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翻譯文章
塑料注射模具設(shè)計(jì)及其熱分析
摘要
本文主要介紹一個(gè)生產(chǎn)翹曲測(cè)試樣件的注射模具設(shè)計(jì)并進(jìn)行熱分析以助于了解殘余熱應(yīng)力對(duì)模具的影響。提出了設(shè)計(jì)塑料注射模具所需的技術(shù)、理論、方法以及其它一些考慮因素。模具的設(shè)計(jì)部分可以利用裝在一般的商業(yè)電腦上的設(shè)計(jì)軟件Unigrafics,版本13.0來(lái)完成。對(duì)于由樣本的不均勻冷卻引起殘余熱應(yīng)力的模擬已經(jīng)逐步發(fā)展起來(lái),并可以用一個(gè)商業(yè)的有限元分析軟件LUSAS Analyst, 版本13.5進(jìn)行模擬。這個(gè)軟件用輪廓繪圖模擬溫度分布情況以及繪制時(shí)間響應(yīng)曲線(xiàn)來(lái)表現(xiàn)在塑料注射模制模周期內(nèi)的溫度變動(dòng)情況。結(jié)果顯示,相對(duì)與其它區(qū)域來(lái)說(shuō)冷卻通道旁邊的區(qū)域比較容易產(chǎn)生收縮。這種在模具不同區(qū)域不均勻冷卻就表現(xiàn)為翹曲。
關(guān)鍵詞 塑料注射模具 設(shè)計(jì) 熱分析
1.簡(jiǎn)介
塑料行業(yè)是世界上發(fā)展最快的行業(yè)之一,屬于少數(shù)億萬(wàn)美圓的行業(yè)。在日常生活中幾乎所有的用品都離不開(kāi)塑料并且大部分都可以用用塑料注射模具的方法生產(chǎn)[1]。注塑注射成型工藝也以利用低成本制作出各種各樣的形狀及復(fù)雜的幾何圖案著稱(chēng)[2]。
注塑注射成型工藝是一個(gè)循環(huán)過(guò)程。可分為填料、注射、冷卻、脫模四個(gè)重要階段。塑料注射成型過(guò)程開(kāi)始于往料斗到注塑機(jī)的加熱或注射系統(tǒng)中填入樹(shù)脂和適量的添加劑[3]。灌漿階段就是在注射溫度下用融解的熱塑料注入模腔。模腔被填滿(mǎn)之后,適量的熔融塑料在一個(gè)較高的補(bǔ)償壓力下補(bǔ)充塑料凝固引起的收縮。跟著是冷卻階段,將模具冷卻至有足夠的剛度脫出模具。最后是脫模階段,即打開(kāi)模具然后頂出零件,再合上模具開(kāi)始下一個(gè)循環(huán)[4]。
需要注塑成型的塑料產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì)和制造與預(yù)期性能是要靠經(jīng)驗(yàn)控制的一個(gè)昂貴的過(guò)程,包括實(shí)際對(duì)封面壓花的修改。在模具設(shè)計(jì)之中,設(shè)計(jì)模具具體補(bǔ)充幾何,通常在核心邊,包括相當(dāng)復(fù)雜的投射和凹槽[5]。
設(shè)計(jì)模具時(shí)必須考慮到許多重要設(shè)計(jì)系數(shù)。?這些因素是模具的大小,型腔的個(gè)數(shù)及布局、流道系統(tǒng),澆口系統(tǒng)、脫模系統(tǒng)和收縮率[6]。
對(duì)模具的熱分析,主要宗旨將分析殘余熱應(yīng)力的作用或產(chǎn)品直徑方向的壓注。熱感應(yīng)強(qiáng)度的增強(qiáng)主要在模塑零件的冷卻階段,主要因?yàn)樗牡蛯?dǎo)熱性和在溶融樹(shù)脂和模具之間的溫差。在冷卻期間產(chǎn)品模腔附近也會(huì)存在溫度不均勻的區(qū)域 [7]。
在冷卻期間,冷卻通道附近的區(qū)域比冷卻通道遠(yuǎn)處的區(qū)域冷卻得更快。這個(gè)溫差會(huì)造成材料的不均勻收縮從而產(chǎn)生熱應(yīng)力。強(qiáng)熱應(yīng)力會(huì)引起翹曲問(wèn)題。所以,它是模仿模塑零件在冷卻期間殘余熱應(yīng)力區(qū)域的重要階段[8]。通過(guò)了解熱應(yīng)力發(fā)生的特征,對(duì)其造成的變形可以預(yù)先模擬。
在本文中注塑模的設(shè)計(jì)是為了產(chǎn)生翹曲的測(cè)試樣本和能對(duì)呈現(xiàn)在模具上殘余熱應(yīng)力的作用執(zhí)行熱分析。
2.操作方法
2.1. 翹曲測(cè)試標(biāo)本的設(shè)計(jì)
這個(gè)部分說(shuō)明用于注塑模的翹曲測(cè)試的標(biāo)本設(shè)計(jì)。它表明翹曲是存在于薄壁產(chǎn)品的主要問(wèn)題。所以,產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)的主要目的在于控制能影響薄壁注塑零件翹曲問(wèn)題的有效的因素。
翹曲測(cè)試樣本是薄壁注塑零件。樣本的總體尺寸是長(zhǎng)120mm、寬50mm、厚1mm。為導(dǎo)致翹曲,測(cè)試標(biāo)本所用的材料是丙烯腈丁鄰二烯 (ABS),射入溫度、時(shí)間和壓力分別為210℃, 3 s和60MPa。圖1顯示翹曲測(cè)試樣本。
2.2. 為翹曲測(cè)試樣本設(shè)計(jì)注塑模具
這個(gè)部分描述在設(shè)計(jì)模具和介入設(shè)計(jì)的其他考慮因素方面導(dǎo)致翹曲的測(cè)試樣本。用于生產(chǎn)翹曲測(cè)試樣本注塑模具的材料是AISI 1050碳鋼。在設(shè)計(jì)模具時(shí)可以考慮以下四種類(lèi)型:
?????????? i.三板模(類(lèi)型1)一個(gè) 型腔兩條分型線(xiàn)。費(fèi)用較高,不適用。
??????? ? ii.二板模(類(lèi)型2)一個(gè) 型腔一條分型線(xiàn),沒(méi)有澆注系統(tǒng)。每次生產(chǎn)數(shù)量少,不適用。
??????? iii.二板模(類(lèi)型3)兩個(gè) 型腔一條分型線(xiàn),帶有澆注和脫模系統(tǒng)。如果零件太薄有可能會(huì)被頂桿推破,不適用。
?????? iv.?二板模(類(lèi)型4)兩個(gè) 型腔一條分型線(xiàn),利用直澆口脫模以避免損壞零件。
