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1、軟 件 體 系 結(jié) 構(gòu)信 息 共 享 體 系 結(jié) 構(gòu)Shared Information孫 志 崗 22021-4-27 Where are we? 32021-4-27 Families of Architectural Styles 42021-4-27 Families of Architectural Styles 52021-4-27 Families of Architectural Styles 62021-4-27 Families of Architectural Styles 72021-4-27 Shared Information Systemsn Styl

2、e represents a large variety of systems這種風(fēng)格描繪很多種系統(tǒng) many variants depending on nature of shared data共同特點(diǎn)是共享數(shù)據(jù)n Style addresses mechanisms for:風(fēng)格說(shuō)明其運(yùn)行機(jī)制是 collecting, manipulating and preserving large bodies of data收集、操作、保存大量的數(shù)據(jù)n Databases are a natural example, but not the only one數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)是一個(gè)典型的例子，但不是僅有的例子

3、 well see others in this lecture 82021-4-27 Shared Information Systemsn High level view what are the apparent features of this style?風(fēng)格的明顯特點(diǎn)是什么？ what are some issues regarding this style?這種這個(gè)風(fēng)格有什么可研究的問(wèn)題？ 92021-4-27 Shared Information Systemsn Advantageseasy to add consumers and producers of data很容

4、易增加數(shù)據(jù)的生產(chǎn)者和消費(fèi)者n How about modifier?n Issuessynchronization（同步）configuration and schema management（配置和管理）atomicity（原子性）consistency（一致性）persistence（持久性） performance（性能） 102021-4-27 Shared Information Systems Lineagen Earliest repositories appear in batch sequential systems早期的倉(cāng)庫(kù)出現(xiàn)在批處理系統(tǒng) mainframes, dru

5、ms, magnetic tapes, disc drives resources manually managed人工調(diào)配資源n Pressure for on-line access to data迫切需要數(shù)據(jù)即時(shí)存取 requirement to make access to data easy and instant簡(jiǎn)捷地?cái)?shù)據(jù)存取 help to drive the shift from batch-sequential to interactive processing 促進(jìn)了從批處理到交互式處理的轉(zhuǎn)變 112021-4-27 Shared Information Systems

6、Lineagen Todayshared information systems appear everywhere from the smallest business, to the most advanced scientific applications從最小的商業(yè)應(yīng)用到最頂尖的科學(xué)應(yīng)用，信息共享無(wú)處不在many applications provide access mechanisms to shared data很多應(yīng)用提供對(duì)共享數(shù)據(jù)的存取機(jī)制the Web has become a giant distributed repositoryWeb成為龐大的分布式倉(cāng)庫(kù) 12202

7、1-4-27 Evolution of Shared Information Systemsn Batch Sequential Systemsflat file access (I/O) 132021-4-27 Early File Accessn In the earliest systems, code had to be written to position the media, read the data, and do any associated “house cleaning” operations.早期的系統(tǒng)，很難編寫代碼來(lái)完成定位存儲(chǔ)介質(zhì)、讀數(shù)據(jù)等操作 142021-

8、4-27 Early File Accessn Advances in OS development focused on the abstraction of devices the demand to use external data helped to drive the development of more capable file systemsn flat file systems - one level of directories that contain only filesn hierarchical file systems - directories that ca

9、n contain files and more directories n language and OS support for many file types and file access methods 152021-4-27 Evolution of Shared Information Systemsn Datapool (Shared Memory) Example: Enabled by availability of RAM and languages to permit the sharing of common data (E.g., FORTRAN COMMON B

10、LOCK) Processes are not necessarily sequential Gets messy without implementation rules - what are the issues? 162021-4-27 Repository Architecture 172021-4-27 Unified Schemas for IntegratingDatabasesAbstraction:multiplex the databases; putfilters on the query/update tomatch diverse views抽象：復(fù)合多個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)；

11、在查詢/更新操作中增加過(guò)濾器來(lái)匹配不同的視圖 182021-4-27 Multi-databases 192021-4-27 Evolving Database Architecturesn Batch processing: Standalone programs （獨(dú)立的程序） results were passed from one to another on magtape （結(jié)果通過(guò)磁帶從一個(gè)程序傳到另一個(gè)程序） batch sequential model （批處理風(fēng)格）n Interactive processing: concurrent operation and fas

12、ter updates preclude batching, so updates are out of synch with reports. 并行操作、更快的更新速度，但是使更新和報(bào)告難以保持同步。 Repository model with external control （倉(cāng)庫(kù)風(fēng)格） 202021-4-27 Evolving Database Architecturesn Unified schemas:create one virtual database by defining (passive) consistent conversion mappings to multip

13、le DBs建立一個(gè)虛擬數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，定義到多個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的靜態(tài)映射n Multi-database: DBs have many users; passive mappings dont suffice; use active agents. 數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)有很多用戶；靜態(tài)映射不滿足要求；使用活動(dòng)的代理。 “Layered” hierarchy層次風(fēng)格 212021-4-27 Computer Aided SoftwareEngineeringn Initially just translation from source to object code: compiler, library, linker,

14、 make起初，就是做從源代碼到目標(biāo)代碼的轉(zhuǎn)換n Grew to include design record, documentation, analysis, configuration control, incrementality開始包含分析、設(shè)計(jì)、調(diào)試、測(cè)試、文檔、配置管理、增量編譯等功能 n Integration demanded for 20 years, but not here yet.集成已經(jīng)作了20年，但還沒有結(jié)束 222021-4-27 CASE vs. DBMSn As compared to databases, CASE has:more types of da

