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2019-2020年高考英語優(yōu)等生百日闖關(guān)系列 專題09 閱讀理解 說明文類（含解析） 方法與技巧 題型介紹： 材料特點(diǎn)這類文章的總體特點(diǎn)是：科技詞匯多，句子結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，理論性強(qiáng)，邏輯嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)。具體說來它有以下幾個(gè)特點(diǎn)：1. 文章中詞匯的意義比較單一、穩(wěn)定、簡明，不帶感情色彩，具有單一性和準(zhǔn)確性的特點(diǎn)。這類文章通常不會(huì)出現(xiàn)文學(xué)英語中采用的排比、比喻、夸張等修辭手法，一詞多義的現(xiàn)象也不多見。2. 句子結(jié)構(gòu)較復(fù)雜，語法分析較困難。為了描述一個(gè)客觀事物，嚴(yán)密地表達(dá)自己的思想，作者經(jīng)常會(huì)使用集多種語法現(xiàn)象于一體的長句。3. 常使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)，尤其是一些慣用被動(dòng)句式。 命題形式： 命題特點(diǎn)科普類閱讀的主要命題形式有事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題、詞義猜測題、推理判斷題以及主旨概括題等，其中推理判斷題居多。 方法概述 高考對(duì)說明文的考查多為科普說明文，它是閱讀理解重要內(nèi)容，也是高考考查難點(diǎn)?？破疹悺伴喿x理解”題愈來愈受到的青睞?而科普類文章往往具有跨學(xué)科?行文邏輯性強(qiáng)等特點(diǎn),要求考生能從文章的整體邏輯以及重要細(xì)節(jié)上全面把握? 【試題特點(diǎn)】 　　① 注重學(xué)科滲透,行文邏輯性強(qiáng),內(nèi)容抽象? 　?、?貼近學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)?生活實(shí)際,有利于激發(fā)學(xué)生的思維,對(duì)選拔優(yōu)秀考生有一定的作用? 　　③ 能全面地考查學(xué)生的綜合閱讀能力和運(yùn)用所學(xué)知識(shí)去分析?解決實(shí)際問題的能力? (4)科學(xué)方法圖示判斷題 科普說明文常出現(xiàn)科學(xué)方法圖示判斷題，這種試題或以生物依賴關(guān)學(xué)—科—網(wǎng)系為命題題點(diǎn)，要求考生判斷正確的生物依賴關(guān)系；或以工藝流程為命題題點(diǎn)，要求考生判斷正確的流程順序，或以生產(chǎn)方法為命題題點(diǎn)，要求考生判斷正確的生產(chǎn)方法；或以機(jī)械配制為命題題點(diǎn)，要求考生判斷正確的機(jī)械配制。解題時(shí)一定要認(rèn)真閱讀分析原文對(duì)生物依賴關(guān)系、發(fā)明創(chuàng)造誕生過程和工藝流程過程的介紹，并且邊讀邊畫簡易草圖，以提高理解準(zhǔn)確率。分析備選項(xiàng)時(shí)應(yīng)對(duì)照原文介紹情況，找出各圖不同之處，以便最終做出正確判斷。 命題方式 考點(diǎn)一、細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)理解。 一篇文章必然是由許多具體的細(xì)節(jié)、具體的內(nèi)容構(gòu)成的，所有這些信息以某種順序（時(shí)間、空間、情感變化等）排列起來，來進(jìn)一步解釋或闡釋主題，體現(xiàn)文章的主旨大意。 細(xì)節(jié)理解題目主要考查學(xué)生對(duì)文章具體事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)的理解能力，屬于表層理解題學(xué)@科@網(wǎng)范疇，難度較小，但在整個(gè)閱讀理解題中所占比例最大，細(xì)節(jié)理解題多從文章的某個(gè)具體事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)出發(fā)來設(shè)計(jì)題目。 此類題通常根據(jù)文章具體內(nèi)容來設(shè)問，也常使用下列方式來提問 1.Which of the following statements is(not) true/correct? 2.Which of the following is not mentioned? 3.All of the following are true except... 4.According to the passage,when/where/why/how/how/what/which,etc...？ 1.直接事實(shí)題 在解答這類問題時(shí)要求學(xué)生抓住題干文字信息，采用針對(duì)性方法進(jìn)行閱讀，因?yàn)檫@類題的答案在文章中可以直接找到。 如： A giant dam was built many years ago to control the Colorado River in the U.S.This dam was built to protect the land and houses around the river. This huge dam is in the Black Canyon.It is possible to drive a car from one side of the river to the other on a road，which is on the top of the dam.This dam is so big that there is an elevator inside.The elevator goes down forty-four stories from the road to the bottom.There is enough concrete in this dam to build a highway from New York to San Francisco.Thousands of people worked on this dam for five years. This huge dam was called Boulder Dam when it was finished in 1936.Later it was renamed Hoover Dam in honor of a president of the United States.Hoover Dam，one of the highest dams in the world，is situated between the states of Arizona and Nevada. Q：Hoover Dam lies______ . A.between Arizona and Nevada B.in the Black Canyon C.between New York and San Francisco D.both A and B 【解析】由第二段的第一句話和最后一段的最后一句話可得出正確答案是D項(xiàng)。 2.間接事實(shí)題 解答此類題，需要結(jié)合上下文提供的語境和信息進(jìn)行簡單的概括和判斷或者要進(jìn)行簡單的計(jì)算。 