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2019-2020年高考英語(yǔ)大題精做03主旨大意題含解析新人教版 【題型突破】 主旨大意題主要考查學(xué)生把握全文主題和理解中心思想的能力。根據(jù)多年的備考及高考實(shí)踐，這類題目考查的范圍是：基本論點(diǎn)、文章標(biāo)題、主題或段落大意等。它要求考生在理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上能較好地運(yùn)用概括、判斷、歸納、推理等邏輯思維方法，對(duì)文章進(jìn)行高度概括或總結(jié)，屬于高層次題。 選擇＂主題＂旨在考查考生是否掌握了所讀文章的主要內(nèi)容或主旨，通常用詞、短語(yǔ)或句子來(lái)概括。常見(jiàn)的提問(wèn)方式有： 1. What is the main / general idea of this text? 2. What is mainly discussed in this passage? 3. What is the text mainly about? 4. This text mainly tells us ________. 5. This passage mainly deals with _________. 6. The main idea of this passage may be best expressed as_________. 選擇標(biāo)題題則是讓考生給所讀的文章選擇一個(gè)合適的標(biāo)題。通常標(biāo)題由一個(gè)名詞或名詞短語(yǔ)充當(dāng)，用詞簡(jiǎn)短、精練。常見(jiàn)的提問(wèn)方式有： 1. What would be the best title for the text? 2. Which of the following is the best / most suitable title for this text? 3. The best / most suitable title for this text would be ________. 4. The topic of this passage is _________. 不管是選擇＂主題＂還是選擇＂標(biāo)題＂，實(shí)質(zhì)上都是要求考生從整體上理解語(yǔ)篇內(nèi)容，找出貫穿語(yǔ)篇的主線；不管是何種體裁的文章，總是圍繞一個(gè)主題來(lái)展開的。在試題設(shè)計(jì)上，3個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)內(nèi)容一般在文章里或多或少都有涉及，但并非主要內(nèi)容，需要注意甄別。 規(guī)律方法1： 如何精確歸納標(biāo)題？ 1、利用主題段來(lái)概括標(biāo)題 主題段一般在文章的第一段和最后一段，一般來(lái)說(shuō)第一段經(jīng)常提出文章的主題或最后一段總結(jié)文章的主題，知道了文章的主題也就知道了文章的中心，把中心概括成一句話或一個(gè)短語(yǔ)——文章的標(biāo)題。 2、利用主題句來(lái)概括標(biāo)題 解題的關(guān)鍵是要抓住每一段的首尾句，要注意貫穿文章始終的詞語(yǔ)。通過(guò)尋找文章的主題句，并對(duì)主題句進(jìn)行概括和提煉，從而確定文章的標(biāo)題。 做此類題時(shí)，要避免以下三種錯(cuò)誤： (1)概括不夠(多表現(xiàn)為部分替代整體，從而縮小了范圍)； (2)過(guò)度概括(多表現(xiàn)為人為擴(kuò)大范圍)； (3)以事實(shí)、細(xì)節(jié)替代文章大意。 規(guī)律方法2：如何概括文章大意？ 1. 做概括文章大意題時(shí)，有效的方法就是辨認(rèn)主題句。主題句具有簡(jiǎn)潔性、概括性的特點(diǎn)，文章的中心思想往往是每段主題句的綜合。若文章無(wú)主題句，這就需要我們依據(jù)文中的事實(shí)、細(xì)節(jié)、觀點(diǎn)去進(jìn)行分析、推斷和歸納，從而概括出文章大意。 2. 在選擇答案時(shí)，根據(jù)自己總結(jié)的大意，就可以用排除法將干擾項(xiàng)逐個(gè)排除。 規(guī)律方法3：如何總結(jié)段落大意？ 段落大意即某一段的中心思想，通常中心思想會(huì)在首句體現(xiàn)出來(lái)，這就是常說(shuō)的段落主題句。主題句具有鮮明的概括性，句子結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，段落中其他句子均用來(lái)解釋、支撐或擴(kuò)展主題句所表達(dá)的主題思想。主題句通常位于段首，也可位于段尾、段中。有時(shí)作者沒(méi)有寫出明顯的主題句，要學(xué)會(huì)根據(jù)段落內(nèi)容去概括主題句。 體裁 話題 詞數(shù) 難度 建議時(shí)間 說(shuō)明文 老司機(jī)將來(lái)可以延長(zhǎng)駕齡 334 ★★★☆☆ 7分鐘 The Intelligent Transport team at Newcastle University have turned an electric car into a mobile laboratory named ＂DriveLAB＂ in order to understand the challenges faced by older drivers and to discover where the key stress points are. Research shows that giving up driving is one of the key reasons for a fall in health and well-being among older people, leading to them being more isolated(隔絕) and inactive. Led by Professor Phil Blythe, the Newcastle team are developing in-vehicle technologies for older drivers which they hope could help them to continue driving into later life. These include custom-made navigation(導(dǎo)航) tools, night vision systems and intelligent speed adaptations. Phil Blythe explains: ＂For many older people, particularly those living alone or in the country, driving is important for preserving their independence, giving them the freedom to get out and about without having to rely on others.＂ ＂But we all have to accept that as we get older our reactions slow down and this often results in people avoiding any potentially challenging driving conditions and losing confidence in their driving skills. The result is that people stop driving before they really need to.＂ Dr Amy Guo, the leading researcher on the older driver study, explains: ＂The DriveLAB is helping us to understand what the key points and difficulties are for older drivers and how we might use technology to address these problems. ＂For example, most of us would expect older drivers always go slower than everyone else but surprisingly, we found that in 30mph zones they struggled to keep at a constant speed and so were more likely to break the speed limit and be at risk of getting fined. We’re looking at the benefits of systems which control their speed as a way of preventing that. ＂We hope that our work will help with technological solutions(解決方案) to ensure that older drivers stay safer behind the wheel.