在為翹曲測(cè)試樣本設(shè)計(jì)模具時(shí)宜選用第四種類(lèi)型。設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)還有許多因素需要考慮。
首先,模具的設(shè)計(jì)基于選用的注塑機(jī)的壓板尺寸。壓板的最大區(qū)域取決于兩系桿之間的距離,這對(duì)于注塑機(jī)來(lái)說(shuō)是一個(gè)限制。這里用的注塑機(jī)的兩系桿距離為254mm。所以模具板材的最大寬度不能超過(guò)這個(gè)距離。此外,還有4mm的空間留在系桿和模具之間以便模具的拆裝。這使模具的最大尺寸為250mm,可采用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模具基體。并在模具基體的右上角和左下角用卡釘固定在壓板上。其他相關(guān)模板的尺寸見(jiàn)表1。
表1 各模板尺寸
零件
尺寸(mm)—長(zhǎng) 寬 高
頂部壓緊板
母模板
公模板
側(cè)板/底版
推桿固定板
推板
動(dòng)模座板
250×250×25
200×250×40
200×250×40
37×250×70
120×250×15
120×250×20
250×250×25
模具必須與夾壓力一同設(shè)計(jì)讓夾緊力比模腔內(nèi)作用力力更高 (反應(yīng)力) 從而避免塑料噴濺的發(fā)生。
根據(jù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模具提供的尺寸,公模板的寬和高分別為200mm和250mm。這些尺寸使水平地被安置的公模板上有足夠的空間來(lái)設(shè)計(jì)雙模腔,而母模板只需留有固定澆口套的空間以便注入溶融塑料。所以,在產(chǎn)品的表面只會(huì)留下一條分型線(xiàn)的痕跡。在開(kāi)模時(shí)產(chǎn)品和流道將在分型面同時(shí)脫落。
這套模具的澆口形式是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)澆口或側(cè)澆口。澆口是位于流道和產(chǎn)品之間的。澆口的底部被設(shè)計(jì)成只有0.5mm厚并有20°的斜度目的是為了更容易注入塑料。澆口的另一頭也就是溶融塑料注入的一側(cè)則有4mm寬0.5mm厚。
設(shè)計(jì)這個(gè)模具時(shí),選用了截面為拋物面形式的流道,可以只在公模板上方便的加工。但是,這種形式的流道與圓形流道相比有更多的熱量損失和廢料。這可能使熔融塑料冷卻過(guò)快。所以在設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)應(yīng)使流道比較短且至少要有6mm的徑向尺寸。
材料或熔融塑料在同一溫度同一壓力下同時(shí)被送到個(gè)模腔對(duì)于流道設(shè)計(jì)來(lái)說(shuō)是很重要的一點(diǎn)?;谶@點(diǎn),模腔的布局一般都是對(duì)稱(chēng)的。
另外,氣孔的設(shè)計(jì)也是模具設(shè)計(jì)中一個(gè)重要的方面。公模板和母模板的配合表面有很高的加工精度以防止注塑時(shí)泄露的發(fā)生。但是,這會(huì)使空氣被封閉在閉合模腔內(nèi)從而導(dǎo)致短射或使零件不完整。合適起氣孔設(shè)計(jì)可以使空氣釋放出來(lái)不會(huì)出現(xiàn)零件不完整的現(xiàn)象。
冷卻系統(tǒng)是沿模腔長(zhǎng)度方向在模具上打出的水平孔,只起冷卻作用。在湍流情況下,水線(xiàn)可以充分冷卻模具。圖2顯示了在公模板上氣孔、水線(xiàn)以及模腔的布局。
圖2 在公模板上氣孔、水線(xiàn)以及模腔的布局
在這個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)中,脫模系統(tǒng)只有推桿固定板、澆口套和推板。交口套的位于公模的中心,它的作用不僅是將產(chǎn)品固定在合適位置,在開(kāi)模是還起到將產(chǎn)品拉出模腔的作用。因?yàn)楫a(chǎn)品非常薄,通常為1mm,所以不需要設(shè)計(jì)其附加的推桿。模腔里的推桿反而有可能在脫模的時(shí)候在零件上推出破孔。
最后,還要根據(jù)材料的收縮率留出足夠的公差補(bǔ)償。
圖3所示的是用Unigraphics設(shè)計(jì)的模具三維模型以及線(xiàn)框模型。
3.結(jié)果與討論
3.1. 產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)及改良
模具的設(shè)計(jì)和制造完成后,試模注塑出來(lái)的翹曲試樣會(huì)存在很多缺陷。包括短射、噴濺和翹曲。短射的解決可以通過(guò)在模腔的角落里銑出附加的氣孔來(lái)排出被困的空氣。同時(shí),減小注射壓力可以減小噴濺的發(fā)生。對(duì)于翹曲的控制可以通過(guò)控制很多因素,例如注射時(shí)間、注射溫度和溶料溫度。
經(jīng)過(guò)這些修整之后,模具可以生產(chǎn)出低成本高質(zhì)量的翹曲試樣,這些試樣需要經(jīng)過(guò)簡(jiǎn)單的拋光處理。圖4顯示的是修整后的模具,加工出附加的排氣孔可避免短射現(xiàn)象的發(fā)生。
圖4 附加氣孔以避免短射
3.2. 模具及產(chǎn)品的詳細(xì)分析
模具和試樣都準(zhǔn)備好之后,就可以對(duì)其進(jìn)行分析了。在注塑的過(guò)程中,210℃熔融的ABS通過(guò)母模上的澆口套直接注入模腔,經(jīng)過(guò)冷卻,制件就成型了。制件的生產(chǎn)周期為35s,包括20s的冷卻時(shí)間。用來(lái)制造模具的材料是AISI 1050碳鋼。表2列出了ABS以及AISI 1050碳鋼的性能。
表2 ABS以及AISI 1050碳鋼的性能
模具,AISI 1050碳鋼
試樣,ABS
密度 7860 kg/m3
彈性模量 208 GPa
泊松比 0.297
屈服強(qiáng)度 365.4MPa
抗拉強(qiáng)度 636MPa
熱膨脹率 65×10?6 K?1
電導(dǎo)率 0.135 W/(m K)
比熱 1250 J/(kg K)
1050 kg/m3
2.519 GPa
0.4
65MPa
?