Invited by Mr.Ye Huixian，host of the well-received TV programme“Stars Tonight”，Miss Luo Lin，Miss Asia of 1991，appeared as the guest hostess on the Shanghai TV screen last Sunday. Born in Shanghai and taken to Hongkong when she was only six years old，Luo Lin has never dreamed of being Miss Asia.Her childhood dream was to be an air hostess.Before she took part in the petition，she had been an airhostess in Cathay Airline for seven years.However， it still took her three months to learn the art of walking on the stage，dancing,singing,making-up and other proper manners，designed by the Asia TV Station. “It’s really a hard job for me.I won’t enter for such petition any more.Anyhow，I am quite lucky.I am also glad to have had more chance to work for the social welfare since I won the title.This time，in Shanghai，I’d love to make a deep impression on my TV audience，”said Luo Lin with a sweet smile. Q：Which of the following is NOT true? A.Luo Lin is a native of Shanghai. B.Luo Lin moved to Hongkong with her parents. C.Luo Lin won the title of Miss Asia in 1991. D.Asia TV Station helped Luo Lin to bee Miss Asia. 【解析】A、C和D項(xiàng)都可在原文找到答案，而B項(xiàng)原文所給的是：taken to Hongkong可判斷不是moved to Hongkong with her parents，因此選B。 3、數(shù)據(jù)推算。 If you register both the VIEW qualification course and the Forum at the same time,you will save_______ . A.$100　 B.$300　 C.$350　 D.$400 這類題目要求學(xué)生就文章提供的數(shù)據(jù)，以及數(shù)據(jù)與文中其他信息的關(guān)系做簡單計(jì)算和推斷。在做此類題時(shí)： 1.要抓住并正確理解與數(shù)據(jù)有關(guān)的信息含義。 2.弄清眾多信息中那些屬于有用信息，那些屬于干擾信息。 3.不要孤立看待數(shù)字信息，而要抓住一些關(guān)鍵用語的意義。 考點(diǎn)二、主題理解或?qū)懽饕鈭D推斷。 一、主旨閱讀理解題考查的內(nèi)容 1.短文的標(biāo)題（title,headline）； 2.短文或段落的主題（subject）； 3.中心思想(main idea)； 4.作者的寫作目的(purpose)。 二、此類題的設(shè)問方式 1.What would be the best title for the text? 2.What does the second paragraph mainly discuss? 3.What is the passage mainly about? 4.The main purpose of announcing the above events is__________. 考點(diǎn)三、推理推斷。 推理題要求考生根據(jù)文章提供的事實(shí)和線索進(jìn)行邏輯推理，推斷出作者沒有提到或者沒有明說的事實(shí)或者可能發(fā)生的事實(shí)。這類題旨在考查學(xué)生透過詞語的字面意義去理解作者的言外之意或弦外之音的能力，屬于深層理解題。 此類題的設(shè)問常常包括infer,imply,suggest,conclude 等詞，這類題的設(shè)問方式主要有： 1.We can infer from the Passage that__________. 2.What can be inferred from the Passage? 3.Which of the following can be inferred from the Passage? 4.It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that__________. 5.The author suggests in this paragraph that__________. 6.The writer implies that__________. 7.It can be inferred that__________. 8.It can be concluded from the Passage that__________. 9.On the whole,we can conclude that__________. 10.From the text we can conclude that__________. 11.After reading the Passage we may conclude that__________. 12.What conclusion can be drawn from the Passage? 13.The author is inclined to think that__________. 14.When the writer talks about,what he really means is that__________. 15.What’s the writer’s attitude/feeling towards...? 16.In the writer’s opinion,... 考點(diǎn)四、詞義、句義猜測。 詞義猜測閱讀理解題考查對(duì)文中關(guān)鍵詞語的理解。在閱讀理解題中，所考查的詞或短語的意義往往不停留在字面上，要根據(jù)語境來判斷。 此類題的設(shè)問方式主要有 1.The word “...”in Line...means/can be replaced by... 2.As used in the passage,the phrase “...”suggests... 3.From the passage,we can infer that the word/phrase “...” is/referred to... 4.The word “...” is closest in meaning to...猜詞是應(yīng)用英語的重要能力，也是高考中常用的題型。它不但需要準(zhǔn)確無誤地理解上下文，而且要有較大的泛讀量，掌握或認(rèn)識(shí)較多的課外詞匯。我們要學(xué)會(huì)“順藤摸瓜”，通過構(gòu)詞、語法、定義、同位、對(duì)比、因果、常識(shí)、上下文等線索確定詞義。 1.定義法。如: Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly. 句子給予annealing 以明確的定義，即 “退火”。 It will be very hard but also very brittle—that is,it will break easily. 從后面的解釋中我們可以了解到brittle 是“脆”的意思。 The herdsman,who looks after sheep，earns about 650 yuan a year. 定語從句中 looks after sheep 就表明了 herdsman 的詞義為“牧人”。 2.同位法。如: They traveled a long way and at last got to a castle,a large building in old times. 