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電動(dòng)絞車(chē)剎車(chē)裝置研究意義電動(dòng)絞車(chē)的剎車(chē)裝置作為一種機(jī)械產(chǎn)品,有著理論基礎(chǔ)不在局限于力學(xué),制造過(guò)程的基礎(chǔ)也不只是設(shè)計(jì)與制造經(jīng)驗(yàn)及技藝的總結(jié)。本設(shè)計(jì)涉及到了電動(dòng)機(jī)的選取,減速器的計(jì)算,最后通過(guò)對(duì)零件的設(shè)計(jì)達(dá)到最后電動(dòng)絞車(chē)的剎車(chē)裝置總裝要求??傊驹O(shè)計(jì)注意到了調(diào)整結(jié)構(gòu),加強(qiáng)科學(xué)基礎(chǔ),反映在大學(xué)期間學(xué)習(xí)到的知識(shí)的聯(lián)系和銜接,內(nèi)容分配合理,即相互聯(lián)系又避免不必要的重復(fù),在設(shè)計(jì)中形成自己的特色,對(duì)自己以后工作墊下堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。研究現(xiàn)狀 絞車(chē)又稱為卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī),主要運(yùn)用于建筑、水利工程、林業(yè)、礦山、碼頭等的物料升降或平拖。是用卷筒纏繞鋼絲繩或鏈條以提升或牽引重物的輕小型起重設(shè)備。絞車(chē)具有以下特點(diǎn):通用性高、結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊、體積小、重量輕、起重大。使用轉(zhuǎn)移方便,被廣泛應(yīng)用于建筑、水利工程、林業(yè)、礦山、碼頭等的物料升降或平拖,還可作現(xiàn)代化電控自動(dòng)作業(yè)線的配套設(shè)備。絞車(chē)的種類按照卷筒的分布形式有并列雙卷筒和前后雙卷筒,特殊符號(hào)的絞車(chē)有變頻絞車(chē),雙筒絞車(chē),手剎杠桿式雙制動(dòng)絞車(chē),帶限位器絞車(chē),電控絞車(chē),電控手剎離合絞車(chē),大型雙筒雙制動(dòng)絞車(chē),大型外齒輪絞車(chē),大型液壓絞車(chē),大型外齒輪帶排繩器絞車(chē),雙曳引輪絞車(chē),大型液壓雙筒雙制動(dòng)絞車(chē),變頻帶限位器絞車(chē)。剎車(chē)裝置基本原理 電力液壓鼓式制動(dòng)器,它廣泛用于各種起重,皮帶運(yùn)輸,港口裝卸,冶金及建筑機(jī)械中各種機(jī)構(gòu)減速和停車(chē)制動(dòng)。它和電動(dòng)機(jī)是一個(gè)電源,當(dāng)剎車(chē)時(shí),電動(dòng)機(jī)和制動(dòng)器斷電,制動(dòng)器由于斷電則迅速抱緊電動(dòng)機(jī)的軸,使電動(dòng)機(jī)迅速停止,達(dá)到絞車(chē)剎車(chē)的作用,通電以后,制動(dòng)器則松開(kāi)電動(dòng)機(jī)的軸,使其正常的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。該設(shè)計(jì)采用連鎖式退距均等裝置,在使用過(guò)程中可始終保持倆測(cè)瓦片退距均等且無(wú)需調(diào)節(jié),這樣可完全避免因退距不均使一側(cè)制動(dòng)襯墊伏貼制動(dòng)輪的現(xiàn)象,并設(shè)有瓦片自動(dòng)隨位裝置,而且主要擺動(dòng)絞點(diǎn)均設(shè)有潤(rùn)滑軸承,傳動(dòng)效率高,壽命長(zhǎng),在使用過(guò)程中無(wú)需潤(rùn)滑,制動(dòng)彈簧在方管內(nèi)部在一側(cè)設(shè)有標(biāo)尺,用戶十分方便的讀出制動(dòng)力矩值,免去計(jì)算和測(cè)量的麻煩。制動(dòng)襯墊為卡裝式整體成型結(jié)構(gòu),更換十分方便,快捷,并備有半金屬硬質(zhì)和半硬質(zhì),軟質(zhì)等不同材料的制動(dòng)襯墊供用戶選擇,而且它還可以手動(dòng)釋放,釋放開(kāi)閘和閉閘限位開(kāi)關(guān),可實(shí)現(xiàn)制動(dòng)器是否正常釋放或閉合的信號(hào)顯示。還帶有下降延遲閥,可實(shí)現(xiàn)制動(dòng)器的延時(shí)閉合。電動(dòng)機(jī)的選取 電動(dòng)機(jī)的選擇,電動(dòng)機(jī)工作時(shí),負(fù)載持續(xù)時(shí)間的長(zhǎng)短對(duì)電動(dòng)機(jī)的發(fā)熱情況影響很大,因而對(duì)決定電動(dòng)機(jī)的功率也有很大影響。按電動(dòng)機(jī)發(fā)熱的不同情況,電動(dòng)機(jī)分三種工作制,即連續(xù)工作制、短時(shí)工作制和短時(shí)重復(fù)工作制。絞車(chē)所用電動(dòng)機(jī)工時(shí)間短,電動(dòng)機(jī)溫升來(lái)不及達(dá)到穩(wěn)定值;停車(chē)時(shí)間亦短,電動(dòng)機(jī)也來(lái)不及完全冷卻到周圈環(huán)境溫度,所以穩(wěn)定溫升為一溫度區(qū)間,在這種情況下。一般都選擇短時(shí)重復(fù)工作制。離合器的選擇 手控絞車(chē)常使用圓錐摩擦離合器,并配以帶式制動(dòng)器進(jìn)行工作。圓錐摩擦離合器分單錐式和雙錐式。絞車(chē)以使用單錐式為多。絞車(chē)亦有使用漲圈摩擦離合器的,但目前使用較少。圓錐摩擦離合器的結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單,接合比較平穩(wěn),脫開(kāi)后能保持摩擦面完全分離。但對(duì)軸的偏心比較敏感,錐體加工要求高。由于圓錐摩擦離合器的接觸面積小,在傳遞大轉(zhuǎn)矩時(shí),外形尺寸較大,結(jié)構(gòu)不緊湊,接合平穩(wěn)性降低。因此,僅適用于中小噸位的絞車(chē)。圓錐摩擦離合器 制動(dòng)鼓 制動(dòng)鼓具有非常好的剛性和大的熱容量,制動(dòng)時(shí)溫升不應(yīng)超過(guò)極限值。制動(dòng)鼓材料應(yīng)與摩擦襯片相匹配,以保證具有高的摩擦系數(shù)并使工作表面磨損均勻。制動(dòng)鼓相對(duì)于輪轂的對(duì)中是圓柱表面的配合來(lái)定位,并在兩者裝配緊固后精加工制動(dòng)鼓內(nèi)工作表面,以保證兩者的軸線重合。兩者裝配后還需進(jìn)行動(dòng)平衡。制動(dòng)底板 制動(dòng)底板是除制動(dòng)鼓外制動(dòng)器各零件的安裝基體,應(yīng)保證各安裝零件相互間的正確位置。制功底板承受著制動(dòng)器工作時(shí)的制動(dòng)反力矩,因此它應(yīng)有足夠的剛度。為此,由鋼板沖壓成形的制動(dòng)底板均只有凹凸起伏的形狀。重型絞車(chē)則采用可聯(lián)鑄鐵KTH37012的制動(dòng)底板。剛度不足會(huì)使制動(dòng)力矩減小,踏板行程加大,襯片磨損也不均勻。本次設(shè)計(jì)采用45號(hào)鋼。制動(dòng)蹄 制動(dòng)蹄:制動(dòng)蹄腹板和翼緣的厚度,摩擦襯片的厚度,絞車(chē)多為4.5mm5mm。襯片可鉚接或粘貼在制動(dòng)蹄上,粘貼的允許其磨損厚度較大,使用壽命增長(zhǎng),但不易更換襯片;鉚接的噪聲較小。本次制動(dòng)蹄采用的材料為HT200。制動(dòng)輪缸 制功輪缸為液壓制動(dòng)系采用的活塞式制動(dòng)蹄張開(kāi)機(jī)構(gòu),其結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單,在車(chē)輪制動(dòng)器中布置方便。