11.65×10?6 K?1
49.4 W/(m K)
477 J/(kg K)
由于對(duì)稱(chēng),在注塑過(guò)程中只需對(duì)公模和母模垂直截面的上半部分進(jìn)行熱分析。 圖5所示的是多層模板閉合的熱分析模型。
建模包括分配各部分的性能以及模型的循環(huán)周期。這樣可以用有限元分析軟件用造型模擬模具模型進(jìn)行分析,還可以繪制時(shí)間響應(yīng)曲線(xiàn)顯示再某段時(shí)間內(nèi)特定區(qū)域的溫差變化。
對(duì)試樣的分析可以用LUSAS分析員13.5.版本分析雙向拉伸應(yīng)力。一般只需在試樣的一端施加拉力另一端則固定住,然后慢慢增加拉力一直到達(dá)塑性極限。
圖5 熱分析模型 圖6 試樣分析的加載模型
3.3. 模具及試樣分析的結(jié)果及討論
模具分析過(guò)程對(duì)不同時(shí)間段的熱量分布作了觀(guān)測(cè)。圖7所示是在一個(gè)完整的注塑周期中不同時(shí)間段的二維等高線(xiàn)熱量分布圖。
對(duì)模具進(jìn)行二維分析后,可繪制出時(shí)間響應(yīng)曲線(xiàn)以分析殘余熱應(yīng)力對(duì)制件的影響。 圖8所示是繪制時(shí)間響應(yīng)曲線(xiàn)所選的節(jié)點(diǎn)。
圖9—17所示的是圖8中各節(jié)點(diǎn)的溫度分布曲線(xiàn)。
圖7 不同時(shí)間段的熱量等高線(xiàn)分布圖
圖8 在制件上為繪制時(shí)間響應(yīng)曲線(xiàn)選擇的節(jié)點(diǎn)
圖9 節(jié)點(diǎn)284的溫度分布曲線(xiàn)
從圖9—17中的溫度分布曲線(xiàn)可以清楚的看出每個(gè)節(jié)為曲線(xiàn)圖選擇計(jì)畫(huà)翻譯經(jīng)歷溫度的增加, 也就是從那對(duì)特定的溫度周?chē)^(guò)溫度比較高的周?chē)鷾囟热缓笤谶@保持持續(xù)一段特定時(shí)間的溫度。?這些增加溫度是由溶化塑料的注入產(chǎn)品的型腔所引起的。
在一段特定時(shí)間之后, 溫度更進(jìn)一步增加達(dá)成最高的溫度,然后保持該溫度。?這里的溫度增加是由于包裝階段相關(guān)的高壓導(dǎo)致的。?這個(gè)溫度一直持續(xù)到冷卻階段的開(kāi)始。?計(jì)畫(huà)翻譯的曲線(xiàn)圖不是平滑適當(dāng)?shù)牡侥禽斎肴芑说某涮钗锫实娜鄙俟δ芩芰虾屠鋬鰟┑睦鋮s比率。繪制的曲線(xiàn)是不平滑的,因?yàn)樽⑷肴廴谒芰系乃俾屎屠鋮s速率是相應(yīng)的。這條曲線(xiàn)僅反應(yīng)了一個(gè)周期里可以達(dá)到的最高溫度。
熱殘余應(yīng)力的分析中最關(guān)鍵的階段在冷卻階段。這是因?yàn)槔鋮s階段導(dǎo)致材料冷卻從高溫到玻璃態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)變溫度的低溫。?物質(zhì)的不均勻收縮可能產(chǎn)生熱應(yīng)力從而引起翹曲。
圖10 節(jié)點(diǎn)213的溫度分布曲線(xiàn)
圖11 節(jié)點(diǎn)302的溫度分布曲線(xiàn)
圖12 節(jié)點(diǎn)290的溫度分布曲線(xiàn)
如圖9-17中所示冷卻階段后的溫度顯示,離水線(xiàn)越近的地方冷卻效果越好,相反則越差。冷卻越快收縮也越大。雖然,節(jié)點(diǎn)284離水線(xiàn)最遠(yuǎn),卻冷卻得很快,那是因?yàn)闊崃勘会尫诺街車(chē)沫h(huán)境中了。
圖13 節(jié)點(diǎn)278的溫度分布曲線(xiàn) 圖14 節(jié)點(diǎn)1838的溫度分布曲線(xiàn)
圖15 節(jié)點(diǎn)1904的溫度分布曲線(xiàn) 圖16 節(jié)點(diǎn)1853的溫度分布曲線(xiàn)
圖17 節(jié)點(diǎn)1866的溫度分布曲線(xiàn)
根據(jù)以上所述,水線(xiàn)位于產(chǎn)品型腔的中心引起了中心周?chē)臏囟雀哂谄渌麉^(qū)域。因此,中心區(qū)域會(huì)由于受到收縮力的作用產(chǎn)生更大的收縮從而產(chǎn)生翹曲。?然而, 冷卻溫度在不同的節(jié)點(diǎn)處的不同很小,翹曲效果不非常明顯。設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)有比較小的殘余熱應(yīng)力作用和一個(gè)有效率的冷卻系統(tǒng)的模具對(duì)于一個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)者來(lái)說(shuō)是很重要的。
對(duì)于產(chǎn)品分析, 從被實(shí)行開(kāi)始到分析塑料產(chǎn)品,在產(chǎn)品上不同負(fù)荷因素的狀態(tài)下的應(yīng)力分配情況可以通過(guò)觀(guān)察生成的二維曲進(jìn)行線(xiàn)分析。
分析的時(shí)候選擇了一個(gè)臨界節(jié)點(diǎn),即節(jié)點(diǎn)127,這是拉應(yīng)力最大的時(shí)候。此時(shí)參考負(fù)載應(yīng)力曲線(xiàn)如圖23,它很清楚表明產(chǎn)品在增加拉力負(fù)荷,直到它達(dá)到了23的負(fù)載因數(shù),這意謂產(chǎn)品能抵抗的1150 N的拉力。由圖23可知,對(duì)產(chǎn)品的固定端以施加最大應(yīng)力3.27 ×107 Pa時(shí)損壞可能發(fā)生在其附近區(qū)域。
4.結(jié)論
經(jīng)過(guò)翹曲測(cè)試試樣的分析確定影響翹曲的參數(shù)來(lái)設(shè)計(jì)的模具已經(jīng)使產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量達(dá)到最高。生產(chǎn)測(cè)試試樣所需的成本很低而且只需經(jīng)過(guò)很少的表面處理。
通過(guò)注塑模的熱分析得出殘余熱應(yīng)力對(duì)試樣的影響,對(duì)加載拉應(yīng)力的分析也可以預(yù)測(cè)到翹曲測(cè)試試樣所能承受的最大拉力。
參考文獻(xiàn)
[1] R.J. Crawford, Rubber and Plastic Engineering Design and Applica- tion, Applied Publisher Ltd., 1987, p. 110.
