配以按工件特定形狀和加工工藝設(shè)計(jì)的專用部件和夾具，組成的半自動(dòng)或自動(dòng)專用機(jī)床?？倷C(jī)床的加工一般采用多軸，多方面的或多級(jí)加工，生產(chǎn)效率比通用機(jī)床高幾倍至幾十倍。由于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化和序列化通用部件的使用，可以根據(jù)需要靈活配置，縮短設(shè)計(jì)和制造周期。因此，結(jié)合機(jī)低成本和高效率的優(yōu)點(diǎn),，在大型生產(chǎn)制造中得到廣泛的應(yīng)用。
組合機(jī)床一般用于加工箱體類或非凡外形的零件。加工時(shí)，工件一般不旋轉(zhuǎn)，由刀具的旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)和刀具與工件的相對(duì)進(jìn)給運(yùn)動(dòng)，來實(shí)現(xiàn)鉆孔、擴(kuò)孔、锪孔、鉸孔、鏜孔、銑削平面、切削內(nèi)外螺紋以及加工外圓和端面等。一些組合機(jī)床采用夾緊工件加工頭旋轉(zhuǎn)，可以實(shí)現(xiàn)一些軸對(duì)稱的零件(如飛輪、汽車后輪半軸等等)的加工循環(huán)過程。
1.部件分類
通用部件按功能可分為動(dòng)力部件、支承部件、輸送部件、控制部件和輔助部件五類。動(dòng)力部件是為組合機(jī)床提供主運(yùn)動(dòng)和進(jìn)給運(yùn)動(dòng)的部件。主要有動(dòng)力箱、切削頭和動(dòng)力滑臺(tái)。
支承部件用以安裝動(dòng)力滑臺(tái)，包括各種底座和支架；輸運(yùn)部件用以輸送工件或主軸箱至加工工位；控制部件用以控制機(jī)床的自動(dòng)工作循環(huán)。
輸送部件是用以輸送工件或主軸箱至加工工位的部件，主要有分度回轉(zhuǎn)工作臺(tái)、環(huán)形分度回轉(zhuǎn)工作臺(tái)、分度鼓輪和往復(fù)移動(dòng)工作臺(tái)等。
控制部件是用以控制機(jī)床的自動(dòng)工作循環(huán)的部件，有液壓站、電氣柜和操縱臺(tái)等。輔助部件有潤滑裝置、冷卻裝置和排屑裝置等。
2.組合機(jī)床的發(fā)展
為了使組合機(jī)床能在中小批量生產(chǎn)中得到應(yīng)用，往往需要應(yīng)用成組技術(shù)，把結(jié)構(gòu)和工藝相似的零件集中在一臺(tái)組合機(jī)床上加工，以提高機(jī)床的利用率。這類機(jī)床常見的有兩種：主軸箱式組合機(jī)床和轉(zhuǎn)塔式組合機(jī)床。
組合機(jī)床未來的發(fā)展將更多的采用調(diào)速電動(dòng)機(jī)和滾珠絲杠等傳動(dòng)，以簡(jiǎn)化結(jié)構(gòu)、縮短生產(chǎn)節(jié)拍；采用數(shù)字控制系統(tǒng)和主軸箱、夾具自動(dòng)更換系統(tǒng)，以提高工藝可調(diào)性；以及納入柔性制造系統(tǒng)等。
組合機(jī)床一般采用多軸、多刀、多工序、多面或多工位同時(shí)加工的方式，生產(chǎn)效率比通用機(jī)床高幾倍至幾十倍。由于通用部件已經(jīng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化和系列化，可根據(jù)需要靈活配置，能縮短設(shè)計(jì)和制造周期。多軸箱聚合是機(jī)床的核心部件，它選擇的共同部分，根據(jù)專用要求進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)，在聚合機(jī)床設(shè)計(jì)的過程中是工作量大部件之一。根據(jù)工件加工孔的數(shù)量和位置工序圖，加工示意圖確定切削規(guī)范和主軸類型設(shè)計(jì)傳輸各種主要?jiǎng)恿ρb置軸運(yùn)動(dòng)。
這個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)用于頂部頭孔加工鉆孔機(jī)床。根據(jù)大小頭孔頂部組件進(jìn)行聚合機(jī)床一般設(shè)計(jì)、草擬原始依據(jù)圖，確定主軸和齒輪模數(shù)，確定傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)，計(jì)算主軸和傳動(dòng)軸的協(xié)調(diào)。通過以上的設(shè)計(jì)達(dá)到設(shè)計(jì)要求。
