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畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)中期報(bào)告 題目：數(shù)控臥式鏜銑床主軸箱變速操縱機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì) 系 別 機(jī)電信息系 專 業(yè) 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化 班 級(jí) 姓 名 學(xué) 號(hào) 導(dǎo) 師 2013年3月20日 1 設(shè)計(jì)（論文）進(jìn)展?fàn)顩r 本階段的主要任務(wù)是完成了外文文獻(xiàn)NEW GEOMETRY AND TECHNOLOGY OF FACE-GEAR FORMING WITH CIRCLE LINE OF TEETH ON CNC MILLING MACHINE翻譯，對(duì)主軸箱進(jìn)行了更深層次的分析和理解，通過分析，主軸箱主傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)采用變速齒輪進(jìn)行調(diào)速，是利用液壓撥叉波動(dòng)滑移齒輪到達(dá)所需要的位置來實(shí)現(xiàn)的。 如圖1所示。 圖1 主軸箱變速操縱機(jī)構(gòu)裝配圖 1.1電動(dòng)機(jī)的選取 1.1.1選擇電動(dòng)機(jī)的類型 根據(jù)用途選用Y系列一般用途的全封閉自冷式三相異步電動(dòng)機(jī)，三相異步電動(dòng)機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單、價(jià)格低廉、維護(hù)方便，可直接接于三相交流電網(wǎng)中，在工業(yè)上用途最為廣泛，具有效率高、性能好、噪聲低、振動(dòng)小等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，適用于不易燃、不易爆、無腐蝕性氣體和無特殊要求的機(jī)械上，如金屬切屑機(jī)床。 1.1.2 轉(zhuǎn)速及功率的確定 初步選定電動(dòng)機(jī)功率為7.5kW。一般市場(chǎng)上最常用、供應(yīng)最多的是同步轉(zhuǎn)速為1500r/min和1000r/min的電動(dòng)機(jī)，無特殊需求不選用3000r/min和750r/min的電動(dòng)機(jī)，因此選擇1500r/min的電動(dòng)機(jī)，其滿載轉(zhuǎn)速為1440r/min. 1.2 聯(lián)軸器的選擇 聯(lián)軸器的選擇應(yīng)由工作要求決定。由于輸入軸與電動(dòng)機(jī)軸直接相連，并且轉(zhuǎn)速高，轉(zhuǎn)矩小，所以選用彈性套柱銷聯(lián)軸器。 1.3 各齒輪齒數(shù)及相關(guān)參數(shù)的確定 表1所示為初步確定各齒輪的齒數(shù)及相關(guān)參數(shù)： 表1 各齒輪的齒數(shù)及相關(guān)參數(shù) 編號(hào) 齒數(shù) 模數(shù) 材料 熱處理 齒輪1 27 3 40Cr G48 齒輪2 45 3 40Cr G48 齒輪3 23 3 40Cr G48 齒輪4 38 3 40Cr G48 齒輪5 67 3 40Cr G48 齒輪6 52 3 40Cr G48 齒輪7 53 4 40Cr G48 齒輪8 22 4 40Cr G48 齒輪9 35 4 40Cr G48 齒輪10 60 4 40Cr G48 1.4 轉(zhuǎn)速的計(jì)算 在初步確定齒輪的齒數(shù)的情況下，計(jì)算主軸的轉(zhuǎn)速。齒輪5、6和齒輪7、8為兩個(gè)雙連齒輪并安裝在同一根軸上，齒輪2、3、4安裝在另一根軸上，齒輪9和齒輪10安裝在主軸上。從電動(dòng)機(jī)輸出，經(jīng)過齒輪傳動(dòng)到主軸有4中轉(zhuǎn)速，分別為：230r/min、950r/min、110r/min、450r/min。軸1的轉(zhuǎn)速是由電動(dòng)直接輸出的，所以轉(zhuǎn)速為1440r/min,軸2和軸3的轉(zhuǎn)速是由齒輪傳遞的，所以軸2的轉(zhuǎn)速為1440*27/45=864r/min，軸3的轉(zhuǎn)速有兩種分別為864*38/52=631.38r/min和864*23/67=296.6r/min。 1.5各軸功率計(jì)算 軸1功率為P1=7500*0.99*0.99=7350.75W； 軸2功率為P2=P1*0.97*0.99=7056W； 軸3功率為P3=P2*0.97*0.99=6779W； 主軸功率為P0=P3*0.97*0.99=6510W。 1.6 轉(zhuǎn)矩的計(jì)算 軸1的轉(zhuǎn)矩為T1=9549*7350.75/1440=48.7N*m； 軸2的轉(zhuǎn)矩為T2=9549*7056/864=77.98N*m； 軸3有轉(zhuǎn)矩有兩種，分別為102.53N*m和218.25N*m； 主軸有四種轉(zhuǎn)矩，分別為270.28N*m、65.44N*m、565.13N*m、138.14N*m。 1.7 齒輪的主要尺寸的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算 在齒輪的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算中，主要計(jì)算了齒輪的齒寬，齒頂圓半徑，齒根圓半徑，并且對(duì)齒輪進(jìn)行強(qiáng)度校核。輪轂直徑是根據(jù)所安裝的軸的直徑確定的。 1.8 軸的主要尺寸的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算 在軸的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算中，主要計(jì)算了軸的總長(zhǎng)度，以及各段軸的軸徑和長(zhǎng)度。首先初步估算軸的直徑，按照扭轉(zhuǎn)強(qiáng)度初步計(jì)算的軸徑為最小直徑，有鍵槽處直徑增大3%。然后進(jìn)行圓整，最后進(jìn)行強(qiáng)度校核。 2 存在問題及解決措施 由于畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)涉及的范圍很廣，幾乎囊括了在大學(xué)里所學(xué)的全部知識(shí)，很多在大一、大二學(xué)習(xí)的知識(shí)由于很久沒有接觸造成了這些知識(shí)的模糊甚至淡忘，所以在某些細(xì)節(jié)方面總是會(huì)有多多少少的問題，給設(shè)計(jì)帶來了不小的麻煩。下面是我設(shè)計(jì)過程中遇到的問題以及解決方案。 2.1 存在問題及解決措施 問題1 所選的電動(dòng)機(jī)和聯(lián)軸器是否符合要求？ 在設(shè)計(jì)過程中，我查閱了很多資料，看了老師給的圖冊(cè)，和同學(xué)討論以及通過綜合計(jì)算之后最終確定了所選用的電動(dòng)機(jī)和聯(lián)軸器。 問題2 確定的齒輪的齒數(shù)和各參數(shù)是不是合理？ 通過查閱相關(guān)書籍，網(wǎng)上搜索以及和同學(xué)探討后，最終確定了最合理的各齒輪齒數(shù)和參數(shù)以及熱處理的方法。 問題3 總體的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算。 在設(shè)計(jì)中，通過老師給的圖冊(cè)，查閱相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)，確定了主軸箱的總體結(jié)構(gòu)，其中包括箱體的壁厚以及肋的厚度。 3 后期工作安排 （1）完成詳細(xì)的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算； （2）根據(jù)計(jì)算的數(shù)據(jù)畫出零件圖和裝配圖； （3）編寫設(shè)計(jì)說明書以及校核圖紙，交給導(dǎo)師查閱； （4）整理資料，準(zhǔn)備答辯。 