同位語部分a large building in old times 給出了 castle 的確切詞義，即“城堡”。 We are on the night shift—from midnight to 8 a.m.—this week. 兩個(gè)破折號(hào)之間的短語很清楚地表明night shift 是“夜班”的意思。 3.對(duì)比法。如: She is usually prompt for all her class,but today she arrived in the middle of her first class. but一詞表轉(zhuǎn)折，因此but 前后的意思正相反。后半句的意思是“她今天第一節(jié)上了一半才來”，因此反向推理，可得出她平時(shí)一向“準(zhǔn)時(shí)”的結(jié)論。 4.構(gòu)詞法(前綴、后綴、復(fù)合、派生等)。如: Perhaps,we can see some possibilities for next fifty years.But the next hundred? possibility 是 possible 的同根名詞,據(jù)此可以判斷定 possibility 意思是“可能性”。 5.因果法。如： The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken.Sometimes the weakness was permanent.So the player could never play the sport again. 從后面的結(jié)果“永遠(yuǎn)不能再運(yùn)動(dòng)”中，可以推測 permanent 的意思為“永遠(yuǎn)的，永久”。 體驗(yàn)高考 [xx·廣東卷] D Scientists today are making greater effort to study ocean currents(洋流). Most do it using satellites and other hightech equipment. However, ocean expert Curtis Ebbesmeyer does it in a special way—by studying movements of random floating garbage. A scientist with many years' experience, he started this type of research in the early 1990s when he heard about hundreds of athletic shoes washing up on the shores of the north-west coast of the United States. There were so many shoes that people were setting up swap_meets to try and match left and right shoes to sell or wear. Ebbesmeyer found out in his researches that the shoes—about 60，000 in total—fell into the ocean in a shipping accident. He phoned the shoe pany and asked if they wanted the shoes back. As expected, the pany told him that they didn't. Ebbesmeyer realized this could be a great experiment. If he learned when and where the shoes went into the water and tracked where they landed, he could learn a lot about the patterns of ocean currents. The Pacific Northwest is one of the world's best areas for beachbing(海灘搜尋) because winds and currents join here, and as a result, there is a group of serious beachbers in the area. Ebbesmeyer got to know a lot of them and asked for their help in collecting information about where the shoes landed. In a year he collected reliable information on 1，600 shoes. With this data, he and a colleague were able to test and improve a puter programme designed to model ocean currents, and publish the findings of their study. As the result of his work, Ebbesmeyer has bee known as the scientist to call with questions about any unusual objects found floating in the ocean. He has even started an association of beachbers and ocean experts, with 500 subscribers from West Africa to New Zealand. They have recorded all lost objects ranging from potatoes to golf gloves. 41. The underlined phrase “swap meets” in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to “________”． A. fitting rooms B. trading fairs C. business talks D. group meetings 42. Ebbesmeyer phoned the shoe pany to find out ________． A. what caused the shipping accident B. when and where the shoes went missing C. whether it was all right to use their shoes D. how much they lost in the shipping accident 43. How did Ebbesmeyer prove his assumption? A. By collecting information from beachbers. B. By studying the shoes found by beachbers. C. By searching the web for ocean currents models. D. By researching ocean currents data in the library. 44. Ebbesmeyer is most famous for ________． A. travelling widely the coastal cities of the world B. making records for any lost objects on the sea C. running a global currents research association D. phoning about any doubtful objects on the sea 45. What is the purpose of the author in writing this passage? A. To call people's attention to ocean pollution. B. To warn people of shipping safety in the ocean. C. To explain a unique way of studying ocean currents. D. To give tips on how to search for lost objects on the beach. 