＂ 32. What is the purpose of the DriveLAB? A. To explore new means of transport. B. To design new types of cars. C. To find out older driver’s problems. D. To teach people traffic rules. 33. Why is driving important for older people according to Phil Blythe? A. It keeps them independent. B. It helps them save time. C. It builds up their strength. D. It cures their mental illnesses. 34. What do researchers hope to do for older drivers? A. Improve their driving skills. B. Develop driver-assist technologies. C. Provide tips on repairing their cars. D. Organize regular physical checkups. 35. What is the best title for the text? A. A new Model Electric Car B. A Solution to Traffic Problems C. Driving Services for Elders D. Keeping Older Drivers on the Road Passage1（xx·新課標(biāo)卷I ，C） 體裁 話題 詞數(shù) 難度 建議時(shí)間 說(shuō)明文 爵士樂(lè)的衰落 340 ★★★☆☆ 8分鐘 Some of the world’s most famous musicians recently gathered in Paris and New Orleans to celebrate the first annual International Jazz Day. UNESCO( United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) recently set April 30 as a day to raise awareness of jazz music, its significance, and its potential as a unifying(聯(lián)合) voice across cultures. Despite the celebrations, though, in the U.S. the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations. It’s Jason Moran’s job to help change that. As the Kennedy Center’s artistic adviser for jazz, Moran hopes to widen the audience for jazz, make the music more accessible, and preserve its history and culture. “Jazz seems like it’s not really a part of the American appetite,” Moran tells National Public Radio’s reporter Neal Conan. “What I’m hoping to acplish is that my generation and younger start to reconsider and understand that jazz is not black and write anymore. It’s actually color, and it’s actually digital.” Moran says one of the problems with jazz today is that the entertainment aspect of the music has been lost. “The music can’t be presented today the way it was in 1908 or 1958. It has to continue to move, because the way the world works is not the same,” says Moran. Last year, Moran worked on a project that arranged Fats Waller’s music for a dance party, “just to kind of put it back in the mind that Waller is dance music as much as it is concert music,” says Moran. “For me, it’s the recontextualization. In music, where does the emotion(情感) lie? Are we, as humans, gaining any insight(感悟) on how talk about ourselves and how something as abstract as a Charlie Parker record gets us into a dialogue about our emotions and our thoughts? Sometimes we lose sight that the music has a wider context,” says Moran, “so I want to continue those dialogues. Those are the things I want to foster.” 28. Why did UNESCO set April 30 as International Jazz Day? A. To remember the birth of jazz. B. To protect cultural diversity. C. To encourage people to study music. D. To recognize the value of jazz. 29. What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 3 refer to? A. Jazz being more accessible. B. The production of jazz growing faster. C. Jazz being less popular with the young. D. The jazz audience being larger. 30. What can we infer about Moran’s opinion on jazz? A. It will disappear gradually. B. It remains black and white. C. It should keep up with the times. D. It changes every 50 years. 31. Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A. Exploring the Future of Jazz B. The Rise and Fall of Jazz C. The Story of a Jazz Musician D. Celebrating the Jazz Day Passage2（xx·新課標(biāo)卷II ，C） 體裁 話題 詞數(shù) 難度 建議時(shí)間 說(shuō)明文 飛車的歷史由來(lái)及其構(gòu)架 316 ★★★☆☆ 7分鐘 Terrafugia Inc. said Monday that its new flying car has pleted its first flight, bringing the pany closer to its goal of selling the flying car within the next year. The vehicle — named the Transition – has two seats, four wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car. The Transition, which flew at 1,400 feet for eight minutes last month, can reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the air. It flies using a 23-gallon tank of gas and burns 5 gallons per hour in the air. On the ground, it gets 35 miles per gallon. Around 100 people have already put down a $10,000 deposit to get a Transition when they go on sale, and those numbers will likely rise after Terrafugia introduces the Transition to the public later this week at the New York Auto Show. But don’t expect it to show up in too many driveways. It’s expected to cost $279,000.And it won’t help if you’re stuck in traffic. The car needs a runway. Inventors have been trying to make flying cars since the 1930s, according to Robert Mann, an airline industry expert. But Mann thinks Terrafugia has e closer than anyone to making the flying car a reality. The government has already permitted the pany to use special materials to make it easier for the vehicle to fly. The Transition is now going through crash tests to make sure it meets federal safety standards. Mann said Terrafugia was helped by the Federal Aviation Administration’s decision five years ago to create a separate set of standards for light sport aircraft, which are lower than those for pilots of larger planes. Terrafugia says an owner would need to pass a test and plete 20 hours of flying time to be able to fly the Transition, a requirement pilots would find relatively easy to meet. 28. What is the first paragraph mainly about? A. The basic data of the Transition. B. The advantages of flying cars. C. The potential market for flying cars. C. The designers of the Transition. 29. Why is the Transition unlikely to show up in too many driveways? A. It causers traffic jams. B. It is difficult to operate. C. It is very expensive. D. It burns too much fuel. 30. What is the government’s attitude to the development of the flying car? A. Cautious B. Favorable. C. Ambiguous. D. Disapproving. 31. What is the best title for the text? A. Flying Car at Auto Show B. The Transition’s First Flight C. Pilots’ Dream ing True D. Flying Car Closer to Reality Passage4（xx·新課標(biāo)卷III ，D） 體裁 話題 詞數(shù) 難度 建議時(shí)間 說(shuō)明文 好消息在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上的傳播速度比壞消息要快 346 ★★★☆☆ 6分鐘 Bad news sells. If it bleeds, it leads. No news is good news, and good news is no news. Those are the classic rules for the evening broadcasts and the morning papers. But now that information is being spread and monitored(監(jiān)控) in different ways, researchers are discovering new rules. By tracking people’s e-mails and online posts, scientists have found that good news can spread faster and farther than disasters and sob stories. ＂The ‘if it bleeds’ rule works for mass media,＂ says Jonah Berger, a scholar at the University of Pennsylvania. ＂They want your eyeballs and don’t care how you’re feeling. But when you share a story with your friends, you care a lot more how they react. You don’t want them to think of you as a Debbie Downer.＂ Researchers analyzing word-of-mouth munication — e-mails, Web posts and reviews, face-to-face conversations — found that it tended to be more positive than negative(消極的), but that didn’t necessarily mean people preferred positive news. Was positive news shared more often simply because people experienced more good things than bad things? To test for that possibility, Dr. Berger looked at how people spread a particular set of news stories: thousands of articles on The New York Times’ website. He and a Penn colleague analyzed the ＂most e-mailed＂ list for six months. One of his first findings was that articles in the science section were much more likely to make the list than non-science articles. He found that science amazed Times’ readers and made them want to share this positive feeling with others. Readers also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny, or that inspired negative feelings like anger or anxiety, but not articles that left them merely sad. They needed to be aroused(激發(fā)) one way or the other, and they preferred good news to bad. The more positive an article, the more likely it was to be shared, as Dr. Berger explains in his new book, ＂Contagious: Why Things Catch On.