指導(dǎo)教師簽字： 年 月 日 109 METALURGIJA 51 (2012) 1, 109-112 P . FRCKOWIAK, W. PTASZYSKI, A. STOI NEW GEOMETRY AND TECHNOLOGY OF FACE-GEAR FORMING WITH CIRCLE LINE OF TEETH ON CNC MILLING MACHINE Received - Prispjelo: 2011-02-27 Accepted - Prihvaeno: 2011-04-20 Preliminary Note Prethodno priopenje ISSN 0543-5846 METABK 51(1) 109-112 (2012) UDC UDK 621.833:621.914.3.744=111 Di erent types of geometric models of face-gear with circle line of teeth have been shown in the paper. Generation of a new geometrical of a face-gear is performed on CNC milling machine. The basic direction of the development geometrical of a face-gear and technology is in the search of new trends and methods focused on improving the quality of products, shortening the production cycles, their mechanizations, automation and implementation of a high-precision technology. Key words: face-gear, circular line, CNC milling-machine Nova geometrija i tehnologija oblikovanja hipoidnih zupanika na CNC glodalici. Razliiti tipovi geometrijskih modela hipoidnih zupanika su prikazani u radu. Izrada novog geometrijskog oblika zupanika je provedena na CNC glodalici. Temeljni smjer razvoja geometrijskih oblika zupanika i tehnologije izrade je u traenju novih tren- dova i metoda za unaprjeenje kvalitete proizvoda, skraenja trajanja proizvodnog ciklusa, njegova mehanizacija, automatizacija iimplementacija visokoprecizne tehnologije. Kljune rijei: zupanik, kruna linija, CNC glodalica INTRODUCTION Invention of face worm gear drives with conical and cylindrical worms by Saari 1, 2 was a substantial con- tribution. Initially the design of the invented gear drives was based on application of worms provided by axial pro les as straight lines 3. The generation of face worm gear drives of all types of existing design is based on application of a hob for generation of the face-gear. The disadvantage of such method of generation is the low precision of a hob used as a generating tool espe- cially in the case of small dimensions of hob 3. The generations of a face worm gear drives of all types of existing is based on application of a hob for generation of the face worm gear with conical and cy- lindrical worms. Saari 1, 2 and next researchers had proposed methods based on application a worm hob for manufacturing a face worm gear with conical or cylin- drical worms. Litvin and coworkers 3 had proposed a tilted head-cuter for forming of face worm gear drives with conical and cylindrical worms. In work 4-10 and 11 presented developed a new technique of cutting a face worm gear on a CNC machining. For generation face-gear used the 4-axis vertical CNC milling-machine incorporate a rotary table and a NC spindle. The new process uses general purpose machine like vertical ma- chining centre. The generations are performed by a tilt- ed tool edge with straight line pro les of blades. The P. Frckowiak, W. Ptaszyski , Institute of Mechanical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Poznan, Poland A. Stoi, University of applied sciencies, Slavonski Brod, Croatia process is giving better results with use of newly devel- oped technique to generate a face-gear. Due to addition two rotational axes in 5-axis machining enables cutting face-gear and taken high surface quality. For numerically controlled universal milling-ma- chine a face-gear can be shaped with different front lines of teeth. Known methods for forming face-gear are based on kinematics of conventional machine tools. While notching the teeth, workgroups of machine per- forms movements at a constant speed, the tracks are rectilinear or rotary (NC rotary tables, spindle tool). One way to cut face-gear is the use of single blade tool in the form of a universal sintered carbide insert. This method may be