為了滿足數(shù)控組合機(jī)床的發(fā)展，誕生一個(gè)組件的數(shù)控機(jī)床數(shù)控模塊。模塊化數(shù)控機(jī)床的組合是數(shù)控機(jī)床的必要基礎(chǔ)。數(shù)控模塊極大地豐富了投資組合的通用機(jī)床，使一般機(jī)器類型的組合發(fā)生根本性的改變。數(shù)控模塊根據(jù)它們的坐標(biāo)控制，數(shù)控軸的主要有單坐標(biāo)、雙坐標(biāo)和坐標(biāo)。其主軸有單一和多軸復(fù)合處理模塊。目前國內(nèi)數(shù)控發(fā)展一維二維數(shù)控轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)，如多軸自動(dòng)更換主軸箱，數(shù)控旋轉(zhuǎn)刀，機(jī)械手等。在過去的10年里，機(jī)床的高效、高生產(chǎn)率、靈活性有了很大的進(jìn)步。尤其是汽車行業(yè)，為了提高汽車的性能，零部件精密加工提出許多新的要求。因此，機(jī)器性能要求也更高。
近年來，隨著數(shù)控技術(shù)、電子技術(shù)、計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)，機(jī)床的發(fā)展相結(jié)合的機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)和控制系統(tǒng)也經(jīng)歷了巨大的變化。機(jī)床的發(fā)展如下：
（1）數(shù)控 數(shù)控機(jī)床的機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)和組成部分已經(jīng)或正在經(jīng)歷一個(gè)巨大變化的通用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
（2）模塊化 數(shù)控的一兩個(gè)模塊極大地豐富通用機(jī)械的組成部分，它將導(dǎo)致通用機(jī)械一個(gè)根本性的改變。根據(jù)模塊化設(shè)計(jì)理論，在總機(jī)床模塊劃分的基礎(chǔ)上，以UG軟件為開發(fā)平面時(shí)，建立參數(shù)化三維模塊，設(shè)計(jì)中使用的數(shù)據(jù)庫來存儲(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)也設(shè)置在同一時(shí)間。在系統(tǒng)指導(dǎo)下，用戶可以完成這樣的模塊選擇、模塊組合和計(jì)算等。因此，計(jì)算機(jī)輔助模塊化可以實(shí)現(xiàn)組合機(jī)床設(shè)計(jì)。
（3）高速 高速處理可以大大降低切削力和表面粗糙度，大大降低切削溫度，提高生產(chǎn)率?，F(xiàn)在數(shù)控機(jī)床運(yùn)動(dòng)和主給水速度已經(jīng)達(dá)到了驚人的高速。例如，美國生產(chǎn)的加工中心主軸轉(zhuǎn)速15000-60000r/min?？爝M(jìn)速度高達(dá)90-120米/分鐘。符合趨勢(shì)的高速機(jī)，機(jī)床的速度變得越來越高。例如，德國大眾汽車工廠的處理鋁氣缸蓋燃燒室，PCD刀具的使用和銑削速度3075米/分鐘。3600毫米/分鐘的進(jìn)給速率。CBN采取了新的鏜刀刀片的安裝處理凱文?格雷鐵路的切割速度800米/分鐘，進(jìn)給500毫米/分鐘，4精度。數(shù)控機(jī)床的出現(xiàn)，增加加工機(jī)械的準(zhǔn)確性，所以一些過去似乎難以實(shí)現(xiàn)的加工現(xiàn)在不是問題。整體保護(hù)，完全封閉是現(xiàn)在機(jī)器的一個(gè)主要特點(diǎn)，封閉的外殼、電氣、液壓充分利用空氣對(duì)齊。所有封閉的保護(hù)，不僅生產(chǎn)線機(jī)床及其式樣美觀，而且提高安全性、可靠性，并且易于維護(hù)。
