盤(pán)式刀庫(kù)設(shè)計(jì)-加工中心自動(dòng)換刀畢業(yè)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)【含CAD圖紙+文檔資料】,含CAD圖紙+文檔資料,盤(pán)式刀庫(kù),設(shè)計(jì),加工,中心,自動(dòng),畢業(yè),系統(tǒng),cad,圖紙,文檔,資料 本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）中期檢查表 指導(dǎo)教師： 職稱： 所在院（系）： 機(jī)械與動(dòng)力工程學(xué)院 教研室（研究室） 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)研究室 題 目 加工中心自動(dòng)換刀系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)（盤(pán)式）——刀庫(kù)設(shè)計(jì) 學(xué)生姓名 專業(yè)班級(jí) 學(xué)號(hào) 一、選題質(zhì)量：（主要從以下四個(gè)方面填寫(xiě)：1、選題是否符合專業(yè)培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)，能否體現(xiàn)綜合訓(xùn)練要求；2、題目難易程度；3、題目工作量；4、題目與生產(chǎn)、科研、經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)、文化及實(shí)驗(yàn)室建設(shè)等實(shí)際的結(jié)合程度） 本次選擇的設(shè)計(jì)題目是加工中心自動(dòng)換刀系統(tǒng)刀庫(kù)設(shè)計(jì)，內(nèi)容涉及到了刀庫(kù)的總體方案的確定，還有一些機(jī)械零件和機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算與校核，與專業(yè)課緊密聯(lián)系，符合專業(yè)培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)。在設(shè)計(jì)工作中，需要對(duì)所學(xué)知識(shí)綜合的加以運(yùn)用，使之能夠熟練應(yīng)用有關(guān)參考資料、計(jì)算圖標(biāo)、手冊(cè)；熟悉有關(guān)的國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，體現(xiàn)了綜合訓(xùn)練的要求。工作量大，課題與生產(chǎn)加工緊密相關(guān)，與生產(chǎn)，經(jīng)濟(jì)，社會(huì)的結(jié)合緊密，選題質(zhì)量較高。 二、開(kāi)題報(bào)告完成情況： 從適合實(shí)際工作環(huán)境出發(fā)，確定了明確的課題設(shè)計(jì)方向；并對(duì)加工中心自動(dòng)換刀的刀庫(kù)在換刀時(shí)候常出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題進(jìn)行了一定的研究。已經(jīng)開(kāi)始對(duì)課題進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算，并有了突破性的進(jìn)展，設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程已經(jīng)快速的展開(kāi)，并確定了工作的方法與內(nèi)容；同時(shí)，已完成了相關(guān)資料的查閱，對(duì)課題有了總體的分析，開(kāi)題報(bào)告順利完成。 三、階段性成果： 在設(shè)計(jì)初期，查閱了大量關(guān)于加工中心自動(dòng)換刀系統(tǒng)刀庫(kù)的資料，包括去圖書(shū)館查閱資料、網(wǎng)絡(luò)上搜集相關(guān)的技術(shù)數(shù)據(jù)等，對(duì)加工中心自動(dòng)換刀系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)原理、工作方式，換刀的原理、工作形式及其刀具的種類(lèi)和結(jié)構(gòu)，以及刀庫(kù)的選刀控制方式有了進(jìn)一步的了解和掌握。因此，在刀庫(kù)總體設(shè)計(jì)階段花費(fèi)了大量的時(shí)間來(lái)搜集資料、思考、尋求老師的指導(dǎo)，經(jīng)過(guò)老師的指導(dǎo)和我了解的一些情況，，對(duì)刀庫(kù)總體設(shè)計(jì)有了初步方案，具體的詳細(xì)設(shè)計(jì)將在后續(xù)工作中詳細(xì)完成。同時(shí)通過(guò)這段時(shí)間的不斷學(xué)習(xí)和研究，培養(yǎng)了我的開(kāi)發(fā)和設(shè)計(jì)能力，提高了綜合運(yùn)用所學(xué)知識(shí)和技能去分析、解決實(shí)際問(wèn)題的能力，而且提高了我獨(dú)立思考問(wèn)題的能力和計(jì)算機(jī)實(shí)際操作水平。 四、存在主要問(wèn)題： 在前期的設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中存在很多問(wèn)題： 由于以前實(shí)習(xí)沒(méi)有見(jiàn)過(guò)加工中心，而圖書(shū)館和上網(wǎng)搜集的關(guān)于這方面的資料有比較少，這就使我在對(duì)其總體結(jié)構(gòu)顯的捉襟見(jiàn)肘，不知該如何下手。解決方法是多上網(wǎng)查關(guān)于這方面的資料，并到校工廠多看了解一下其他機(jī)床的結(jié)構(gòu)，以作參考。還有就是對(duì)于轉(zhuǎn)位工作臺(tái)的機(jī)械系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)不知該有哪種結(jié)構(gòu)形式 。這一問(wèn)題的解決方法是多查資料，多向指導(dǎo)老師請(qǐng)教，綜合比較，以選取合理的方案。再者就是我用繪圖工具繪圖還不夠熟練。解決方法是多練習(xí)，遇到問(wèn)題時(shí)及時(shí)向會(huì)的同學(xué)或者老師請(qǐng)教，以提高自己的繪圖技能。 五、指導(dǎo)教師對(duì)學(xué)生在畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)中，勞動(dòng)、學(xué)習(xí)紀(jì)律及畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）進(jìn)展等方面的評(píng)語(yǔ) 指導(dǎo)教師： （簽名） 年 月 日 4 本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）開(kāi)題報(bào)告 題目名稱 加工中心自動(dòng)換刀系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)（盤(pán)式）——刀庫(kù)設(shè)計(jì) 學(xué)生姓名 專業(yè)班級(jí) 學(xué)號(hào) 一、 選題的目的和意義： 加工中心（Machining Center,MC）是適應(yīng)省力、省時(shí)和節(jié)能的時(shí)代要求而迅速發(fā)展起來(lái)的自動(dòng)換刀數(shù)控機(jī)床，它是綜合了機(jī)械技術(shù)、電子技術(shù)、計(jì)算機(jī)軟件技術(shù)、拖動(dòng)技術(shù)、現(xiàn)代控制理論、測(cè)量及傳感技術(shù)以及通信診斷、刀具和編程技術(shù)的高科技產(chǎn)品。由于加工中心能集中完成多種工序，因而可減少工件裝夾、測(cè)量和調(diào)整時(shí)間，減少工件周轉(zhuǎn)、搬運(yùn)存放時(shí)間，使機(jī)床的切削利用率高于通用機(jī)床3倍～4倍，所以說(shuō)，加工中心不僅提高了工件的加工精度，而且是數(shù)控機(jī)床中生產(chǎn)率和自動(dòng)化程度最高的綜合性機(jī)床。 