輪缸的缸體由灰鑄鐵HT250制成。其缸簡(jiǎn)為通孔,需鏜磨?;钊射X合金制造?;钊舛藟河袖撝频拈_(kāi)槽頂塊,以支承插人槽中的制動(dòng)蹄腹板端部或端部接頭。輪缸的工作腔由裝在活塞上的橡膠密封圈或靠在活塞內(nèi)端面處的橡膠皮密封。多數(shù)制動(dòng)輪缸有兩個(gè)等直徑活塞;少數(shù)有四個(gè)等直徑活塞;雙領(lǐng)路式制動(dòng)器的兩蹄則各用一個(gè)單活塞制動(dòng)輪缸推動(dòng)。本次設(shè)計(jì)采用的是HT250。摩擦襯片 摩擦襯片的磨損與摩擦副的材質(zhì),表面加工情況、溫度、壓力以及相對(duì)滑磨速度等多種因素有關(guān),因此在理論上要精確計(jì)算磨損性能是困難的。但試驗(yàn)表明,摩擦表面的溫度、壓力、摩擦系數(shù)和表面狀態(tài)等是影響磨損的重要因素。軸的選擇 根據(jù)電動(dòng)絞車(chē)、制動(dòng)頻繁,沖擊載荷大的工作特點(diǎn)減速器中軸的材料,應(yīng)具有足夠的靜強(qiáng)度和疲勞強(qiáng)度,并具有一定的韌性、耐磨性和抗腐蝕性。選擇軸的材料時(shí)除首先要滿足使用要求外還要考慮材料的工藝性及經(jīng)濟(jì)性等。油的材料主要采用碳素鋼和合金鋼。毛坯多用軋制圓鋼和鍛件。軸的常用材料為優(yōu)質(zhì)中碳鋼,如35、45、50鋼,其中以45鋼最為常用??紤]到本次設(shè)計(jì)工作要求較高,并可能有齒輪軸,所以考慮選用合金鋼,40Cr調(diào)質(zhì)鋼。制動(dòng)器的安裝1.根據(jù)制動(dòng)器在主機(jī)的安裝位置,確定出制動(dòng)器的維修、調(diào)整空間較大或較方便的一側(cè)。如果隨位裝置和退距均等裝置不在維修空間一側(cè)時(shí),可將其卸下裝在同側(cè)。2.縱裝:首先旋轉(zhuǎn)彈簧拉桿,使制動(dòng)彈簧力達(dá)到最小值,然后轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)拉桿撐開(kāi)兩制動(dòng)臂,再將制動(dòng)器套裝在制動(dòng)輪上。3.橫裝:當(dāng)制動(dòng)輪已裝在電機(jī)或其他機(jī)件之間時(shí),首先使退距均等裝置與左連板脫離,然后打出銷軸,將制動(dòng)臂向上掀起,從側(cè)面裝到制動(dòng)輪上,制動(dòng)器的安裝:制動(dòng)器安放在主機(jī)底座上后,松松地?cái)Q上地腳螺栓,旋轉(zhuǎn)拉桿,此時(shí)隨位裝置中的調(diào)整螺栓應(yīng)與制動(dòng)瓦脫離,使制動(dòng)器兩側(cè)制動(dòng)瓦與制動(dòng)輪貼合,若貼合不好,繼續(xù)旋轉(zhuǎn)拉桿,當(dāng)制動(dòng)瓦與制動(dòng)輪表面貼合達(dá)到最佳狀態(tài)時(shí)停止旋轉(zhuǎn),然后擰緊地腳螺栓。推動(dòng)器在出廠時(shí)已加好液壓油,YT1推動(dòng)器需用戶現(xiàn)場(chǎng)加注液壓油。制動(dòng)器安裝好后,應(yīng)對(duì)制動(dòng)器的各項(xiàng)性能進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn),制動(dòng)器應(yīng)動(dòng)作靈活無(wú)卡滯現(xiàn)象。制動(dòng)器的調(diào)整1.推動(dòng)器工作行程的調(diào)整:首先應(yīng)將彈簧力釋放到最小值,然后旋轉(zhuǎn)拉桿使制動(dòng)器處于抱閘狀態(tài),繼續(xù)旋轉(zhuǎn),此時(shí)推動(dòng)器推桿慢慢升起,當(dāng)升起高度達(dá)到推動(dòng)器額定行程的1/3時(shí)即完成調(diào)整。2.瓦塊隨位的調(diào)整 在制動(dòng)器處于抱閘狀態(tài)時(shí),旋轉(zhuǎn)隨位裝置中的螺栓,使其頂端與制動(dòng)瓦板的距離在0.5-1mm之間。3.動(dòng)力矩的調(diào)整:旋轉(zhuǎn)彈簧拉桿使彈簧壓縮,并使彈簧下座上邊沿對(duì)準(zhǔn)所需的力矩。4.退距均等裝置的調(diào)整:在調(diào)整推動(dòng)器工作行程的同時(shí),松開(kāi)螺栓,當(dāng)制動(dòng)器處于抱閘狀態(tài)時(shí),再螺栓背面的螺母旋緊即可。5.補(bǔ)償機(jī)構(gòu)調(diào)整首先使推動(dòng)器動(dòng)作幾次,然后使推動(dòng)器推起。調(diào)整調(diào)整板使調(diào)整板下邊沿剛好壓住撥桿,然后擰緊固定螺栓即可。6.襯墊磨損極限限位開(kāi)關(guān)將開(kāi)關(guān)與撞板之間距離調(diào)整為L(zhǎng)即可。DYW系列如下圖致謝 經(jīng)過(guò)關(guān)于電動(dòng)絞車(chē)的剎車(chē)裝置畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)以后,我更好地了解到電動(dòng)絞車(chē)的剎車(chē)裝置的種類、結(jié)構(gòu)、設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算及應(yīng)用,為絞車(chē)的研究、設(shè)計(jì)和制造工作提供一定的參考價(jià)值。該份畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)重點(diǎn)研究絞車(chē)的制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)及傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)。在對(duì)絞車(chē)的制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)中,從各個(gè)部件出發(fā),主要敘述了電動(dòng)機(jī)功率選擇、離合器和制動(dòng)器的設(shè)計(jì);減速器的設(shè)計(jì);傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)又作為重點(diǎn)進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)闡述,對(duì)減速器進(jìn)行了具體的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算,傳動(dòng)比的分配計(jì)算,二級(jí)展開(kāi)式圓柱齒輪減速器的選擇設(shè)計(jì),還有關(guān)于軸、軸承和減速器其他附件的設(shè)計(jì)。
中國(guó)地質(zhì)大學(xué)長(zhǎng)城學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)書(shū)
學(xué)生姓名
張林
學(xué)號(hào)
05208340
專業(yè)班級(jí)
機(jī)制0803班
指導(dǎo)教師
于華麗
職稱
講師
單 位
河北農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)題目
電動(dòng)絞車(chē)剎車(chē)裝置的設(shè)計(jì)
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)主要內(nèi)容和要求:
1、 電動(dòng)絞車(chē)剎車(chē)裝置各個(gè)部分的詳細(xì)數(shù)據(jù)
2、 利用AutoCAD或者其他繪圖軟件進(jìn)行電動(dòng)絞車(chē)剎車(chē)裝置的裝配圖以及零件圖的繪制