[2] B.H. Min, A study on quality monitoring of injection-molded parts, J. Mater. Process. Technol. 136 (2002) 1.
[3] K.F. Pun, I.K. Hui, W.G. Lewis, H.C.W. Lau, A multiple-criteria environmental impact assessment for the plastic injection molding process:a methodology, J. Cleaner Prod. 11 (2002) 41.
[4] A.T. Bozdana, O¨ . Eyerc′?og?lu, Development of an Expert System for the Determination of Injection Moulding Parameters of Thermoplastic Materials: EX-PIMM, J. Mater. Process. Technol. 128 (2002) 113.
[5] M.R. Cutkosky, J.M. Tenenbaum, CAD/CAM Integration Through Concur- rent Process and Product Design, Longman. Eng. Ltd., 1987, p. 83.
[6] G. Menges, P. Mohren, How to Make Injection Molds, second ed., Hanser Publishers, New York, 1993, p 129.
[7] K.H. Huebner, E.A. Thornton, T.G. Byrom, The Finite Element Method for Engineers, fourth ed., Wisley, 2001, p. 1.
[8] X. Chen, Y.C. Lam, D.Q. Li, Analysis of thermal residual stress in plastic injection molding, J. Mater. Process. Technol. 101 (1999) 275.
河南理工大學(xué)萬(wàn)方科技學(xué)院
本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)中期檢查表
指導(dǎo)教師 李章東 職稱(chēng) 副教授
所在院(系) 機(jī)械系 教研室(系、研究所) 機(jī)械系
題 目
止動(dòng)件沖壓模具設(shè)計(jì)及工藝分析
學(xué)生姓名
高 闊
專(zhuān)業(yè)班級(jí)
機(jī)制二班
學(xué) 號(hào)
0720150139
一、 選題質(zhì)量:
止動(dòng)件沖壓模具設(shè)計(jì)及其工藝分析是對(duì)所學(xué)知識(shí)的綜合應(yīng)用,通過(guò)止動(dòng)件沖壓模具設(shè)計(jì)讓我開(kāi)始掌握模具的一些專(zhuān)業(yè)知識(shí)尤其是冷沖壓模具的一些專(zhuān)業(yè)知識(shí),這些都是基于我們所學(xué)的專(zhuān)業(yè)課,把所學(xué)的知識(shí)綜合起來(lái),因此選題難易適中。
二、進(jìn)度情況說(shuō)明
在這一個(gè)多月了我的論文在李老師的指導(dǎo)下,從選題開(kāi)始,經(jīng)過(guò)了分析題目、搜集資料、編制論文提綱、完成開(kāi)題報(bào)告等論文的撰寫(xiě)過(guò)程。在這過(guò)程中李老師給予了我很大的幫助但也對(duì)我提出了較高的要求,在沒(méi)有模具設(shè)計(jì)經(jīng)驗(yàn)的基礎(chǔ)上通過(guò)李老師的幫助與指導(dǎo),止動(dòng)件沖壓模具設(shè)計(jì)及其工藝分析進(jìn)行的還算順利。
目前已完成了論文初稿的撰寫(xiě)、數(shù)據(jù)的計(jì)算、一些主要零件圖的繪制、目前正在進(jìn)行注塑模具熱分析的英文文獻(xiàn)翻譯工作以及對(duì)已完成材料不足之處的修訂整理工作。
我預(yù)計(jì)在兩到三周之內(nèi)會(huì)完成論文的撰寫(xiě),圖紙的審核、材料數(shù)據(jù)的匯總處理等工作在規(guī)定的時(shí)間內(nèi)完成畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的各項(xiàng)工作。
三、階段性成果:
1.確定了論文題目(已完成)。
2.填寫(xiě)了“畢業(yè)論文開(kāi)題報(bào)告(已完成)。
3.指導(dǎo)教師下達(dá)了“畢業(yè)論文任務(wù)書(shū)(已完成)。
4.撰寫(xiě)了論文第一稿(完善中)。
5.完成了工程圖的繪制(完善中)。
5.指導(dǎo)教師批閱和反饋了第一稿及圖紙。
四、存在的主要問(wèn)題及解決方法:
目前存在的主要問(wèn)題:
1.以前學(xué)習(xí)的知識(shí)現(xiàn)在要系統(tǒng)的組織起來(lái),不能做到得心應(yīng)手;
2.對(duì)于模具的一些專(zhuān)業(yè)性強(qiáng)的知識(shí)等還是很專(zhuān)業(yè),仍需查閱大量的參考資料;
3.對(duì)各個(gè)零件的總體優(yōu)化配置,不能做出準(zhǔn)確的設(shè)計(jì)。
對(duì)存在問(wèn)題的解決方法:
1.繼續(xù)對(duì)所學(xué)知識(shí)加以學(xué)習(xí)鞏固是相關(guān)知識(shí)能夠融會(huì)貫通。
2.加強(qiáng)對(duì)模具相關(guān)專(zhuān)業(yè)知識(shí)的系統(tǒng)學(xué)習(xí),通過(guò)學(xué)習(xí)以及向老師同學(xué)尋求幫
助能夠在已掌握模具相關(guān)知識(shí)的前提下繼續(xù)加深對(duì)模具專(zhuān)業(yè)知識(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)掌握。
3.對(duì)于模具的總裝以及整個(gè)系統(tǒng)協(xié)調(diào)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)并且使各個(gè)系統(tǒng)達(dá)到最優(yōu)的配置
還需要加深對(duì)所學(xué)知識(shí)的靈活掌握。
另外,我還應(yīng)該多加強(qiáng)與設(shè)計(jì)小組成員的交流,同時(shí),還應(yīng)該再加強(qiáng)與
指導(dǎo)老師的交流和溝通,更深層次的認(rèn)識(shí)論文的寫(xiě)作宗旨。