【文章大意】 這是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了海洋專家Ebbesmeyer研究洋流的一種特殊的方法。 41. B　詞義猜測題。swap意為“交換”。由相似表達(dá)sports meet可以推出meet的含義，再從文中“There were so many shoes that people were setting up swap meets to try and match left and right shoes to sell or wear.”可以確定答案為B。 43. A　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段的“…there is a group of serious beachbers in the area. Ebbesmeyer got to know a lot of them and asked for their help in collecting information about where the shoes landed.”可知Ebbesmeyer是從海灘搜尋者那里得到信息的。故選A。 44. D　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段的“…Ebbesmeyer has bee known as the scientist to call with questions about any unusual objects found floating in the ocean.”可知答案為D。其中call對(duì)應(yīng)phoning，而unusual對(duì)應(yīng)doubtful。 45. C　寫作意圖題。說明文要注意主旨句在首尾段的情況，尤其要注意首尾段出現(xiàn)的but或者h(yuǎn)owever等轉(zhuǎn)折詞，轉(zhuǎn)折后是作者要表達(dá)的重點(diǎn)。根據(jù)第一段的“However, ocean expert Curtis Ebbesmeyer does it in a special way－by studying movements of random floating garbage.”可知作者的寫作目的是解釋研究洋流的一種特殊的方法。故選C。 [xx·山東卷] D How fit are your teeth? Are you lazy about brushing them? Never fear: an inventor is on the case. An electric toothbrush senses how long and how well you brush, and it lets you track your performance on your phone. The Kolibree toothbrush was exhibited at the International Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas this week. It senses how it is moved and can send the information to an Android phone or iPhone via a Bluetooth wireless connection. The toothbrush will be able to teach you to brush right (don't forget the insides of the teeth！) and make sure you're brushing long enough. “It's kind of like having a dentist actually watch your brushing on a day-to-day basis，” says Thomas Serval, the French inventor. The toothbrush will also be able to talk to other applications on your phone, so developers could, for instance, create a game controlled by your toothbrush. You could score points for beating monsters among your teeth. “We try to make it smart but also fun，” Serval says. Serval says he was inspired by his experience as a father. He would e home from work and ask his kids if they had brushed their teeth. They said “yes”， but Serval would find their toothbrush heads dry. He decided he needed a brush that really told him how well his children brushed. The pany says the Kolibree will go on sale this summer, for $99 to $199, developing on features. The US is the first target market. Serval says that one day, it'll be possible to replace the brush on the handle with a brushing unit that also has a camera. The camera can even examine holes in your teeth while you brush. 56．Which is one of the features of the Kolibree toothbrush? A．It can sense how users brush their teeth. B．It can track users' school performance. C．It can detect users' fear of seeing a dentist. D．It can help users find their phones. 57．What can we learn from Serval's words in Paragraph 3? A．You will find it enjoyable to see a dentist. B．You should see your dentist on a day-to-day basis. C．You can brush with the Kolibree as if guided by a dentist. D．You'd like a dentist to watch you brush your teeth every day. 58．Which of the following might make the Kolibree toothbrush fun? A．It can be used to update mobile phones. B．It can be used to play mobile phone games. C．It can send messages to other users. D．