3、 設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)一份
主要參考資料:
[1] 馮剛, 李劍中, 譚佳. 面向海洋環(huán)境的絞車(chē)傳動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)[J]. 組合機(jī)床與自動(dòng)化加工技術(shù), 2001,(06)
[2] 康宏建, 張彌憲. 處理絞車(chē)液壓系統(tǒng)故障的一點(diǎn)體會(huì)[J]. 煤礦機(jī)械, 2004,(07)
[3] 高玉龍, 朱秀珍, 張興周. 基于ARM的家庭智能化系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)現(xiàn)[J]. 應(yīng)用科技, 2003,(09)
[4] 于永水, 張瑞英, 李福海, 齊明俠. SJD—11型雙速絞車(chē)換檔機(jī)構(gòu)的研制與實(shí)現(xiàn)[J]. 山東機(jī)械, 1995,(03)
[5] 魯衛(wèi)紅. 一種輻射源距離的估算方法[J]. 現(xiàn)代雷達(dá), 2002,(02)
[6] 邱功御, 馮長(zhǎng)悌. 船用電動(dòng)連接絞車(chē)的技術(shù)進(jìn)步[J]. 中國(guó)水運(yùn), 1997,(06)
[7] 張斌, 魯守銀, 厲秉強(qiáng). 電力設(shè)備非量化狀態(tài)信息移動(dòng)采集與管理系統(tǒng)[J]. 儀器儀表學(xué)報(bào), 2003,(S2)
[8] 陳建長(zhǎng), 雷江河, 陳瑞, 萬(wàn)箭波. 一種新型絞車(chē)負(fù)載試驗(yàn)裝置[J]. 工程機(jī)械, 2005,(05)
[9] 杜軍, 李學(xué)仁. 基于ARM的便攜式航空發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)數(shù)據(jù)處理系統(tǒng)[J]. 計(jì)算機(jī)測(cè)量與控制, 2004,(05)
[10] 黎建良. 多田野汽車(chē)起重機(jī)絞車(chē)馬達(dá)的國(guó)產(chǎn)化[J]. 工程機(jī)械與維修, 1999,(10)
[11]成大先.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)[M].北京:化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社,2004.
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)完成的主要工作:
閱讀中英文文獻(xiàn)資料,熟練掌握CAD制圖軟件,繪制電動(dòng)絞車(chē)剎車(chē)裝置的各零件圖及裝配圖,完成設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)。
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)度安排:
序號(hào)
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)各階段內(nèi)容
時(shí)間安排
備注
1
資料的查閱、收集、整理,并撰寫(xiě)文獻(xiàn)綜述、開(kāi)題報(bào)告、外文資料翻譯
12月5日—1月20日
確定基本設(shè)計(jì)方案
2
設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)的計(jì)算
1月21日—2月10日
3
繪制零件圖及裝配圖
2月11日—3月15日
4
撰寫(xiě)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū),整理相關(guān)表格資料
3月16日—4月20日
5
準(zhǔn)備答辯
課題信息:
課題性質(zhì): 設(shè)計(jì)■ 論文□ ?
課題來(lái)源: 教學(xué)□ 科研□ 生產(chǎn)■ 其它□
發(fā)出任務(wù)書(shū)日期: 2011.12.6
指導(dǎo)教師簽名:
2011年 12 月 6日
教研室意見(jiàn):
教研室主任簽名:
年 月 日
學(xué)生簽名:
中國(guó)地質(zhì)大學(xué)長(zhǎng)城學(xué)院
本科畢業(yè)論文外文資料翻譯
系 別: 工程技術(shù)系
專 業(yè):機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化
姓 名: 張林
學(xué) 號(hào): 05208340
2012 年 3 月 1 日
外文資料翻譯譯文
卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)(又叫絞車(chē))是由人力或機(jī)械動(dòng)力驅(qū)動(dòng)卷筒、卷繞繩索來(lái)完成牽引工作的裝置??梢源怪碧嵘⑺交騼A斜拽引重物。卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)分為手動(dòng)卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)和電動(dòng)卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)兩種?,F(xiàn)在以電動(dòng)卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)為主。電動(dòng)卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)由電動(dòng)機(jī)、聯(lián)軸節(jié)、制動(dòng)器、齒輪箱和卷筒組成,共同安裝在機(jī)架上。對(duì)于起升高度和裝卸量大工作頻繁的情況,調(diào)速性能好,能令空鉤快速下降。對(duì)安裝就位或敏感的物料,能用較小速度。常見(jiàn)的卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)噸位有:0.3T卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī) 0.5T卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī) 1T卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī) 1.5T卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī) 2T卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī) 3T卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī) 5T卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī) 6T卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī) 8T卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī) 10T卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī) 15T卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī) 20T卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī) 25T卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī) 30T卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)。
卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)可分為國(guó)標(biāo)卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)、非標(biāo)卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)。國(guó)標(biāo)卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)指符合國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī),非標(biāo)卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)是指廠家自己定義標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī))通常只有具有生產(chǎn)證的廠商才可以生產(chǎn)國(guó)標(biāo)卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī),價(jià)格也比非標(biāo)卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)貴一些。 特殊型號(hào)的卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)有:變頻卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī) 、 雙筒卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī) 、手剎杠桿式雙制動(dòng)卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)、帶限位器卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)、電控防爆卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)、電控手剎離合卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)、大型雙筒雙制動(dòng)卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)、大型外齒輪卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)、大型液壓式卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)、大型外齒輪帶排繩器卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)、雙曳引輪卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)、 大型液壓雙筒雙制動(dòng)卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)、變頻帶限位器繩槽卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)。1、JK0.5-JK5單卷筒快速卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī) 2、JK0.5-JK12.5單卷筒慢速卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī) 3、JKL1.6-JKL5溜放型快速卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī) 4、JML5、JML6、JML10溜放型打樁用卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī) 5、2JK2-2JML10雙卷筒卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī) 6、JT800、JT700型防爆提升卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī) 7、JK0.3-JK15 電控卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī) 8、非標(biāo)卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)。其中Jk表示快速卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī),jm表示慢速卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī),jt表示防爆卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī),單卷筒表示一個(gè)卷筒容納鋼絲繩,雙卷筒表示兩個(gè)卷筒容納鋼絲繩。
卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)使用時(shí)的注意事項(xiàng):
1、卷筒上的鋼絲繩應(yīng)排列整齊,如發(fā)現(xiàn)重疊和斜繞時(shí),應(yīng)停機(jī)重新排列。嚴(yán)禁在轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)中用手、腳拉踩鋼絲繩。鋼絲繩不許完全放出,最少應(yīng)保留三圈。 2、鋼絲繩不許打結(jié)、扭繞,在一個(gè)節(jié)距內(nèi)斷線超過(guò)10%時(shí),應(yīng)予更換。 3、作業(yè)中,任何人不得跨越鋼絲繩,物體(物件)提升后,操作人員不得離開(kāi)卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)。休息時(shí)物件或吊籠應(yīng)降至地面。 4、作業(yè)中,司機(jī)、信號(hào)員要同吊起物保持良好的可見(jiàn)度,司機(jī)與信號(hào)員應(yīng)密切配合,服從信號(hào)統(tǒng)一指揮。 5、作業(yè)中如遇停電情況,應(yīng)切斷電源,將提升物降至地面。 6、工作中要聽(tīng)從指揮人員的信號(hào),信號(hào)不明或可能引起事故 時(shí)應(yīng)暫停操作,待弄清情況后方可繼續(xù)作業(yè)。 7、作業(yè)中突然停電,應(yīng)立即拉開(kāi)閘刀,將運(yùn)送物放下。8、作業(yè)完畢、應(yīng)將料盤(pán)落地、關(guān)鎖電箱。 9 鋼絲繩在使用過(guò)程中與機(jī)械的磨損.自燃的腐蝕局部損害難免,應(yīng)間隔時(shí)間段涂刷保護(hù)油。 10嚴(yán)禁超載使用。即超過(guò)最大承載噸數(shù)。 11使用過(guò)程中要注意不要出現(xiàn)打結(jié).壓扁.電弧打傷.化學(xué)介質(zhì)的侵蝕。 12不得直接吊裝高溫物體,對(duì)于有棱角的物體要加護(hù)板。13使用過(guò)程中應(yīng)經(jīng)常檢查所使用的鋼絲繩,達(dá)到報(bào)廢標(biāo)準(zhǔn)應(yīng)立即報(bào)廢。
卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)鋼絲繩的報(bào)廢標(biāo)準(zhǔn):