1958年，美國(guó)卡尼，特雷克（Kearney&Trecker）公司首次把銑、鉆、鏜等多種工序集中于一臺(tái)數(shù)控機(jī)床上，通過(guò)換刀方式實(shí)現(xiàn)連續(xù)加工，成為世界上第一臺(tái)加工中心。該產(chǎn)品出現(xiàn)后，銷(xiāo)路驚人，引起了日、德、美、英、法、意等先進(jìn)工業(yè)國(guó)家的高度重視，競(jìng)相開(kāi)發(fā)生產(chǎn)，不斷擴(kuò)大和完善機(jī)床的功能，成為數(shù)控機(jī)床中發(fā)展最快、需求量最大的商品之一。如今，世界上出現(xiàn)了立式、臥式、龍門(mén)式、落地式等各種加工中心，據(jù)不完全統(tǒng)計(jì)，大約有1000多個(gè)品種規(guī)格。 未來(lái)加工中心的發(fā)展動(dòng)向是高速化、進(jìn)一步提高精度和愈發(fā)完善的機(jī)能。加工中心是數(shù)控機(jī)床的代表，是高新技術(shù)集成度高的典型機(jī)電一體化機(jī)械加工設(shè)備，我國(guó)的加工中心從70年代開(kāi)始，已有很大發(fā)展，但技術(shù)、品種和數(shù)量上都還遠(yuǎn)不能適應(yīng)我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)、技術(shù)發(fā)展的需要。隨著我國(guó)工業(yè)的不斷發(fā)展，推動(dòng)了模具制造業(yè)、機(jī)械加工業(yè)的巨大發(fā)展，使得數(shù)控機(jī)床的使用越來(lái)越普遍，而加工中心更是以其高自動(dòng)化程度得到廣泛應(yīng)用。然而，目前市場(chǎng)上生產(chǎn)和銷(xiāo)售的都是以大、中型的加工中心為主，小型加工中心幾乎是空白，而機(jī)械加工業(yè)、小型模具的制造、工科院校、技工學(xué)校等對(duì)小型加工中心存在著大量的需求。為加速我國(guó)加工中心的發(fā)展，需進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)對(duì)加工中心的研究、設(shè)計(jì)、制造和應(yīng)用。 二、 國(guó)內(nèi)外研究綜述： 在加工中心中，刀庫(kù)和機(jī)械手組成自動(dòng)換刀裝置（Automatic Tool Changer,簡(jiǎn)稱ATC），而自動(dòng)換刀裝置的好壞，將直接影響加工中心的好壞，從目前情況看，加工中心的主機(jī)部分基本定型，變化不大，但自動(dòng)換刀裝置種類(lèi)繁多，五花八門(mén)，是最難搞好的部分。它是加工中心的象征，又是加工中心成敗的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)。因此各加工中心制造廠家都在下大力研制動(dòng)作迅速、可靠性高的自動(dòng)換刀裝置，以求在激烈的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中取得好效益，正因?yàn)樽詣?dòng)換刀裝置是加工中心的核心內(nèi)容，各廠家都在保密，極少公開(kāi)有關(guān)資料，尤其機(jī)械手這部分更是如此。 刀庫(kù)的形式和容量主要是為滿足機(jī)床的工藝范圍，目前常見(jiàn)的刀庫(kù)類(lèi)型如下： （1） 盤(pán)式刀庫(kù) 此刀庫(kù)結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，應(yīng)用較多。此換刀裝置的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，成本較低，換刀可靠性較好，缺點(diǎn)是換刀時(shí)間長(zhǎng)，適用于刀庫(kù)容量較小的加工中心上采用。 （2） 鏈?zhǔn)降稁?kù) 此刀庫(kù)結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，刀庫(kù)容量較大，鏈環(huán)的形狀可根據(jù)機(jī)床的布局制成各種形狀，也可將換刀位突出以便于換刀，能充分利用機(jī)床的占地空間，通常為軸向取刀，位置精度較低，造價(jià)也較高。 （3） 格子箱式刀庫(kù) 結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，刀庫(kù)空間利用率高，換刀時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)。布局不靈活，通常刀庫(kù)安裝在工作臺(tái)上，應(yīng)用者較少。 （4） 直線式刀庫(kù) 刀庫(kù)容量少，一般在十幾把左右，多用于自動(dòng)換刀數(shù)控車(chē)床，鉆床上也有采用。 目前常見(jiàn)的換刀機(jī)械手類(lèi)型有：①單臂單手式機(jī)械手 結(jié)構(gòu)較簡(jiǎn)單，換刀各動(dòng)作均需順序進(jìn)行，時(shí)間不能重合，故換刀時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)。 ②雙手式機(jī)械手 向刀庫(kù)還回用完的刀具和選取新刀，均可在主軸正在加工時(shí)進(jìn)行，故換刀時(shí)間可較短。 ③回轉(zhuǎn)式單臂雙手機(jī)械手 這類(lèi)機(jī)械手可以同時(shí)抓住和拔、插位于主軸和刀庫(kù)里的刀具。與單臂單手式機(jī)械手相比，可以縮短換刀時(shí)間。應(yīng)用最廣泛，形式也較多。 ④多手式機(jī)械手 使用者較少。 三、 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）所用的主要技術(shù)與方法： 1、咨詢導(dǎo)師，查閱有關(guān)文獻(xiàn)和資料，掌握加工中心的基本結(jié)構(gòu)、工作原理。 2，總體方案確定。 3、換刀機(jī)械手的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)。 4、傳動(dòng)部分設(shè)計(jì)。 5、機(jī)械手換刀過(guò)程。 6、繪制裝配圖、零件圖，完成設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)。 四、 主要參考文獻(xiàn)與資料獲得情況： [1] 機(jī)床設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)編寫(xiě)組.機(jī)床設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)（第三冊(cè)）.北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，1986 [2] 廉元國(guó)，張永洪編.加工中心設(shè)計(jì)與應(yīng)用.北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，1995 [3] 依蘭歐克拉，比京克.數(shù)控平面加工中心輪式刀庫(kù)自動(dòng)換刀裝置的設(shè)計(jì).成都紡織高等專科學(xué)校學(xué)報(bào)，2000 [4] 沙杰編.加工中心結(jié)構(gòu)、調(diào)試與維護(hù).北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，2003 [5] 王愛(ài)玲主編.現(xiàn)代數(shù)控機(jī)床.北京：國(guó)防工業(yè)出版社，2003 [6] 林宋，田建君編.現(xiàn)代數(shù)控機(jī)床.北京：化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社，2003 [7] 曹秋霞，馬國(guó)亮.小型立式加工中心圓盤(pán)式刀庫(kù)的設(shè)計(jì).機(jī)電產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)與創(chuàng)新，2005 [8] 向金林.TH7130立式加工中心自動(dòng)換刀系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì).裝備制造技術(shù)，2006 [9] 黃澤正，劉沖，陳志輝.加工中心自動(dòng)換刀裝置的設(shè)計(jì).機(jī)械工程與自動(dòng)化，2007 [10] 陳芳，李繼中.盤(pán)式刀庫(kù)加工中心自動(dòng)換刀系統(tǒng)控制.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)與制造，2007 [11]蔡厚道.數(shù)控機(jī)床構(gòu)造.北京：北京理工大學(xué)出版社，2007 五、 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）進(jìn)度安排（按周說(shuō)明） 第1～4周 畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)，收集資料，完成開(kāi)題報(bào)告。 第5～8周 完成實(shí)習(xí)報(bào)告，總體方案設(shè)計(jì)，初步完成設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算，外文翻譯。 第9～13周 完成總裝圖和零件圖的繪制和設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)。 第14～15周 修改和完善，準(zhǔn)備畢業(yè)答辯。 4 1 目錄 摘 要 ......................................................3 緒論 .........................................................1 1 引言 .......................................................1 1.1 加工中心簡(jiǎn)介 ...........................................1 1.1.1 加工中心的發(fā)展簡(jiǎn)史 .................................1 1.1.2 加工中心的結(jié)構(gòu)組成 .................................3 1.1.3 加工中心的分類(lèi) .....................................4 1.1.4 加工中心的發(fā)展趨勢(shì) .................................8 2 刀庫(kù)的類(lèi)型 ................................................11 2.1 刀庫(kù)的類(lèi)型 ............................................12 2.2 刀庫(kù)的結(jié)構(gòu)與傳動(dòng) ......................................15 2.3 刀庫(kù)驅(qū)動(dòng)電動(dòng)機(jī)的選定 ..................................18 2.3.1 按負(fù)載轉(zhuǎn)矩選 ......................................18 2.3.2 按加速時(shí)的最大轉(zhuǎn)矩選 ..............................20 2.3.3 校驗(yàn) ..............................................21 2.3.4 分配傳動(dòng)比 ........................................21 3 刀庫(kù)傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì) ........................................22 3.1 初定刀套線速度 ........................................22 3.2 刀庫(kù)傳動(dòng)方式 ..........................................22 4.1 軸的材料 ..............................................30 4.2 蝸桿軸的初步估算 ......................................30 4.2.1 初步估算軸的最小直徑 ..............................30 4.2.2 選擇聯(lián)軸器 ........................................31 4.2.3 確定滾動(dòng)軸承的類(lèi)型 ................................32 4.2.4 初步估計(jì)蝸桿軸各段的尺寸 ..........................32 4.3 蝸輪軸的初步估算 ......................................33 4.3.1 初步估算軸的最小直徑 ..............................33 4.3.2 確定軸伸處的最小直徑 ..............................34 4.3.3 確定滾動(dòng)軸承的類(lèi)型 ................................34 4.3.4 初步估計(jì)蝸輪軸的各段尺寸 ..........................35 4.4 軸徑的設(shè)計(jì)與校核 ......................................35 4.4.1 蝸桿軸 ............................................35 4.4.2 蝸輪軸的計(jì)算 ......................................42 2 5 軸承的校核 ................................................48 5.1 蝸桿軸 ................................................48 5.2 蝸輪軸 ...............................................48 6 其它零部件尺寸的設(shè)計(jì)與計(jì)算 ................................50 6.1 回零減速撞塊尺寸的計(jì)算 ...............................50 6.2 刀盤(pán)與刀套的設(shè)計(jì) .....................................51 6.2.1 刀套 .............................................51 6.2.2 刀盤(pán) .............................................52 6.3 刀具（刀座）識(shí)別裝置 .................................52 7 液壓系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì) ............................................54 7.1 液壓缸的載荷組成和計(jì)算 ...............................54 7.2 液壓缸內(nèi)徑以及其它尺寸的確定 .........................54 7.2.1 計(jì)算液壓缸的主要結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸 ..........................55 7.2.2 油缸壁厚的計(jì)算 ...................................56 7.2.3 缸底厚度計(jì)算 .....................................57 7.3 油缸長(zhǎng)度 L 的確定 .....................................58 7.4 液壓系統(tǒng)初步設(shè)計(jì) .....................................58 8 PLC 控制 ..................................................60 9 結(jié)論 ......................................................63 10 致 謝 .................................................65 參 考 文 獻(xiàn) .................................................66 3 摘 要 刀庫(kù)是自動(dòng)換刀裝置中最主要的部件之一，其容量、布局以及具體 結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)加工中心的設(shè)計(jì)有很大影響。 