used to shape the toothing of a straight and involute line of teeth 4-10, 11. The new geometry and technology proposed in this article is based on application of single blade tool and CNC mill- ing-machine with special program of control. MODELING FACE GEAR WITH CIRCLE LINE OF TEETH Figure 1 illustrates schematically the generation of the face-gear. In the following geometric models of shaping circle line, assumptions are that: a tooth line is shaped with single blade tool, a incision tooth line is rigidly linked to the ma- chined teeth crown, a beginning of the system of coordinates is located at the intersection of the axis of symmetry shaped toothing110 METALURGIJA 51 (2012) 1, 109-112 P . FRCKOWIAK et al.: NEW GEOMETRY AND TECHNOLOGY OF FACE-GEAR FORMING WITH CIRCLE LINE OF TEETH. the location of the curve, part of which is a tooth li- nes, is set in relation to the theoretical rolling circle, a trace location of the tool is described by the blade cutting edge is so located in relation to the shaped surface to have a common normal with the shaped line of the tooth. Here are models of geometrical shape of the tooth which is a circle, with different radii of curvature of the teeth line. In the simplest model of the toothing with circular line, the axis of symmetry of the circle, which is part of the line tooth, lies at the intersection of the theoretical rolling circle with a R b radius and the axis of system coordinates associated with the shaped toothing (Z). The geometric model is shown in the Figure 2. From Figure 2 can be determined the coordinates of points in the ring-shaped toothing: () () + = = sin cos 1 1 b R z x , (1) as well as () () + = + = 0 2 2 0 2 sin ctg x z R x v , (2) where: radius of a circle of being the tooth line, R b theoretical rolling circle. From the described model in Figure 1 it is possible also to set coordinates of points in polar coordinates: + = = 2 1 2 1 1 0 arcsin z x R R x v v . (3) Placing described relations to equations 2 with equa- tions 3 we receive: + + = + + + = 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 arcsin arcsin sin z x x ctg x z z x x z x x (4) and after substituting formula 1 to equations 4 we re- ceive (5). Equations 5 describe the track of the tools in the forming process of toothing, the tooth-line as part of a circle with a radius. Variable in the division plane is an increase in the angle of rotation of toothing. Figure 1 Scheme the generation of the face-gear Figure 2 Geometric model of forming face-gear with circular line with symmetric axis of circle teeth line places on the axis of face-gear Figure 3 The geometric model of forming face-gear with circular line, the circle line of tooth with the axis of symmetry moved in the direction of positive X-axis values () () () ()( ) () () () ()( ) () + + + = + + + + + = 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 sin cos cos arcsin sin cos cos arcsin sin sin cos b b b R ctg x z R R x Another solution toothing with a tooth line as a part of a circle is a circle line of tooth shift so that it does not lie on the Z-axis of face-gear. In the case of the circle line of tooth with the axis of symmetry moved in the direction of positive X-axis, in the toothing tooth lines can be obtained with less radius of curvature. Geomet- ric model of such a solution is shown in Figure 3. (5111 METALURGIJA 51 (2012) 1, 109-112 P . FRCKOWIAK et al.: NEW GEOMETRY AND TECHNOLOGY OF FACE-GEAR FORMING WITH CIRCLE LINE OF TEETH. From the Figure 3 can be determined the coordinates of points in the ring-shaped toothing: () () + = + = sin cos 1 1 1 b c R z x x . (6) From Figure 3 it is possible to set coordinates of points like in case of the description of the model