總之,我相信自己會(huì)保持積極的態(tài)度,在指導(dǎo)老師的悉心點(diǎn)撥下,能夠
快速有效展開(kāi)接下來(lái)的論文流程,順利完成畢業(yè)論文的撰寫(xiě)工作。
五、指導(dǎo)教師對(duì)學(xué)生在畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)中的紀(jì)律及畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)任務(wù)的完成進(jìn)展等方面的評(píng)語(yǔ)
指導(dǎo)教師: (簽名)
年 月 日
沖壓成形與板材沖壓
1. 概述
通過(guò)模具使板材產(chǎn)生塑性變形而獲得成品零件的一次成形工藝方法叫做沖壓。由于沖壓通常在冷態(tài)下進(jìn)行,因此也稱(chēng)為冷沖壓。只有當(dāng)板材厚度超過(guò)8~100mm時(shí),才采用熱沖壓。沖壓加工的原材料一般為板材或帶材,故也稱(chēng)板材沖壓。某些非金屬板材(如膠木板、云母片、石棉、皮革等)亦可采用沖壓成形工藝進(jìn)行加工。
沖壓廣泛應(yīng)用于金屬制品各行業(yè)中,尤其在汽車(chē)、儀表、軍工、家用電器等工業(yè)中占有極其重要的地位。沖壓成形需研究工藝設(shè)備和模具三類(lèi)基本問(wèn)題。
? 板材沖壓具有下列特點(diǎn):
(1).高的材料利用率。
(2).可加工薄壁、形狀復(fù)雜的零件。
(3).沖壓件在形狀和尺寸方面的互換性好。
(4).能獲得質(zhì)量輕而強(qiáng)度高、剛性好的零件。
(5).生產(chǎn)率高,操作簡(jiǎn)單,容易實(shí)現(xiàn)機(jī)械化和自動(dòng)化。
沖壓模具制作成本高,因此適合大批量生產(chǎn)。對(duì)于小批量、多品種生產(chǎn),常采用簡(jiǎn)易沖模,同時(shí)引進(jìn)沖壓加工中心等新型設(shè)備,以滿(mǎn)足市場(chǎng)求新求變的需求。板材沖壓常用的金屬材料有低碳鋼、銅、鋁、鎂合金及高塑性的合金剛等。如前所述,材料形狀有板材和帶材。
沖壓生產(chǎn)設(shè)備有剪床和沖床。剪床是用來(lái)將板材剪切成具有一定寬度的條料,以供后續(xù)沖壓工序使用,沖床可用于剪切及成形。
2. 沖壓成形的特點(diǎn)
生產(chǎn)時(shí)間中所采用的沖壓成形工藝方法有很多,具有多種形式餓名稱(chēng),但塑性變形本質(zhì)是相同的。沖壓成形具有如下幾個(gè)非常突出的特點(diǎn)。
(1).垂直于板面方向的單位面積上的壓力,其數(shù)值不大便足以在板面方向上使??板材產(chǎn)生塑性變形。由于垂直于板面方向上的單位面積上壓力的素質(zhì)遠(yuǎn)小于板面方向上的內(nèi)應(yīng)力,所以大多數(shù)的沖壓變形都可以近似地當(dāng)作平面應(yīng)力狀態(tài)來(lái)處理,使其變形力學(xué)的分析和工藝參數(shù)的計(jì)算大呢感工作都得到很大的簡(jiǎn)化。
(2).由于沖壓成形用的板材毛胚的相對(duì)厚度很小,在壓應(yīng)力作用下的抗失穩(wěn)能力也很差,所以在沒(méi)有抗失穩(wěn)裝置(如壓邊圈等)的條件下,很難在自由狀態(tài)下順利地完成沖壓成形過(guò)程。因此,以拉應(yīng)力作用為主的伸長(zhǎng)類(lèi)沖壓成形過(guò)程多于以壓應(yīng)力作用為主的壓縮類(lèi)成形過(guò)程。
(3).沖壓成形時(shí),板材毛胚內(nèi)應(yīng)力的數(shù)值等于或小于材料的屈服應(yīng)力。在這一點(diǎn)上,沖壓成形與體積成形的差別很大。因此,在沖壓成形時(shí)變形區(qū)應(yīng)力狀態(tài)中的靜水壓力成分對(duì)成形極限與變形抗力的影響,已失去其在體積成形時(shí)的重要程度,有些情況下,甚至可以完全不予考慮,即使有必要考慮時(shí),其處理方法也不相同。
(4).在沖壓成形時(shí),模具對(duì)板材毛胚作用力所形成的約束作用較輕,不像體積成形(如模鍛)是靠與制件形狀完全相同的型腔對(duì)毛胚進(jìn)行全面接觸而實(shí)現(xiàn)的強(qiáng)制成形。在沖壓成形中,大多數(shù)情況下,板材毛胚都有某種程度的自由度,常常是只有一個(gè)表面與模具接觸,甚至有時(shí)存在板材兩側(cè)表面都有于模具接觸的變形部分。在這種情況下,這部分毛胚的變形是靠模具對(duì)其相鄰部分施加的外力實(shí)現(xiàn)其控制作用的。例如,球面和錐面零件成形時(shí)的懸空部分和管胚端部的卷邊成形都屬這種情況。
? ?由于沖壓成形具有上述一些在變形與力學(xué)方面的特點(diǎn),致使沖壓技術(shù)也形成了一些與體積成形不同的特點(diǎn)。由于不需要在板材毛的表面施加很大的單位壓力即可使其成形,所以在沖壓技術(shù)中關(guān)于模具強(qiáng)度與剛度的研究并不十分重要,相反卻發(fā)展了學(xué)多簡(jiǎn)易模具技術(shù)。
由于相同原因,也促使靠氣體或液體壓力成形的工藝方法得以發(fā)展。因沖壓成形時(shí)的平面應(yīng)力狀態(tài)或更為單純的應(yīng)變狀態(tài)(與體積成形相比),當(dāng)前對(duì)沖壓成形匯中毛胚的變形與 力能參數(shù)方面的研究較為深入,有條件運(yùn)用合理的科學(xué)方法進(jìn)行沖壓加工。借助于電子計(jì)算機(jī)與先進(jìn)的測(cè)試手段,在對(duì)板材性能與沖壓變形參數(shù)進(jìn)行實(shí)時(shí)測(cè)量與分析基礎(chǔ)上,實(shí)現(xiàn)沖壓過(guò)程智能化控制的研究工作也在開(kāi)展。人們?cè)趯?duì)沖壓成形過(guò)程有離開(kāi)較為深入的了解后,已經(jīng)認(rèn)識(shí)到?jīng)_壓成型與原材料有十分密切的關(guān)系。所以,對(duì)板材沖壓性能即成形性與形狀穩(wěn)定性的研究,目前已成為沖壓技術(shù)的一個(gè)重要內(nèi)容。對(duì)板材沖壓性能的研究工作不僅是沖壓技術(shù)發(fā)展的需要,而且也促進(jìn)了鋼鐵工業(yè)生產(chǎn)技術(shù)的發(fā)展,為其提高板材的質(zhì)量提供了一個(gè)可靠的基礎(chǔ)與依據(jù)。
3.沖壓變形的分類(lèi)
? ?沖壓變形工藝可完成多種工序,其基本工序可分為分離工序和變形工序兩大類(lèi)。分離工序是使胚料的一部分與另一部分相互分離的工藝方法,主要有落料、沖孔、切邊、剖切、修整等。其中又以沖孔、落料應(yīng)用最廣。變形工序是使胚料的一部分相對(duì)于另一部分產(chǎn)生位移而不破裂的工藝方法,主要有拉深、彎曲、局部成形、脹形、翻邊、縮徑、校形、旋壓等。