＂ 22.What do the classic rules mentioned in the text apply to? A. News reports. B. Research papers. C. Private e-mails. D. Daily conversations. 23.What can we infer about people like Debbie Downer? A. They’re socially inactive. B. They’re good at telling stories. C. They’re inconsiderate of others. D. They’re careful with their words. 24.Which tended to be the most e-mailed according to Dr. Berger’s research? A. Sports news. B. Science articles. C. Personal accounts. D. Financial reviews. 25.What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Sad Stories Travel Far and Wide. B. Online News Attracts More People. C. Reading Habits Change with the Times. D. Good News Beats Bad on Social Networks. Passage 1(xx黑龍江大慶一中高三第三段測(cè)) 體裁 話題 詞數(shù) 難度 建議時(shí)間 說(shuō)明文 全球化導(dǎo)致國(guó)家的獨(dú)特文化沖擊和影響 355 ★★☆☆☆ 7分鐘 One of the main challenges facing many countries is how to maintain their identity in the face of globalization and the growing multi-language trend. ＂One of the main reasons for economic failure in many African countries is the fact that, with a few important exceptions, mother-tongue education is not practiced in any of the independent African states.＂ said Neville Alexander, Director of the Project for the Study of Alternative Education in South Africa at the University of Cape Town. In response to the spread of English and the increased multi-language trends arising from immigration, many countries have introduced language laws in the last decade. In some, the use of languages other than the national language is banned in public spaces such as advertising posters. One of the first such legal provisions(規(guī)定) was the 1994 ＂Toubon law＂ in France, and the idea has been copied in many countries since then. Such efforts to govern language use are often considered as futile by language experts, who are well aware of the difficulty in controlling fashions in speech and know from research that language switching among bilinguals is a natural process. It is especially difficult for native speakers of English to understand the desire to maintain the ＂purity＂ of a language by law. Since the time of Shakespeare, English has continually absorbed foreign words into its own language. English is one of the most mixed and rapidly changing languages in the world, but that has not been a barrier to acquiring superiority and power. Another reason for the failure of many native English speakers to understand the role of the state regulation is that it has never been the Anglo-Saxon way of doing things. English has never had a state-controlled authority for the language, similar, for example, to the Academic Francaise in France. The need to protect national languages is, for most western Europeans, a recent phenomenon- especially the need to ensure that English does not unnecessarily take over too many fields. Public munication, education and new ways of munication promoted by technology, may be key fields to defend. 1.Neville Alexander believes that __________. A. mother-tongue education is not practiced in all African countries B. globalization has resulted in the economic failure of Africa C. globalization has led to the rise of multi-language trend D. lack of mother-tongue education can lead to economic failure 2.The underlined word ＂futile＂ (in paragraph 2) most probably means ＂ ___________＂. A. workable B. practical C. useless D. unnecessary 3.What can we infer from the last paragraph? A. English has taken over fields like public munication and education. B. Many aspects of national culture are threatened by the spread of English. C. Most language experts believe it is important to promote a national language. D. Europeans have long realized the need to protect a national language. 