shown in Figure 2 (equations 2, 3, 4), and after placing relation 6 to equations 4 relations circumscribing the line of the tooth are (7). The x c1 value determines the location of the center of a circle line of teeth and the size of radius of curvature of the teeth line. In the case of x c1 = 0 circle line of tooth lies on the Z-axis of toothing. Addition of x c1 in the equation 10 reduces and subtracting of x c1 increases the radius of curvature of the circle. THE ALGORITHM OF STEERING AND EXPERIMENTAL EXAMINATIONS OF THE SYNCHRONIZATION OF STEERED AXIS OF THE MACHINE TOOL In order of conducting attempts to synchronize the axis of the machine tool enabling forming face-gear with circle line of teeth control algorithm was devel- oped as shown in Figure 5. This algorithm served to develop parameterized control program for the machine tool notching the teeth of toothing. Attempts to shape face-gear were conducted on the milling machine FYN - 50ND type, equipped with nu- merically controlled rotary table (Figure 6a). The mill- ing machine is holding the control system of the TNC 407 type of the Heidenhain. The Heidenhain 407 controller enables simultaneous interpolation in three axes (linear or circular in three di- mensional space). Steering of processing of the outline is held with digital speed control. Servo systems in each axis servo are position regulated type, controlled by de- viation signals. Feed the axes X, Y, Z and A are carried out by four independent pulse-controlled AC motors. The drive of the spindle is equipped with a system for con- tinuous variable speed transmission. In the axis of the spindle of the milling machine a rotational-pulse sensor was fastened, which signals are transmitted to the control system of the machine tool what allows to control spindle as a rotational axis (C). An example of cutting teeth line in the face-gear is shown at Figure 6b. CONCLUSIONS Conducted examinations of the generation of the face-gear according to the relation described with for- mula 10 con rmed the possibility of shaping the circle line teeth on the CNC milling-machine. Despite of heavy-load of processor with complex calculations con- trol system do not cause temporary detention of con- trolled machine tools units. The surveys are the basis () () () () ()( ) () () () ()( ) () + + + + + = + + + + + + + = 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 sin cos cos arcsin sin cos cos arcsin sin sin cos b c c b c c b c R x x ctg x z R x x R x x With alternative of moving the arrangement of the circle of the line of teeth of toothing is reallocating his middle is so that it is in negative values of the X-axis. Such moving the circle of the line of the tooth will al- low the tooth to obtain a larger radius of curvature of the tooth line. Geometric model of such a solution is shown in Figure 4. Relations result from Figure: () () + = + = sin cos 1 1 1 b c R z x x . (8) Taking equation 2 and 3 into consideration, it is also possible to derive on the basis of model 4 and after sub- stituting the equation to relation 4 describing the tooth line becomes (9). () () () () ()( ) () () () ()( ) () + + + = + + + + + = 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 sin cos cos arcsin sin cos cos arcsin sin sin cos b c c b c c b c R x x ctg x z R x x R x x Including models shown in Figures 2, 3 and 4 and equations of the teeth line described with relations 5, 7 and 9 it is possible to represent equations describing synchronizations of steered pivots of the machine tool generalized with relation (10). () () () () ()( ) () () () ()( ) () + + + = + + + + + = 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 sin cos cos arcsin sin cos cos arcsin sin sin cos b c