16 刀刀庫(kù)是在小型加工中心應(yīng)用最為廣泛，根據(jù)使用的場(chǎng)合和實(shí) 際運(yùn)用的要求，設(shè)計(jì)了相應(yīng)的 16 刀的圓盤(pán)式刀庫(kù)，并且對(duì)它的控制進(jìn) 行了一定的研究。 論文首先對(duì) 16 刀刀庫(kù)總體設(shè)計(jì)方案進(jìn)行闡述，闡述其各部件的工作 原理，然后就刀庫(kù)的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)與控制分章節(jié)對(duì)各個(gè)部分進(jìn)行計(jì)算與設(shè)計(jì)。 刀庫(kù)的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)是本文研究的重點(diǎn)，傳動(dòng)部分為蝸桿蝸輪的一種減速裝 置，對(duì)于該裝置中的蝸桿、蝸輪以及相關(guān)的軸都進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)的計(jì)算;控 制部分為刀庫(kù)送刀部分，由液壓控制和 PLC 控制完成。 關(guān)鍵詞：加工中心，刀庫(kù)，蝸桿蝸輪，液壓，PLC。 4 ABSTRACT Tool storage is one of the main components of the automatically-trading- knife installment. Its capacity, position and structure have great influence to the design of the machining centre. 16-tool tool storage is widely used in the machining centre. Based on the situation and requirement the 16-tool used, the disc-style tool storage of the 16-tool is designed and some research about its control is made in this paper. The paper illustrates the design project of the 16-tool tool storage firstly, and then explains its operation principle, and at last calculates and designs the structure and control of the tool storage separately by chapters. The design of the structure of the tool storage is the key point of this research. Driving part is a decelerating set of the worm and worm gear. The sizes of the worm, worm gear and axis are calculated. The control parts are tool storage delivering parts, which is completed by the hydraulic pressure and PLC control. Key words: machining centre, Magazine, worm, worm gear, hydraulic pressure, PLC 5 翻 譯 英語(yǔ)原文： Hydraulic shield-type support Abstract: The invention is concerned with a hydraulic shield-type support for supporting roofs in mines comprising a pair of base slides between which is located a channel-section guide beam supporting an hydraulic ram. At the rear end of the hydraulic ram a yoke is pivotally connected at a central part thereof to the rear end of the guide beam, the two outer portions of the yoke being pivotally connected to the rear end portions of the base slides. The front extendable end of the ram is connected to an elongate flat tongue which is longitudinally slidable in the guide beam underneath the hydraulic ram. 1. A hydraulic shield-type mine-roof support comprising a pair of adjacent base slides adapted to slide along the floor of a mine, at least one hydraulic prop pivotally connected at a lower end thereof to said base slides, at least two control levers pivotally connected at lower ends thereof to said base slides, a shield pivotally connected to upper ends of said control levers whereby the shield can be lifted and lowered with respect to said base slides, a mine-roof engaging structure pivotally attached to an upper portion of said shield, a driving ram adapted to act at both ends and disposed between said base slides, means including an inspection platform connected to an extendable part of said ram for the purpose, in operation of the apparatus, of connecting said ram to a conveyor at the working face of a mine, a channel-section guide beam located between said base slides and arranged to support said driving ram, a transverse connecting yoke pivotably interconnecting said base slides at the rear ends thereof to permit relative movement between said base slides both longitudinally and vertically, means connecting an outer cylinder of the driving ram to said guide beam, means coupling said transverse yoke to the rear end portion of said guide beam by at least one substantially vertical pivot pin, and means connecting said extendable part of said ram to an elongate tongue longitudinally guided by said guide beam within the channel thereof, below said driving ram, and connected to said inspection platform. 