1 直徑減小直徑磨損超過(guò)百分之四十應(yīng)報(bào)廢,不超百分之四十應(yīng)降低系數(shù)使用。2 表面腐蝕;當(dāng)整根鋼絲繩表面腐蝕達(dá)到肉眼顯而易見(jiàn)時(shí),鋼絲繩就不能使用。3 結(jié)構(gòu)破壞;鋼絲繩整股破斷應(yīng)報(bào)廢,有斷絲的鋼絲繩應(yīng)降低系數(shù)使用。4 超載;超載使用的鋼絲繩不得使用。
國(guó)家交通基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施、城市建設(shè)的規(guī)模越來(lái)越大,建筑工程中使用的卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)規(guī)模、功率隨之越來(lái)越大,牽引速度也越來(lái)越快,相應(yīng)地卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)的關(guān)鍵傳動(dòng)件卷筒開(kāi)式齒輪副結(jié)構(gòu)的尺寸越做越大,在大功率、高速度運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)情況下卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)的噪聲也越來(lái)越高,然而這是國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)所不允許的。建筑卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)GB1955—2002規(guī)定合格的卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)噪聲限值為機(jī)外不得大于85dB(A)、操作者耳邊不得大于88dB(A)。當(dāng)卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)牽引力較小、速度較低時(shí)其噪聲都遠(yuǎn)低于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)限值,控制也容易;但當(dāng)牽引速度較高、牽引力較大時(shí)要確保噪聲不超標(biāo),需從設(shè)計(jì)、工藝、材料、質(zhì)檢等各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)采取有效措施。
卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)噪聲來(lái)源有多種途徑,但本質(zhì)上是撞擊和振動(dòng)的結(jié)果,一般是由于齒輪嚙合質(zhì)量差、運(yùn)動(dòng)不平穩(wěn)在運(yùn)動(dòng)中產(chǎn)生了瞬時(shí)加速度而造成的。 我公司一臺(tái)80kN快速可溜放液力控制卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī),鋼絲繩牽引速度為30m/min、電機(jī)功率55kW,機(jī)器噪聲一般在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)范圍以內(nèi),但偶而出現(xiàn)噪聲超標(biāo)現(xiàn)象,少數(shù)機(jī)器不能通過(guò)出廠檢驗(yàn)。在排除噪聲時(shí)感到無(wú)從下手,因機(jī)器制造所依據(jù)的圖樣、工藝流程相同,既然絕大多數(shù)產(chǎn)品合格,就應(yīng)排除設(shè)計(jì)和工藝不合理因素。噪聲來(lái)源分析及控制主要是我們認(rèn)為底盤(pán)的設(shè)計(jì)制造存在造成噪聲的可能:1底盤(pán)采用箱形結(jié)構(gòu),不是所有焊縫都進(jìn)行連續(xù)焊接,各個(gè)底盤(pán)焊縫的長(zhǎng)短、高低位置不同,底盤(pán)剛性存在較大個(gè)體差異,有的則產(chǎn)生共鳴效應(yīng),機(jī)器如有一點(diǎn)震動(dòng)噪聲就被放大;2底盤(pán)由鋼板焊成,不具備吸震消聲功能,如果其固有頻率與齒輪嚙合頻率接近就可能造成個(gè)別機(jī)器因齒輪弱小震動(dòng)引發(fā)較大共震,引起噪聲值上升。 我們針對(duì)上述可能性分別進(jìn)行試驗(yàn),但通過(guò)三次實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)噪聲高低與底盤(pán)結(jié)構(gòu)、剛度、頻率等因素呈弱相關(guān),噪聲大小與運(yùn)動(dòng)件強(qiáng)相關(guān),因此底盤(pán)設(shè)計(jì)構(gòu)造、制造質(zhì)量并不是噪聲超標(biāo)的原因。
軸承間隙有人認(rèn)為,既然噪聲是伴隨卷筒總成和傳動(dòng)件,那么就可能由于卷筒滑動(dòng)軸承間隙大而引起。我們對(duì)卷筒零件配合間隙進(jìn)行選擇,保證軸承孔與主軸間隙符合圖紙要求,裝配后進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)。試驗(yàn)時(shí)采用變頻電機(jī)調(diào)速,觀察速度對(duì)噪聲的影響。? 大量試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,速度對(duì)噪聲影響是第一位的,卷筒轉(zhuǎn)速越高則噪聲值越大、機(jī)器震動(dòng)越激烈;間隙在其次,主軸與軸套間隙越大則噪聲也越大;而底盤(pán)對(duì)噪聲影響最小。如果機(jī)器本來(lái)噪聲就很低,則速度高低、主軸間隙大小的變化都不會(huì)產(chǎn)生過(guò)大噪聲,由此表明噪聲超標(biāo)也不是由軸承間隙大而引起的。
卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)的分類及其不同特性卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)包括建筑卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī),同軸卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī) 主要產(chǎn)品有:JM電控慢速大噸位卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)、JM電控慢速卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)、JK電控高速卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)、 JKL手控快速溜放卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)、2JKL手控雙快溜放卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)、電控手控兩用卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)、JT調(diào)速卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)、KDJ微型卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)等,僅能在地上使用,可以通過(guò)修改用于船上。它以電動(dòng)機(jī)為動(dòng)力,經(jīng)彈性聯(lián)軸節(jié),三級(jí)封閉式齒輪減速箱,牙嵌式聯(lián)軸節(jié)驅(qū)動(dòng)。卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)的卷筒,采用電磁制動(dòng)。該產(chǎn)品通用性高、結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊、體積小、重量輕、起重大、使用轉(zhuǎn)移方便,被廣泛應(yīng)用于建筑、水利工程、林業(yè)、礦山、碼頭等的物料升降或平拖,還可作現(xiàn)代化電控自動(dòng)作業(yè)線的配套設(shè)備。Jm系列為齒輪減速機(jī)傳動(dòng)卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)。主要用于卷?yè)P(yáng)、拉卸、推、拖重物。如各種大中型砼、鋼結(jié)構(gòu)及機(jī)械設(shè)備的安裝和拆卸。適用于建筑安裝公司、礦區(qū)、工廠的土木建筑及安裝工程。由人力或機(jī)械動(dòng)力驅(qū)動(dòng)卷筒、卷繞繩索來(lái)完成牽引工作的裝置。叫同軸卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī):(又叫微型卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī))電機(jī)與鋼絲繩在同一傳動(dòng)軸上,輕便小巧,節(jié)省空間 (其噸位包括(200公斤、250公斤、300公斤、500公斤、750公斤、1000公斤等)卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)還分為慢速卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī):卷筒上的鋼絲繩額定速度約7~12m/min的卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)。快速卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī):卷筒上的鋼絲繩額定速度約30m/min的卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)。 電動(dòng)卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī):由電動(dòng)機(jī)作為動(dòng)力,通過(guò)驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置使卷筒回轉(zhuǎn)的卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)。調(diào)速卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī):速度控制可以調(diào)節(jié)的卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)手搖卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī):以人力作為動(dòng)力,通過(guò)驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置使卷筒回轉(zhuǎn)的卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)。大噸位非標(biāo)卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī):主要用于卷?yè)P(yáng)、拉卸、推、拖重物。如各種大中型砼、鋼結(jié)構(gòu)及機(jī)械設(shè)備的安裝和卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)的拆卸。其結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)是鋼絲繩排列有序、有吊安裝可靠、適用于碼頭、橋梁、港口等路橋工程及大型廠礦安裝設(shè)備.就是一種利用外力(例如電動(dòng)機(jī))驅(qū)動(dòng)他運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn),然后通過(guò)電磁制動(dòng)器和抱死制動(dòng)器控制其在無(wú)動(dòng)力下不自由運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn),同時(shí)經(jīng)過(guò)電動(dòng)機(jī)的帶動(dòng)減速后,驅(qū)動(dòng)一個(gè)輪盤(pán)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn),輪盤(pán)上可以卷鋼索或者其他東西。
通常提升高于30噸的卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)為大噸位卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī),生產(chǎn)大噸位的卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)技術(shù)在中國(guó)只有少數(shù),目前最大噸位是65噸。主要細(xì)分為JK(快速),JM、JMW(慢速),JT(調(diào)速),JKL、2JKL手控快速等系列卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī),廣泛應(yīng)用于工礦、冶金、起重、建筑、化工、路橋、水電安裝等起重行業(yè)。
外文原文
Winch ( also called winch ) is produced by human or mechanical power drive reel, winding rope traction device to complete the work. Can be vertical, horizontal or inclined dragging heavy. Winch manual winch electric winch and divided into two. Now mainly to electric hoist. Electric hoist is composed of a motor, coupling, brake, gear box and the reel is mounted on the frame component, common. For lifting height and handling a large amount of work situation frequently, good speed performance, can make the empty hook rapid decline. The installation or sensitive material, with a small speed. Common winch windlass windlass tonnage are: 0.3T 0.5T 1T 1.5T 2T 3T hoist hoist hoist hoist hoist hoist hoist 5T 6T 8T 10T 15T 20T 25T hoist hoist hoist hoist hoist 30T.