4.The best title for the passage is __________. A. Fighting against the rule of English B. Protecting local languages and identities C. Globalization and multi-language trend D. To maintain the purity of language by law Passage 2(xx遼寧省阜新市實(shí)驗(yàn)中學(xué)高三第九次模擬考試) 體裁 話題 詞數(shù) 難度 建議時(shí)間 說(shuō)明文 增長(zhǎng)的人口給世界的水資源帶來(lái)了壓力 290 ★★☆☆☆ 5分鐘 The need to feed a growing population is putting much pressure on the world's supply of water. With 97% of the world's water too salty to be drunk or used in agriculture, the worldwide supply of water needs careful management, especially in agriculture. Although the idea of a water shortage(短缺)seems strange to someone fortunate enough to live in a high rainfall country, many of the world's agricultural industries experience constant water shortages. Although dams can be built to store water for agricultural use in dry areas and dry seasons, the costs of water redistribution(重新分配)are very high. Not only is there the cost of the engineering itself, but there is also an environmental cost to be considered. Where valleys(山谷)are flooded to create dams, houses are lost and wildlife homes destroyed. Besides, water may flow easily through pipes to fields, but it cannot be transported from one side of the world to the other. Each country must therefore rely on the management of its own water to supply its farming requirements.?This is particularly troubling for countries with agricultural industries in areas dependent on irrigation. In Texas, farmers' overuse of irrigation water has resulted in a 25% reduction of the water stores. In the Central Valley area of southwestern USA, a huge water engineering project provided water for farming in dry valleys, but much of the water use has been poorly managed. Saudi Arabia's attempts to grow wheat in desert areas have seen the pumping of huge quantities of irrigation water from underground reserves. Because there is no rainfall in these areas, such reserves can only decrease, and it is believed that fifty years of pumping will see them run dry. 1.From the first two paragraphs we learn that________. A. much of the world's water is available for use B. people in high rainfall countries feel lucky C. the costs of water redistribution should be considered D. water can be easily carried through pipes across the world 2.Which of the following is true? A. The water stores in Texas have been reduced by 75%. B. Most industries in the world suffer from water shortages. C. The underground water in Saudi Arabia might run out in 50 years. D. Good management of water use resulted from the project in the Central Valley. 3.The text is mainly about________. A. water supply and increasing population B. water use management and agriculture C. water redistribution and wildlife protection D. water shortages and environmental protection Passage 3(甘肅省蘭州第一中學(xué)xx高三沖刺模擬考試) 體裁 話題 詞數(shù) 難度 建議時(shí)間 文 增長(zhǎng)的人口給世界的水資源帶來(lái)了壓力 290 ★★☆☆☆ 5分鐘 Some people?may think?I’m crazy?when I say “work is rest”. But that’s the way it is — we need to rest. Without rest, we will die. At a minimum, we won’t have the energy to work. Nobody forces us to be so stupid about this. We just don’t know how to rest properly. We rest in ways that are not restful, even stressful. Some of our ways of rest interfere?with our working energy. Instead of sleep, we go to the movies and clubs, drink or have a smoke with friends. This is because we misunderstand the meaning of “rest”. We should remember that rest means not working, both physically and mentally. Only then is it real rest. When tired, rest. It’s simple. Actually, dogs and cats are smarter about this than people. People are stupid enough to rest in ways that destroy their capacity?to work. Rest and work always go together. There must be a balance: work during the day and rest at night. When the sun es up, one has plenty of strength to work well and enjoy it. In other words, rest is a kind of investment, so that one has the strength and energy to continue working. So we need rest to work, recognizing that we can’t have one without the other. Rest is what recharges our batteries. We need enough time to charge up adequately to the tasks we undertake. Thus, we need to rest correctly; otherwise, illness will occur and also can affect the