2. A mine-roof support as claimed in claim 1, wherein the channel of said guide beam is open at its upper side and partially receives the driving ram. 3. A mine-roof support as claimed in claim 1, wherein said means connecting the outer cylinder of the ram to the guide beam comprise a stirrup which bridges the channel in the guide beam. 4. A mine-roof support as claimed in claim 1, wherein said substantially vertical pivot pin coupling said transverse yoke to the guide beam is located at a central portion of said yoke, and wherein the outer portions of said yoke are pivotally connected to the respective base slides through longitudinally-extending hinge joint pins, each pin being secured so that it can rotate about its longitudinal axis in a respective bearing housing disposed at the rear end of the respective base slide. Description: This invention relates to hydraulic shield-type supports for supporting roofs in mines, especially coal-mines. In German Published Patent Application No. 26 44 999 there is described a hydraulic shield-type mine-roof support comprising two base slides which are movable relatively to one another in a vertical direction and which form a pedestal for hydraulic vertically-adjustable props, a roof-engaging plate or other structure which is pivoted near its back-filling end to an obliquely-disposed shield guided in a vertically pivotable manner by control levers pivotably connecting the rear portion of the shield to the base slides, and a hydraulic driving ram disposed between the base slides. One end of the driving ram of the support is connectable to a cross-member connecting the base slides on the working face side, while the other end of the driving ram is connectable at the back-filling side via a transverse yoke to a guide linkage which, in turn, at the working-face side, is connected to a conveyor, driving beam or the like. The force of the driving ram required for moving the support forwards is transmitted to the base slides via the cross-member on the working-face side. If, during the advance of the support, one of the base slides moves over an uneven part of the mine floor, the result (owing to the pivoting connection of the control levers to the shield and the base slides) will be a lifting motion of that base slide relatively to the other slide and a simultaneous forward motion. The said cross-member must therefore be constructed to follow the complicated motion of the base slides in two directions, since otherwise the driving ram will be loaded by unacceptably-high transverse forces. However, the structure required for making this possible is relatively expensive and takes up too much space. In particular, as the cross-member and its associated structure is disposed in the working-face region of the base slides where the travelling-road usually is, the road is considerably obstructed as a result. It is therefore necessary, particularly in thin seams, to move the drive ram further into the support, thus reducing the total length of the support. In order to shorten the total length of the driving mechanism and allow the driving ram to move further into the support, it has been proposed to mount the drive ram on a swivel mounting at one side on a base slide of the support, a bridge