It can talk to its developers. 59．What is Paragraph 5 mainly about? A．How Serval found out his kids lied to him. B．Why Serval thought brushing teeth was necessary. C．How Serval taught his kids to brush their teeth. D．What inspired Serval to invent the toothbrush. 60．What can we infer about Serval's children? A．They were unwilling to brush their teeth. B．They often failed to clean their toothbrushes. C．They preferred to use a toothbrush with a dry head. D．They liked brushing their teeth after Serval came home. 61．What can we learn about the future development of the Kolibree? A．The brush handle will be removed. B．A mobile phone will be built into it. C．It will be used to fill holes in teeth. D．It will be able to check users' teeth. 【文章大意】 這是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹法國發(fā)明家Thomas Serval根據(jù)自己的經(jīng)歷發(fā)明了一款多功能的電動(dòng)牙刷。 56．A　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段的“An electric toothbrush senses how long and how well you brush…”可知這個(gè)牙刷的功能特點(diǎn)。 57．C　推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段可知，使用這款牙刷刷牙就好像牙醫(yī)在指導(dǎo)著你刷牙。故選C。 58．B　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段內(nèi)容可知答案為B。 61．D　推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段內(nèi)容可知將來這款牙刷會(huì)安上攝像機(jī)以檢查牙齒上的洞。 [xx·陜西卷] C Why do Americans struggle with watching their weight, while the French, who consume rich food, continue to stay thin? Now a research by Cornell University suggests how life style and decisions about eating may affect weight. Researchers conclude that the French tend to stop eating when they feel full. However, Americans tend to stop when their plate is empty or their favourite TV show is over. According to Dr Joseph Mercola, a health expert, the French see eating as an important part of their life style. They enjoy food and therefore spend a fairly long time at the table, while Americans see eating as something to be squeezed between the other daily activities. Mercola believes Americans lose the ability to sense when they are actually full. So they keep eating long after the French would have stopped. In addition, he points out that Americans drive to huge supermarkets to buy canned and frozen foods for the week. The French, instead, tend to shop daily, walking to small shops and farmers' markets where they have a choice of fresh fruits, vegetables, and eggs as well as high-quality meats for each meal. After a visit to the United States, Mireille Guiliano, author of French Women Don't Get Fat, decided to write about the importance of knowing when to stop rather than suggesting how to avoid food. Today she continues to stay slim and rarely goes to the gym. In spite of all these differences, evidence shows that recent life style changes may be affecting French eating habits. Today the rate of obesity—or extreme overweight—among adults is only 6%. However, as American fast food gains acceptance and the young reject older traditions, the obesity rate among French children has reached 17%—and is growing. 53. In what way are the French different from Americans according to Dr Joseph Mercola? A. They go shopping at supermarkets more frequently. B. They squeeze eating between the other daily activities. C. They regard eating as a key part of their life style. D. They usually eat too much canned and frozen food. 54. This text is mainly the relationship between ________． A. Americans and the French B. life style and obesity C. children and adults D. fast food and overweight 55. The text is mainly developed ________． A. by contrast B. by space C. by process D. by classification 56. Where does this text probably e from? A. A TV interview. B. A food advertisement. C. A health report. D. A book review. 