Winch can be divided into GB, non-standard windlass windlass. To meet the national standard GB windlass windlass, winch is a non-standard manufacturers define their own standard winch ) usually only with the production of card manufacturers can produce GB winch, the price more expensive non-standard winch. Special types of Winch: frequency conversion winch, double drum hoist, handbrake lever type double brake winch, windlass, with restrictor electric explosion-proof winch, electric parking brake clutch windlass, large binocular double brake winch, large outer gear winch, hydraulic winch, the large external gear belt rope guider winch, a traction wheel winch, hydraulic double cylinder double brake winch, frequency band limiter for hoist rope groove. In 1, JK0.5-JK5 single drum fast hoist 2, JK0.5-JK12.5 single drum winch 3, JKL1.6-JKL5 humping slow type fast hoist 4, JML5, JML6, JML10 rolling type pile hoist 5, 2JK2-2JML10 double drum winch 6, JT800, JT700 explosion-proof electric hoist hoisting machine 7, JK0.3-JK15 8, non-standard winch. Wherein Jk represents fast hoist, JM said slow winch, said JT explosion-proof hoist, single drum represents a spool receiving wire rope, double drum two reels accommodate wire rope.
Hoist the matters needing attention in using:
In 1, the reel of wire rope should be arranged regularly, such as found in overlapping and helical winding, should be down to rearrange. Is strictly prohibited in the rotation of the hand, foot pull on the rope. Wire rope not fully released, at least should be reserved for three laps. In 2, steel wire rope to tie, twisted, in a pitch period more than 10% should be replaced when broken. In 3, during the operation, no person shall span wire rope, objects (objects ) after upgrading, operating personnel shall not be allowed to leave the windlass. When resting, objects or cage should be lowered to the ground. In 4, during the operation, the driver, the signalman to lift objects with good visibility, the driver and the signaller should cooperate closely, obey the unified command signal. In 5, operation in case of power failure, the power should be cut off, will enhance the material falls to the ground. In 6, to obey the command staff of the signal, the signal is unknown or is likely to cause accidents should be suspended operation, to clarify the situation before it can continue to work. In 7, working in a sudden power failure, should immediately open the knife, will carry object down. In 8, the operation is completed, should be the tray landing, closing lock box. The 9 wire rope in use process and mechanical wear. Spontaneous corrosion localized damage is unavoidable, should the interval time of coating protective oil. 10 never overload. That is more than the maximum bearing capacity. 11 the use of the process should pay attention to not be knotted. Compressed. Arc wounded chemical medium erosion. 12 may not be directly hoisting high temperature object, for there are edges and corners of objects to be protective plate. The 13 use of the process should always check the use of wire rope, achieve discard as useless standard should be immediately discarded.
Hoist steel wire rope scrapping standard:
The 1 diameter is reduced in diameter to wear more than forty percent should be scrapped, not exceeding forty percent should reduce coefficient using. The 2 surface corrosion; when the wire rope surface corrosion to the naked eye obviously, wire rope can not use. 3 structural damage of steel wire rope broken; whole shares should be scrapped, broken wire rope should reduce coefficient using. The 4 overload overload; the use of wire rope should not be used.