interconnecting the two base slides, serving only, in this case, to guide the base slides parallel to one another--see German Published Patent Application No. 26 44 614. This drive mechanism, however, has the disadvantage that the driving force exerted on only one base slide is now transmitted to the adjacent base slide via the shield and the above-mentioned control levers. As a result, the adjacent base slide is subjected to a component of force directed towards the floor of the mine which presses the tip of the latter slide into the floor. The main object of the present invention, therefore, is to provide a drive mechanism which does not obstruct the travelling-road in the front region of the support and which transmits the force of the driving ram to both base slides substantially equally. With this object in view, the invention is directed to a hydraulic shield-type mine roof support comprising a pair of adjacent base slides adapted to slide along the floor of a mine, at least one hydraulic prop pivotally connected at a lower end thereof to said base slides, at least two control levers pivotally connected at lower ends thereof to said base slides, a shield pivotally connected to upper ends of said control levers whereby the shield can be lifted and lowered with respect to said base slides, a mine-roof engaging structure pivotally attached to an upper portion of said shield, a driving ram adapted to act at both ends and disposed between said base slides, means including an inspection platform connected to an extendable part of said ram for the purpose, in operation of the apparatus, of connecting said ram to a conveyor at the working face of a mine, a guide beam located between said base slides and arranged to support said driving ram, a transverse connecting yoke pivotably interconnecting said base slides at the rear ends thereof, means connecting an outer cylinder of the driving ram to said guide beam, and means connecting said extendable part of said ram to an elongate tongue longitudinally guided by said guide beam and connected to said inspection platform. An example of a mine-roof support in accordance with the invention is shown in the accompanying drawings, in which: FIG. 1 is a side view of the support, shown diagrammatically; FIG. 2 is an enlarged plan view from above of the base slides and drive mechanism forming part of the support shown in FIG. 1; and FIG. 3 is a section taken on the line III--III in FIG. 2. The mine-roof support shown in the drawings comprises a pair of base slides 1, 2 which lie alongside each other and are shaped to slide over the floor of a mine. Pivotally connected to the base slides is at least one hydraulic prop 3 and at least two control levers 4 and 5, the lower end of the prop 3 being connected to the base slides by the pivot means 6, and the lower ends of the levers 4 and 5 being connected to the base slides by the pivot means 7, 8. The upper ends of the levers 4, 5 are pivotally connected at 10 and 11 respectively to a shield 12 which can, by expansion and contraction of the prop 3, be raised and lowered with respect to the base slides 1, 2. At its upper end, the shield 12 pivotally supports at 13 a roof-engaging plate or other such structure 14 to which the upper end of the prop 3 is pivotally connected at 9. The face of the mine is shown at 31 in FIG. 1. A hydraulic driving ram 15 which can act at both ends is disposed between the base slides 1, 2 in a channel-section guide beam 16 which is closed towards the floor of the mine. The ram 15 is secured to the beam 16 by a retaining stirrup 17 which is disposed on the upper surface of the outer cylinder 18 of the ram 15 and which is secured by cotter pins 19 to the side walls 20 of the beam 