c b c c b c R x x ctg x z R x x R x x Figure 4 The geometric model of forming face-gear with circular line, the circle line of tooth with the axis of symmetry moved in the direction of negative X-axis values (7) (9) (10112 METALURGIJA 51 (2012) 1, 109-112 P . FRCKOWIAK et al.: NEW GEOMETRY AND TECHNOLOGY OF FACE-GEAR FORMING WITH CIRCLE LINE OF TEETH. for further work on applying a face-gear with circle line of teeth in clutch connection. Acknowledgement This paper is nanced from the funds for science for the years 20092012 granted by the Polish government and is referred to as the research project no N N502 339836. Legend of symbols R i inner radius of the face-gear R b theoretical rolling circle R e outer radius of the face-gear X,Y ,Z coordinate system connected to machine-tool x,z coordinate system rigidly connected to face-gear z number of teeth of the face-gear radius of generation a circle tooth line of face-gear C angle of rotation of the grinding tool A angle of rotation of the face-gear in the process of generation additional rotational motion of the face-gear dur- ing grinding tool motion P 1 ,P 2 points of contact on surface of tooth line and grinding tool trace x c1 parameter of relative location of point of the cent- er of the circle tooth line REFERENCES 1 O. E. Saari, Speed-reduction gearing, Patent No. 2,696,125, United States Patent Of ce, 1954. 2 O. E. Saari, Skew axis gearing, Patent No. 2,954,704, Uni- ted States Patent Of ce, 1960. 3 Litwin F.L, A. Nava, Q Fan, A. Fuentes, New geometry of worm gear drives with conical and cylindrical worm: genera ti- on, simulation of meshing, and stress analysis, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng. 191, (2002) 3035-3054. 4 Frckowiak P., Forming and geometrical dependences in the nom-homogeneous face-gear with involute line, Manu- facturing Engineering, 9 (2010) 4, 28-30. 5 Frckowiak P., Modelling and cutting a face-gear with straight line on CNC milling-machine, Manufacturing En- gineering, 9 (2010) 3, 19-21. 6 Frckowiak P ., Teeth contact area of face worm gear drives with cylindrical worm, Archives of Mechanical Technolo- gy and Automation, 29 (2006) 2, 59-71. 7 Grajdek R., Characteristic properties of plane spiroid gear, Archives of Mechanical Technology and Automation, 22 (2002) 2, 97-104. 8 Grajdek R., Forming of the modi ed face straight toothing on the CNC milling machine, Archives of Mechanical Te- chnology and Automation, 21 (2001) 2, 131-140. 9 Grajdek R., Modi cation of face toothing in a plane spi- roid gear, Archives of Mechanical Technology and Auto- mation, 20 (2001) 2, 89-97. 10 Grajdek R., The modi ed face toothing with arc line, Ar- chives of Mechanical Technology and Automation, 16 (1996) 2, 73-83. 11 Staniek R., Technology of the plane spiroid gear, Archives of Mechanical Technology and Automation, 25 (2006) 2, 41-48. Note: Responsible translator: Natalia Trawinska, The Poznan College of Modern Languages, Poznan, Poland Calculationtechnologyparametersofgenerationlineteeth x s =x c1 ,z s = R b ,x e = R e , z p 360 = , A = - p Displacetooltothestartpointofcutting X H 0 ; Z z s ; Y x s Calculateofnextpositionsoftool () () () () ()( ) () () () ()( ) () + + + = + + + + + = 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 sin cos cos arcsin sin cos cos arcsin sin sin cos b c c b c c b c R x x ctg x z R x x R x x Grindingofalineteeth C( c );A( A );Y x 2 ;Z z 2 x 2 x e Thetoolmovestoendpointofprocess X(l w ) INPUTDATA R i , R e , , H 0 , R b , z, x c1 No Yes START Figure 5 Algorithm of steering the functioning of the machine tool during forming tooth line a) b) Figure 6 View: a) investigations stand for cutting a face-gear, b) example cutting teeth line in the face-gear