National infrastructure of transportation of city construction, more and more large scale, used in the construction of hoist scale, power will be more and more, the traction speed more and more quickly, corresponding ground winch key transmission drum open gear pair structure dimensions does bigger more, large power, high speed operating condition of windlass noise is also more and more high, however this is not allowed by national standards. Building hoist the national standard GB1955 2002 provides qualified winch noise limits for machine shall be not more than 85dB ( A ), the operator shall not be greater than 88dB ( A ) ear. When the winch less traction, the low speed of the noise are far lower than the standard limit, control is easy; but when the traction speed is higher, the traction force is greater when the noise does not exceed the standard to ensure that, from the design, process, materials, quality and other aspects to take effective measures.
Winch noise sources in a variety of ways, but is essentially the result of impact and vibration, is generally the result of gear meshing quality is poor, unstable movement in the movement produced a transient acceleration caused by. My company a 80kN fast running hydraulic control hoist, steel wire rope traction speed is 30m / min, 55kW motor, machine noise is generally within the standard range, but occasionally exceed the standard noise phenomenon, a machine cannot pass the inspection. In the removal of noise are not start, because of the machine manufacturing is based on the same pattern, process, since the vast majority of products qualified, should eliminate unreasonable factors in design and technology. Noise source analysis and control is mainly we think chassis design and manufacturing resulting from the presence of noise may be: 1 chassis with box structure, not all welds are continuous welding, the weld length, height of the chassis, chassis rigidity large individual differences, some resonance effect, the machine such as a vibration noise amplification; 2 chassis by a plate welding, do not have the shock-absorbing silencing function, if its natural frequency and gear meshing frequency proximity may be caused by individual machines for gear weak vibration caused larger total shock, caused by noise value to rise. We are aiming at the possibility of tested separately, but by three experiments found that noise level and the chassis structure, stiffness, frequency and other factors were weakly correlated, the size of the noise and movement of pieces of strong correlation, so the chassis design structure, manufacturing quality and noise not exceed the standard of reason.
Bearing clearance has argued that, since the noise is accompanied by a drum assembly and transmission parts, it may be due to the reel sliding bearing caused by. We on the reel parts clearance selection, ensure the bearing hole and spindle clearance in conformity with the requirements of drawings, assembly test. Test of using frequency control of motor speed speed, observation to the effect of noise. Experimental results show that speed?, to the influence of noise is the first reel speed, higher noise value is increasingly big, machine vibration and more intense; gap in the second, main shaft and sleeve gap bigger noise is greater; and the chassis of the lowest noise. If the machine was very low noise level, then the velocity, spindle gap size changes will not have too much noise, so that the noise is also not exceed the standard bearing clearance caused by large.
The classification and different characteristics of hoist winch includes a construction winch windlass, coaxial main products are: JM control slow large tonnage winch, electric winch, JK JM slow controlled high-speed hoister, JKL hand controlled fast sliding hoist, 2JKL manual double soon winch, electric control manual control rolling winch winch speed, JT, KDJ miniature hoist, only in the land use, can be modified for ships. It takes the motor as power, the elastic coupling, three closed type gear box, a tooth embedded coupling drive. Winch drum, using electromagnetic brake. The product of high versatility, compact structure, small volume, light weight, great, use convenient transfer, is widely used in construction, water conservancy engineering, forestry, mining, terminals and other material lifting or flat mop, also can make the modern automatic production line equipment. Jm series for the gear reducer drive hoist. Mainly used for lifting, pushing, pulling unloading, hauling loads. Such as a variety of large and medium-sized concrete, steel structure and mechanical equipment installation and removal. Applicable to the installation of the company building, mining, civil construction and installation engineering factory. By human or mechanical power drive reel, winding rope traction device to complete the work. Name: ( also called the miniature coaxial windlass windlass ) motor and the steel wire rope on the same drive shaft, lightweight and compact, space saving ( the tonnage includes ( 200 kg, 250 kg, 300 kg, 500 kg, 750 kg, 1000 kg. ) is divided into slow winch winch drum: the rated speed of steel wire rope about 7 ~ 12m / min winch. Fast hoist reel: the steel wire rope on the rated speed of about 30m / min winch. Electric hoist : by the motor as the driving force, through the driving device of the drum rotary hoist. Winch speed: speed control can modulate the winch hand winch: taking human as the driving force, through the driving device that the drum rotary hoist. Large tonnage non-standard Winch: mainly used for lifting, pushing, pulling unloading, hauling loads. Such as a variety of large and medium-sized concrete, steel and machinery and equipment installation and disassembly of the windlass. The structure is characterized in the wire ropes are arranged orderly, crane installation and reliable, docks, bridges, ports and other projects in Luqiao and large factories and equipment installation. Is a kind of use of force ( such as a motor ) drive him running, and then through the electromagnetic brake and brake hugging control in no power is free running, at the same time after motor drive reducer, driving a wheel running, the wheel can roll cable or other thing.
Usually the ascent beyond 30 tons winch for large-tonnage hoist, production of large tonnage winch technology in China only a few, are currently the largest tonnage is 65 tons. Mainly subdivided into JK ( rapid ), JM, JMW (slow ), JT (speed ), JKL, 2JKL manual fast winch series, widely used in mining, metallurgy, lifting, construction, chemical industry, Luqiao, water and electricity installation lifting industry.
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