16. The free end of the extendable inner cylinder 21 of the ram points towards the working-face 15 and is connected to an upwardly-projecting bracket 22 of an elongate tongue 23 which is longitudinally guided under the ram 15 in the beam 16. The tongue 23 has a flat rectangular cross-section (see FIG. 2) and is guided over its entire length in the beam when the ram 15 is fully retracted. At the working-face side, the tongue extends from the ram abutment formed by the bracket 22 into a flat inspection platform 24 which can move over the floor and is connected in turn to a conveyor, driving beam of like transporting means 25 (shown only diagrammatically in the drawings) disposed at the working-face 31. At the back-filling side of the support, a vertical link pin 26 in the rear part of the beam 16 or in the ram 15 is pivotally connected to a transverse yoke 27 which is constructed like a balance beam and interconnects the base slides 1 and 2 on the back-filling side (i.e. at the rear portions of those slides) and forms an abutment for the ram 15 at that side. The slides 1 and 2 are each connected to the outer portions of the transverse yoke 27 by pivot pins 28 and hinge joint pins 29 extending along the longitudinal axes of the slides 1, 2 respectively. The pins 29 are therefore coupled at one end to the transverse yoke 27 by the vertical pivot pins 28 and are rotatably secured at their other ends in respective bearing housings 30 pivotally located at the back-filling ends of the base slides 1 and 2. It will thus be seen that the two base slides of the support are interconnected at the back-filling side by the drive mechanism and are guided, in parallel, substantially by means of the control levers 4, 5. The force of the driving ram 15 is transmitted to both slides 1, 2 substantially uniformly and equally, i.e. without transverse forces, via the transverse yoke 27 and the hinge joint pins 27 disposed in the longitudinal axes of the slides 1, 2. The pivot connections 26,28,29 also allow the slides to move relatively to one another. By means of the base slides 1, 2, the driving forces are also uniformly transmitted to the other components of the support. During an advance of the support, the driving ram 15 mounted in the guide beam 16 and connected to the movable tongue 23 therein is completely relieved from transverse forces. Further, the driving mechanism as a whole is very compact and stable, and takes up only a little space in the support, particularly as the working-face end of the tongue 23 guided in the guide beam 16 leads into an inspection platform guided flat along the mine floor between the forward portions of the base slides 1,2. As a result, even in very thin seams, those forwards portions can extend up to the conveyor 25 without reducing the width required for travelling in the longwall face. 漢語(yǔ)譯文 掩護(hù)式液壓軸承 摘要 這個(gè)發(fā)明是關(guān)于用來(lái)支撐礦頂?shù)难谧o(hù)式液壓軸承，他是由一對(duì)底座構(gòu)成，在底座之間，有一個(gè)用于固定推移千斤頂?shù)膶?dǎo)向板。在推移千斤頂?shù)暮蟛?，銷(xiāo)軸連接的橫梁位于導(dǎo)向板的后面，橫梁的兩端用銷(xiāo)軸連接在底座的后端。推移活塞桿前端與推移桿相連，推移桿是由位于推移千斤頂下面的導(dǎo)向板進(jìn)行縱向移動(dòng)。 1. 放頂煤掩護(hù)式液壓軸承包括一組適合沿著煤礦表面向前移動(dòng)的底座滑移裝置，至少有一根液壓立柱在下端部分與上述的滑移底座用銷(xiāo)軸連接在一起，至少有兩個(gè)連桿在下端部分與上述的滑移底座連接用銷(xiāo)軸連接在一起，掩護(hù)梁與上述連桿的上部末端用銷(xiāo)軸連接在一起，因此掩護(hù)梁能夠通過(guò)底座支撐來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)上升和下降，頂梁用銷(xiāo)軸與掩護(hù)梁的上部連接在一起，推移千斤頂在兩個(gè)末端之間運(yùn)動(dòng)，并位于在底座之間，包括一個(gè)推移板，它與推移千斤頂?shù)幕钊麠U的伸出端相連，在這些裝置操作中，在采煤工作面，推移板與刮板輸送機(jī)，位于底座之間的導(dǎo)向板連接，并用來(lái)支撐上述的推移千斤頂，橫梁用銷(xiāo)軸與底座中的后部連接，以允許在底座之間相互做縱向和垂直運(yùn)動(dòng)，意味著把推移千斤頂?shù)耐飧左w連接到上述的導(dǎo)向板上，至少通過(guò)一根充分垂直的銷(xiāo)釘把橫梁與導(dǎo)向板的后部連接在一起，同時(shí)通過(guò)內(nèi)部裝有溝槽的導(dǎo)向板把推移千斤頂伸出部分與導(dǎo)向板縱向伸出部分相連，在推移千斤頂下面，連接著推移板。 1． 