從本質(zhì)上看,沖壓成形就是毛胚的變形區(qū)在外力的作用下產(chǎn)生相應(yīng)的塑性變形,所以變形區(qū)內(nèi)的應(yīng)力狀態(tài)和變形特點(diǎn)景象的沖壓成形分類(lèi),可以把成形性質(zhì)相同的成形方法概括成同一個(gè)類(lèi)型并進(jìn)行體系化的研究。
絕大多數(shù)沖壓成形時(shí)毛胚變形區(qū)均處于平面應(yīng)力狀態(tài)。通常認(rèn)為在板材表面上不受外力的作用,即使有外力作用,其數(shù)值也是較小的,所以可以認(rèn)為垂直于板面方向上的應(yīng)力為零,使板材毛胚產(chǎn)生塑性變形的是作用于板面方向上相互的兩個(gè)主應(yīng)力。由于板厚較小,通常都近似地認(rèn)為這兩個(gè)主應(yīng)力在厚度方向上是均勻分布的?;谶@樣的分析,可以把各種形式?jīng)_壓成型中的毛陪變形區(qū)的受力狀態(tài)與變形特點(diǎn),在平面應(yīng)力的應(yīng)力坐標(biāo)系中與相應(yīng)的兩向應(yīng)變坐標(biāo)系中以應(yīng)力與應(yīng)變坐標(biāo)決定的位置來(lái)表示。
4.沖壓用原材料
? ?沖壓加工用原材料有很多種,它們的性能也有很大的差別,所以必須根據(jù)原材料的性能與特點(diǎn),采用不同的沖壓成形方法、工藝參數(shù)和模具結(jié)構(gòu),才能達(dá)到?jīng)_壓加工的目的。由于人們對(duì)沖壓成形過(guò)程板材毛胚的變形行為有了較為深入的認(rèn)識(shí),已經(jīng)相當(dāng)清楚的建立了由原材料的化學(xué)成分、組織等因素所決定的材料性能與沖壓成形之間的關(guān)系,這就使原材料生產(chǎn)部門(mén)不但按照沖壓件的工作條件與使用要求進(jìn)行原材料的設(shè)計(jì)工作,而且也根據(jù)沖壓件加工過(guò)程對(duì)板材性能的要求進(jìn)行新型材料的開(kāi)發(fā)工作,這是沖壓技術(shù)在原材料研究方面的一個(gè)重要方向。對(duì)沖壓用原材料沖壓性能方面的研究工作有
(1)原材料沖壓性能的含義。
(2)判斷原材料沖壓性能的科學(xué)方法,確定可以確切反映材料沖壓性能的參數(shù),建立沖壓性能的參數(shù)與實(shí)際沖壓成形間的關(guān)系,以及沖壓性能參數(shù)的測(cè)試方法等。
(3)建立原材料的化學(xué)成分、組織和制造過(guò)程與沖壓性能之間的關(guān)系。沖壓用原材料主要是各種金屬與非金屬板材。金屬板材包括各種黑色技術(shù)和有色金屬板材。雖然在沖壓生產(chǎn)中所用金屬板材的種類(lèi)很多,但最多的原材料蛀牙是鋼板、不銹鋼板、鋁合金板及各種復(fù)合金屬板。
5.板材沖壓性能及其鑒定方法
? ? 板材是指對(duì)沖壓加工的適應(yīng)能力。對(duì)板材沖壓性能的研究具有飛行重要的意義。為了能夠運(yùn)用最科學(xué)與最經(jīng)濟(jì)合理的沖壓工藝過(guò)程與工藝參數(shù)制造出沖壓零件,必須對(duì)作為加工對(duì)象的板材的性能具有十分清楚的了解,這樣才有可能充分地利用板材在加工方面的潛在能力。另一方面,為了能夠依據(jù)沖壓件的形狀與尺寸特點(diǎn)及其所需的成形工藝等基本因素,正確、合理地選用板材,也必須對(duì)板材的沖壓性能有一個(gè)科學(xué)的認(rèn)識(shí)與正確的判斷。評(píng)定板材沖壓性能的方法有直接試驗(yàn)法與間接試驗(yàn)法。
? ?實(shí)物沖壓試驗(yàn)是最直接的板材沖壓性能的評(píng)定方法。利用實(shí)際生產(chǎn)設(shè)備與模具,在與生產(chǎn)完全相同的條件下進(jìn)行實(shí)際沖壓零件的性能評(píng)定,當(dāng)然能夠的最可靠的結(jié)果。但是,這種評(píng)定方法不具有普遍意義,不能作為行業(yè)之間的通用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行信息的交流。
? ?模擬試驗(yàn)是把生產(chǎn)中實(shí)際存在的沖壓成形方法進(jìn)行歸納與簡(jiǎn)單化處理,消除許多過(guò)于復(fù)雜的因素,利用軸對(duì)稱(chēng)的簡(jiǎn)化了的成形方法,在保證試驗(yàn)中板材的變形性質(zhì)與應(yīng)力狀態(tài)都與實(shí)際沖壓成形相同的條件下進(jìn)行的沖壓性能的評(píng)定工作。為了保證模擬試驗(yàn)結(jié)果的可靠性與通用性,規(guī)定了私分具體的關(guān)于試驗(yàn)用工具的幾何形狀與尺寸、毛胚的尺寸、試驗(yàn)條件(沖壓速度、潤(rùn)滑方法、壓邊力等)。
? ?間接試驗(yàn)法也叫做基礎(chǔ)試驗(yàn)法。間接試驗(yàn)法的特點(diǎn)是:在對(duì)板材在塑性變形過(guò)程中所表現(xiàn)出的基本性質(zhì)與規(guī)律進(jìn)行分析與研究的基礎(chǔ)上,進(jìn)一步把它和具體的沖壓成形中板材的塑性變形參數(shù)聯(lián)系起來(lái),建立間接試驗(yàn)結(jié)果(間接試驗(yàn)值)與具體的沖壓成形性能(工藝參數(shù))之間的相關(guān)性。由于間接試驗(yàn)時(shí)所用試件的形狀與尺寸以及加載的方式等都不同于具體的沖壓成形過(guò)程,所以它的變形性質(zhì)和應(yīng)力狀態(tài)也不同于沖壓變形。因此間接試驗(yàn)所得的結(jié)果(試驗(yàn)值)并不是沖壓成形的工藝參數(shù),而是可以用來(lái)表示板材沖壓性能的基礎(chǔ)性參數(shù)。
Characteristics and Sheet Metal Forming
1. The article overview
Stamping is a kind of plastic forming process in which a part is produced by means of the plastic forming the material under the action of a die. Stamping is usually carried out under cold state, so it is also called stamping. Heat stamping is used only when the blank thickness is greater than 8~100mm. The blank material for stamping is usually in the form of sheet or strip, and therefore it is also called sheet metal forming. Some non-metal sheets (such as plywood, mica sheet, asbestos, leather)can also be formed by stamping.