【文章大意】 本文是一篇科普說明文，大意是說美國康奈爾大學(xué)的專家的一項(xiàng)研究：美國人和法國人的飲食習(xí)慣對(duì)各自的體重的影響。 53. C　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段的首句可知法國人認(rèn)為吃飯是他們?nèi)粘Ｉ畹闹匾M成部分，故選C。 54. B　主旨大意題。根據(jù)主題段——第一自然段的大意可知本文主要是說明生活習(xí)慣與肥胖之間的關(guān)系，故選B。 55. A　篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題。通讀本文可知作者是通過美國人和法國人的飲食習(xí)慣的對(duì)比來說明飲食習(xí)慣與肥胖的關(guān)系，故答案為A。 56. C　推理判斷題。本文大意是關(guān)于飲食習(xí)慣于肥胖的關(guān)系問題，由此可知文章應(yīng)該選自于一項(xiàng)有關(guān)健康問題的報(bào)告，故選C。 [xx·四川卷] E Women are friendly. But men are more petitive. Why? Researchers have found it's all down to the hormone oxytocin(荷爾蒙催生素). Although known as the love hormone, it affects the sexes differently. “Women tend to be social in their behaviour. They often share with others. But men lend to be petitive. They are trying to improve their social status，” said Professor Ryan. Generally, people believe that the hormone oxytocin is let out in our body in various social situations and our body creates a large amount of it during positive social interactions (互動(dòng)) such as falling in love or giving birth. But in a previous experiment Professor Ryan found that the hormone is also let out in our body during negative social interactions such as envy. Further researches showed that in men the hormone oxytocin improves the ability to recognize petitive relationships, but in women it raises the ability to recognize friendship. Professor Ryan's recent experiment used 62 men and women aged 20 to 37. Half of the participants(參與者) received oxytocin. The other half received placebo(安慰劑)． After a week, the two groups switched with participants. They went through the same procedure with the other material. Following each treatment, they were shown some video pictures with different social interactions. Then they were asked to analyze the relationships by answering some questions. The questions were about telling friendship from petition. And their answers should be based on gestures, body language and facial expressions. The results indicated that, after treatment with oxytocin, men's ability to correctly recognize petitive relationships improved, but in women it was the ability to correctly recognize friendship that got better. Professor Ryan thus concluded, “Our experiment proves that the hormone oxytocin can raise people's abilities to better distinguish different social interactions. And the behaviour differences between men and women are caused by biological factors(因素) that are mainly hormonal.” 47. What causes men and women to behave differently according to the text? A. Placebo. B. Oxytocin. C. The gesture. D. The social status. 48. What can we learn from Professor Ryan's previous experiment? A. Oxytocin affects our behaviour in a different way. B. Our body lets out oxytocin when we are deep in love. C. Our body produces oxytocin when we feel unhappy about others' success. D. Oxytocin improves our abilities to understand people's behaviour differences. 49. Why did Professor Ryan conduct the recent experiment? A. To test the effect of oxytocin on the ability to recognize social interactions. B. To know the differences between friendship and petition. C. To know people's different abilities to answer questions. D. To test people's understanding of body language. 50. The author develops the text by ________． A. explaining people's behaviours B. describing his own experiences C. distinguishing sexual differences D. discussing research experiments