正如在要求1中所要的那樣，在煤層支撐中，導(dǎo)向板的溝槽在它處于上面一側(cè)是開(kāi)式的，并承受推移千斤頂?shù)耐屏Α? 2． 正如在要求1中所要的那樣，在煤層支撐中，把推移千斤頂外側(cè)缸體與導(dǎo)向板連接的上述方法是用馬鐙，馬鐙是跨過(guò)導(dǎo)向板的溝槽裝置。 3． 正如在要求1中所要的那樣，在煤層支撐中，上述垂直中心銷(xiāo)釘把橫梁與導(dǎo)向梁聯(lián)接在一起，它位于橫梁的中心位置，橫向梁的外側(cè)部分通過(guò)縱向銷(xiāo)軸與各自的底座相連接，每個(gè)銷(xiāo)軸是如此的安全，以滿足它能在位于各自底座后部的縱軸方向上旋轉(zhuǎn)。 背景： 這個(gè)發(fā)明講述的是支撐礦頂?shù)难谧o(hù)式液壓軸承，尤其是用在煤礦。 在德國(guó)專利NO.2644999的出版物上，有一段關(guān)于掩護(hù)式液壓軸承的描述，它包含兩個(gè)底部滑塊，他們能在垂直方向相對(duì)的移動(dòng)。軸承還包括垂直伸縮的立柱，頂梁，和其他裝置機(jī)構(gòu)。傾斜著的掩護(hù)梁在垂直方向通過(guò)銷(xiāo)軸相連的前、后連桿轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，連桿通過(guò)銷(xiāo)軸把掩護(hù)梁的后部與底座連接在一起。推移千斤頂位于底座之間。軸承推移千斤頂?shù)暮蠖伺c中間塊連接，這中間塊是使兩個(gè)底座相互連接。相反，推移千斤頂?shù)牧硪欢伺c經(jīng)過(guò)橫梁的引導(dǎo)板裝置連接，依次，在工作區(qū)，引導(dǎo)板連接著輸送機(jī)，操縱梁或類(lèi)似的東西。 千斤頂?shù)淖饔昧Ρ匦枘苁馆S承向前移動(dòng)，這個(gè)作用力經(jīng)過(guò)工作面上的中間塊傳遞到底座的。在軸承前移的過(guò)程中，如果底部滑塊中的一個(gè)移向不平整礦層，結(jié)果（由于銷(xiāo)軸連接的連桿相對(duì)于掩護(hù)梁和底部滑塊）將底座滑塊相對(duì)于另一個(gè)底座滑塊上移，其同時(shí)向前運(yùn)動(dòng)。因此，中間塊必須滿足這一復(fù)雜運(yùn)動(dòng)，即底座兩個(gè)方向。否則，推移千斤頂將承受無(wú)窮大的橫向力?？墒?，中間塊為了滿足上述要求將造價(jià)很高，占用更大的空間。詳細(xì)地，橫梁與它連接構(gòu)件位于底部滑塊工作區(qū)域，在那兒又是交通道，結(jié)果是相當(dāng)?shù)負(fù)頂D。因此，有必要特別地在微小的細(xì)縫中使千斤頂在支撐過(guò)程中移動(dòng)更長(zhǎng)的距離，以此，減小軸承總的長(zhǎng)度。 為了能縮短總的驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置總長(zhǎng)，并允許推移千斤頂在支撐過(guò)程中移動(dòng)更遠(yuǎn)的距離，據(jù)提議的方案，在支撐的底部滑塊上一側(cè)給千斤頂裝上旋轉(zhuǎn)裝置，底座通過(guò)連接橋連接，緊緊通過(guò)這些，引導(dǎo)底部滑塊相互之間平行——可參見(jiàn)德國(guó)專利申請(qǐng)出版物NO.2644614。盡管，這種驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置有它的不利一面。就是驅(qū)動(dòng)力作用在一個(gè)滑塊上，作用力通過(guò)掩護(hù)梁和上述提過(guò)的連桿傳遞到接近的底部滑塊。結(jié)果，鄰近的滑塊承受了直接指向礦井的表面作用力，這部分作用力把后者滑塊傾斜地壓向表面。 目前發(fā)明的主要對(duì)象是驅(qū)動(dòng)機(jī)械裝置。它不能在支撐區(qū)域的前面阻隔交通道路，從千斤頂向兩個(gè)底部滑塊平等傳遞力的大小。 隨著目標(biāo)對(duì)象的明確，發(fā)明的出發(fā)點(diǎn)直接指向掩護(hù)式液壓軸承，其由一對(duì)相互靠近的底座滑塊，它適應(yīng)沿著煤礦表層滑動(dòng)，至少有一根立柱，用銷(xiāo)軸連接底部滑塊較低的末端，至少有兩根連桿，用連接位于底部滑塊較低的末端，掩護(hù)梁用銷(xiāo)軸連接連桿的上端，掩護(hù)梁能與底座的相互作用上升或下降，一個(gè)推移千斤頂，在滑塊之間末端和傾斜處運(yùn)動(dòng)， 在下面的圖片中，將展示和發(fā)明一致的礦層軸承例子： 圖片1是軸承在一側(cè)的粗略視圖 圖片2是一個(gè)放大視圖，是從底座和驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置上看，圖片1所展示的部分軸承 圖片3是在圖片1中的III—III處局部視圖 如圖所示，液壓軸承包括一對(duì)底部滑塊1、2，他們各自位于對(duì)方旁邊，是貼著礦層表面移動(dòng)。用銷(xiāo)軸與底座連接的包括至少一根立柱3，至少兩根連桿4、5，立柱3的下端通過(guò)銷(xiāo)軸6與底座連接，前、后連桿4、5的下端通過(guò)銷(xiāo)軸7、8與底座連接。連桿4、5的上端用銷(xiāo)軸10、11分別與掩護(hù)梁12連接，通過(guò)立柱3的伸長(zhǎng)、收縮，與底座滑塊1、2的相互作用實(shí)現(xiàn)上升或下降。在它的上端，掩護(hù)梁12用銷(xiāo)軸13與頂梁或者其他這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)14連接，像 與立柱3的上端用銷(xiāo)軸9連接。在圖1中，31表示的是礦井工作面。 推移千斤頂15，位于底部滑塊1、2之間沒(méi)，在他們兩端之間運(yùn)動(dòng)。導(dǎo)向梁16緊貼礦井表面。相對(duì)于導(dǎo)向梁16來(lái)說(shuō)推移千斤頂15是可靠的，他是通過(guò)馬蹄裝置17固定。馬蹄17位于推移千斤頂15的缸體外側(cè)表面上側(cè)。馬蹄17通過(guò)開(kāi)口銷(xiāo)19固定在導(dǎo)向梁16的邊沿20。推移千斤頂活塞桿21的伸出末端，指向工作面31，與中間塊23的耳座22連接，中間塊23縱向引導(dǎo)，它位于在導(dǎo)向梁16上的推移千斤頂15的下面。中間塊23有一個(gè)平整的橫截面（如圖2所示），當(dāng)推移千斤頂15完全縮回時(shí)，中間塊23在梁上引導(dǎo)全長(zhǎng)。在工作區(qū)，伸出頭部從活塞桿伸向推移板24。在表層上移動(dòng)，與轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的輸送機(jī)相連，像輸送機(jī)25的驅(qū)動(dòng)梁（圖中只是大概描述）位于工作面31。 在軸承的回填邊上，位于導(dǎo)向梁16的尾部或在推移千斤頂15垂直銷(xiāo)釘26用銷(xiāo)軸與橫向板27相連，它類(lèi)似于平衡梁，使滑塊底座1、2相互連接（例如，在滑塊后部），從兩側(cè)為推移千斤頂15形成兩個(gè)支點(diǎn)。底座滑塊1、2各自沿著縱向軸線通過(guò)銷(xiāo)軸28和鉸接釘29連接著橫梁板27。鉸接釘29因此通過(guò)垂直銷(xiāo)軸28連接著橫向板27，并與他們各自的承受框架30安全旋轉(zhuǎn)，框架30用銷(xiāo)軸固定在回填裝置的底座的末端。 如圖所示，軸承的兩個(gè)底部滑塊通過(guò)驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置在回填邊上連接。連桿4、5引導(dǎo)他們互相平行。底部滑塊1、2分別向活塞桿傳遞大小相同的力，而沒(méi)有橫向力，通過(guò)橫向板27和銷(xiāo)軸28在滑塊1、2縱軸傾斜。銷(xiāo)軸26、28、29允許滑塊相對(duì)的移向另一側(cè)。經(jīng)底部滑塊1、2作用，其他軸承部分也能受到大小相等的驅(qū)動(dòng)力。 在軸承移架過(guò)程中，推移千斤頂15安裝在導(dǎo)向梁16上，中間塊23，在那里承受足夠大的橫向力。其外，作為一個(gè)整體的驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置是非常緊湊和可靠的，僅僅有很小的縫隙，特別地，中間塊23在千斤頂中沿著礦井表面在底部滑塊之間指向推移板。結(jié)果，即使很小的縫隙，前端部分能夠伸向輸送機(jī)25而不需要在開(kāi)采面上減少寬度就能滿足運(yùn)輸。