?? Stamping is widely used in various fields of the metalworking industry, and it plays a crucial role in the industries for manufacturing automobiles, instruments, military parts and household electrical appliances, etc.
? ?The process, equipment and die are the three foundational problems that needed to be studied in stamping.
? ?The characteristics of the sheet metal forming are as follows:
(1)? ? High material utilization
(2)? ? Capacity to produce thin-walled parts of complex shape.
(3)? ? Good interchangeability between stamping parts due to precision in shape??
and dimension.
(4)? ? Parts with lightweight, high-strength and fine rigidity can be obtained.
(5)? ? High productivity, easy to operate and to realize mechanization and? ? automatization.
? ? The manufacture of the stamping die is costly, and therefore it only fits to mass production. For the manufacture of products in small batch and rich variety, the simple stamping die and the new equipment such as a stamping machining center, are usually adopted to meet the market demands. The materials for sheet metal stamping include mild steel, copper, aluminum, magnesium alloy and high-plasticity alloy-steel, etc.??
Stamping equipment includes plate shear punching press. The former shears plate into strips with a definite width, which would be pressed later. The later can be used both in shearing and forming.
2.Characteristics of stamping forming
There are various processes of stamping forming with different working patterns and names. But these processes are similar to each other in plastic deformation. There are following conspicuous characteristics in stamping:
(1).The force per unit area perpendicular to the blank surface is not large but is enough to cause the material plastic deformation. It is much less than the inner stresses on the plate plane directions. In most cases stamping forming can be treated approximately as that of the plane stress state to simplify vastly the theoretical analysis and the calculation of the process parameters.
(2).Due to the small relative thickness, the anti-instability capability of the blank is weak under compressive stress. As a result, the stamping process is difficult to proceed successfully without using the anti-instability device (such as blank holder). Therefore the varieties of the stamping processes dominated by tensile stress are more than dominated by compressive stress.
(3).During stamping forming, the inner stress of the blank is equal to or sometimes less than the yield stress of the material. In this point, the stamping is different from the bulk forming. During stamping forming, the influence of the hydrostatic pressure of the stress state in the deformation zone to the forming limit and the deformation resistance is not so important as to the bulk forming. In some circumstances, such influence may be neglected. Even in the case when this influence should be considered, the treating method is also different from that of bulk forming.