自動(dòng)機(jī)床和機(jī)床組合是一個(gè)專用的高性能的自動(dòng)化技術(shù)和設(shè)備。目前，它仍然是大量機(jī)械產(chǎn)品高效、高質(zhì)量和經(jīng)濟(jì)生產(chǎn)的關(guān)鍵設(shè)備，已經(jīng)廣泛應(yīng)用于汽車、拖拉機(jī)、內(nèi)燃機(jī)和壓縮機(jī)器和其他許多工業(yè)生產(chǎn)領(lǐng)域。尤其是汽車行業(yè)最大的組合機(jī)床的用戶。比如德國大眾在薩爾茨基特發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)廠，90年初的金屬切削機(jī)床中使用自動(dòng)線(60%)、組合機(jī)床(20%)和加工中心(20%)。很明顯，大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)機(jī)械在工業(yè)部門，大量的用于組合機(jī)床設(shè)備和自動(dòng)生產(chǎn)線。因此，組合機(jī)床和自動(dòng)生產(chǎn)線的技術(shù)性能和綜合自動(dòng)化的水平，在很大程度上決定工業(yè)部門的生產(chǎn)效率、產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量和生產(chǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)，但也在很大程度上決定了企業(yè)產(chǎn)品的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。
現(xiàn)代機(jī)床和自動(dòng)線組合作為機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品，它是測(cè)量、監(jiān)視、工具和機(jī)械組件，如技術(shù)的綜合反映。在過去的20年里，這些技術(shù)取得了很大的進(jìn)展，同時(shí)結(jié)合機(jī)床和汽車行業(yè)的主要用戶，這些因素推動(dòng)和刺激總機(jī)床工具和自動(dòng)生產(chǎn)線技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展。
組合工具集中在品種開發(fā)，在組合機(jī)床專用機(jī)器和自動(dòng)旋轉(zhuǎn)組合線起著重要的作用，因?yàn)檫@兩種機(jī)器可以工作的許多過程分配給這個(gè)職位處理，同時(shí)從不同的方向?qū)ぜ砻孢M(jìn)行處理。此外，還可以切換夾具(在轉(zhuǎn)盤機(jī))或易位，反演設(shè)備(自動(dòng)在線)的實(shí)現(xiàn)五個(gè)部分或全部處理過程，具有高自動(dòng)化程度和生產(chǎn)效率。被用于汽車、摩托車和壓縮機(jī)工業(yè)等行業(yè)。
據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，德國在1990年和1992年，旋轉(zhuǎn)組合多機(jī)和自動(dòng)生產(chǎn)線每個(gè)聚合機(jī)床工具約占總數(shù)的50%。
應(yīng)該注意，旋轉(zhuǎn)組合多機(jī)是一種特殊類型的小型自動(dòng)生產(chǎn)線，適合加工大小輪廓中小件≤250毫米。和自動(dòng)生產(chǎn)線加工工件的情況下，自動(dòng)操作區(qū)域比小大約2/3。
目前，在大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)的汽車和輕型卡車中，發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的輸出通常是6000萬臺(tái)左右，實(shí)現(xiàn)如此大的體積，多工位旋轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)和線自動(dòng)組合不可少，節(jié)拍時(shí)間的20到30秒。在70年代，為了實(shí)現(xiàn)短時(shí)間內(nèi)的自動(dòng)行程加工，經(jīng)常并排使用或設(shè)置兩種方式，即自動(dòng)的決定行節(jié)奏，通過并行處理流程，限制性更強(qiáng)的過程，然后通過使用兩個(gè)相同的自動(dòng)生產(chǎn)線平衡生產(chǎn)線系統(tǒng)。很明顯，這是必要的，以增加設(shè)備投資和操作區(qū)域。自動(dòng)打短線路，主要是通過縮短時(shí)間和支持的基本實(shí)現(xiàn)。
有兩個(gè)優(yōu)點(diǎn)，在模塊化機(jī)床成本低、效率高，廣泛用于批量生產(chǎn)。本文介紹了多工位組合機(jī)床的自動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)。應(yīng)用PLC控制組合機(jī)床可以提高自動(dòng)化程度和工作效率，減少大量的硬件接線，因此機(jī)床的可靠性也會(huì)增加。