(4).In stamping forming, the restrain action of the die to the blank is not severs as in the case of the bulk forming (such as die forging). In bulk forming, the constraint forming is proceeded by the die with exactly the same shape of the part. Whereas in stamping, in most cases, the blank has a certain degree of freedom, only one surface of the blank contacts with the die. In some extra cases, such as the forming of the blank on the deforming zone contact with the die. The deformation in these regions are caused and controlled by the die applying an external force to its adjacent area.
Due to the characteristics of stamping deformation and mechanics mentioned above, the stamping technique is different form the bulk metal forming: The importance or the strength and rigidity of the die in stamping forming is less than that in bulk forming because the blank can be formed without applying large pressure per unit area on its surface. Instead, the techniques of the simple die and the pneumatic and hydraulic forming are developed.
Due to the plane stress or simple strain state in comparison with bulk forming, more research on deformation or force and power parameters has been done. Stamping forming can be performed by more reasonable scientific methods. Based on the real time measurement and analysis on the sheet metal properties and stamping parameters, by means of computer and some modern testing apparatus, research on the intellectualized control of stamping process is also in proceeding. It is shown that there is a close relationship between stamping forming and raw material. The research on the properties of the stamping forming, that is, forming ability and shape stability, has become a key point in stamping technology development, but also enhances the manufacturing technique of iron and steel industry, and provides a reliable foundation for increasing sheet metal quality.
3.Categories of stamping forming
? ? Many deformation processes can be done by stamping, the basic processes of the stamping can be divided into two kinds: cutting and forming.Cutting is a shearing process that one part of the blank is cut from the other. It mainly includes blanking, punching, trimming, parting and shaving, where punching and blanking are the most widely used. Forming is a process that one part of the blank has some displacement from the other. It mainly includes deep drawing, bending, local forming, bulging, flanging, necking, sizing and spinning.
In substance, stamping forming is such that the plastic deformation occurs in the deformation zone of the stamping blank caused by the external force. The stress state and deformation characteristic of the deformation zone are the basic factors to decide the properties of the stamping forming. Based on the stress state and deformation characteristics of the deformation zone, the forming methods can be divided into several categories with the same forming properties and be studied systematically.
??The deformation zone in almost all types of stamping forming is in the plane stress state. Usually there is no force or only small force applied on the blank surface. When is assumed that the stress perpendicular to the blank surface equals to zero, two principal stresses perpendicular to each other and act on the blank surface produce the plastic deformation of the material. Due to the small thickness of the blank, it is assumed approximately the two principal stresses distribute uniformly along the thickness direction. Based on this analysis, the stress state and the deformation characteristics of the deformation zone in all kinds of stamping forming can be denoted by the points in the coordinates of the plane principal stresses and the coordinates of the corresponding plane principal strains.
4.Raw materials for stamping forming
There are a lot of raw materials used in stamping forming, and the properties of these materials may have large difference. The stamping forming can be succeeded only by determining the stamping method, the forming parameters and the die structures according to the properties and characteristics of the raw materials. The deformation of the blank during stamping forming has been investigated quite thoroughly. The relationships between the material properties decided by the chemistry component and structure of the material and the stamping forming has been established clearly. Not only the proper material can be selected based on the working condition and usage demand, but also the new material can be developed according to the demands of the blank properties during processing the stamping part. This is an important domain in stamping forming research. The research on the material properties for stamping forming is as follows:
(1).Definition of the stamping property of the material.
(2).Method to judge the stamping property of the material, find parameters to express the definitely material property of the stamping forming, establish the relationship between the property parameters and the practical stamping forming, and investigate the testing methods of the property parameters.
(3).Establish the relationship among the chemical component, structure, manufacturing process and stamping property.
?? The raw materials for stamping forming mainly include various metals and nonmetal plate. Sheet metal includes both ferrous and nonferrous metals. Although a lot of sheet metals are used in stamping forming, the most widely used materials are steel, stainless steel, aluminum alloy and various composite metal plates.
5.Stamping forming property of sheet metal and its assessing method
The stamping forming property of the sheet metal is the adaptation capability of the sheet metal to stamping forming. It has crucial meaning to the investigation of the stamping forming property of the sheet metal. In order to produce stamping forming parts with most scientific, economic and rational stamping forming process and forming parameters, it is necessary to understand clearly the properties of the sheet metal, so as to utilize the potential of the sheet metal fully in the production. On the other hand, to select plate material accurately and rationally in accordance with the characteristics of the shape and dimension of the stamping forming part and its forming technique is also necessary so that a scientific understanding and accurate judgment to the stamping forming properties of the sheet metal may be achieved.
There are direct and indirect testing methods to assess the stamping property of the sheet metal?.Practicality stamping test is the most direct method to assess stamping forming property of the sheet metal. This test is done exactly in the same condition as actual production by using the practical equipment and dies. Surely, this test result is most reliable. But this kind of assessing method is not comprehensively applicable, and cannot be shared as a commonly used standard between factories.
? ? The simulation test is a kind of assessing method that after simplifying and summing up actual stamping forming methods, as well as eliminating many trivial factors, the stamping properties of the sheet metal are assessed, based on simplified axial-symmetric forming method under the same deformation and stress states between the testing plate and the actual forming states. In order to guarantee the reliability and generality of simulation results, a lot of factors are regulated in detail, such as the shape and dimension of tools for test, blank dimension and testing conditions(stamping velocity, lubrication method and blank holding force, etc).???Indirect testing method is also called basic testing method its characteristic is to connect analysis and research on fundamental property and principle of the sheet metal during plastic deformation, and with the plastic deformation parameters of the sheet metal in actual stamping forming, and then to establish the relationship between the indirect testing results(indirect testing value) and the actual stamping forming property (forming parameters). Because the shape and dimension of the specimen and the loading pattern of the indirect testing are different from the actual stamping forming, the deformation characteristics and stress states of the indirect test are different from those of the actual one. So, the results obtained form the indirect test are not the stamping forming parameters, but are the fundamental parameters that can be used to represent the stamping forming property of the sheet metal.