15、ta更多的數(shù)據(jù)類型fewer instances of each type更少的數(shù)據(jù)類型實(shí)例slower query rates 更慢的查詢頻率larger, more complex, less discrete information更大，更復(fù)雜，更集中的信息 but not shorter lifetime生命周期沒有更短 232021-4-27 Traditional Compiler 242021-4-27 Example: Modern CanonicalCompiler 252021-4-27 Canonical Compiler 262021-4-27 Software

16、 Tools with SharedRepresentation 272021-4-27 Evolution of CASE EnvironmentsEvolution is much like databases:n Interaction: batch - interactive交互：批處理交互式n Granularity: complete processing -incremental粒度：完全處理增量n Coverage: compilation - full life cycle覆蓋：編譯全生命周期n Like databases, started with batch sequ

17、ential style從批處理風(fēng)格開始n Integration needs led to repositories with rigid control, then to open systems in layers對(duì)集成性的要求，促成了倉(cāng)庫(kù)風(fēng)格被應(yīng)用，讓系統(tǒng)開始分層 282021-4-27 Varieties of RepositoriesDiscriminate on control strategy（在控制策略上的區(qū)別）n Predetermined by designer （設(shè)計(jì)者預(yù)先定義好） Compilersn Driven by types of information i

18、n input stream 輸入流的信息類型決定 Database transaction systemn Driven by availability of new information from other parts of the system （系統(tǒng)其他部分的新信息決定） Scratchboard （刮板）n Opportunistic: driven by state of computation機(jī)會(huì)主義：計(jì)算的狀態(tài)決定 Blackboard 292021-4-27 Repository (Blackboard) 302021-4-27 The Blackboard Mode

19、ln Knowledge Sources Problem-appropriate knowledge partitioned into separate, independent computations把問(wèn)題分成幾個(gè)部分，每個(gè)部分獨(dú)立計(jì)算 React to changes in blackboard響應(yīng)黑板上的變化n Blackboard Data Structure Global database containing entire state of problem solution全局?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)庫(kù)包含解域的全部狀態(tài) Only means by which knowledge sources i

20、nteract知識(shí)源互相作用的唯一媒介n Control Knowledge sources respond “opportunistically”讓知識(shí)源響應(yīng)偶然事件 312021-4-27 The Blackboard Model 322021-4-27 Blackboard Architecturen Key ideas knowledge shared and distributed among some number of cooperating processes知識(shí)在一些協(xié)作的processes之間共享和分布 opportunistic processing of data機(jī)

21、會(huì)主義地處理數(shù)據(jù)n The Blackboard Architecture have 3 major components knowledge sources （知識(shí)源） blackboard （黑板） control （控制）n Historical examples: Hearsay I, Hearsay II, HASP/SAIP, CRYSALIS, ATOME Originally most were from signal processing/interpretation domains （信號(hào)處理、專家系統(tǒng)、模式識(shí)別領(lǐng)域經(jīng)常采用） 332021-4-27 Blackboard

22、 Architecture 342021-4-27 Blackboard Problem Characteristicsn no direct algorithmic solution沒有直接的算法可解 multiple approaches to solving the problem多種方法都可能解決問(wèn)題 various domain expertise required to solve the problem需要多個(gè)領(lǐng)域的專門知識(shí)協(xié)作解決n uncertainty error and variability in data and solution數(shù)據(jù)和解決方法可能錯(cuò)誤或變化 mod

23、erate to low “signal-to-noise-ratio” in data數(shù)據(jù)中信噪比的變化 Uncertainty interferes with algorithmic solutions算法接口的變化 352021-4-27 Blackboard Problem Characteristicsn “Best-effort” or approximation is good enoughno single discrete answer to problem, or “right” answer may vary問(wèn)題沒有唯一的解答，或者“正確”答案會(huì)變化n examples

24、signal processing （信號(hào)處理）problem solving (planning, logistics, diagnostics) compiler optimization 362021-4-27 Knowledge Sourcesn Objective: contribute knowledge that leads to solution提供解決問(wèn)題的知識(shí)n Representation: procedures, sets of rules, logic assertions過(guò)程、規(guī)則、邏輯斷言n Action: modify only the blackboard

25、(or control data - magic)只修改黑板n Responsibility: know when its possible to help知道何時(shí)能發(fā)揮作用n Selection: loosely-coupled subtasks, or areas of specialization低耦合的子任務(wù)，或者有特別的能力 372021-4-27 Blackboard Data Structuren Objective: hold data for use by knowledge sources保存知識(shí)源要使用的數(shù)據(jù)n Representation: stores object

26、s from solution space, including保存來(lái)自解空間的數(shù)據(jù)，包括 n input data, partial solutions, alternatives, final solutions, control datan objects and properties define the terms of the discoursen relationships are denoted by named links (“next-to”, “part-of”)n Organization: hierarchical, possibly multiple hierarc

27、hies; links between objects on same or different levels分層；鏈接同層或不同層的對(duì)象 382021-4-27 Controln Objective:make knowledge sources respond opportunistically讓知識(shí)源響應(yīng)偶然事件n Representation:keeps various sorts of information about which knowledge sources could operate and picks a sequence that allows the solutio

28、n process to proceed a step at a time了解各個(gè)知識(shí)源的能力，決策解決問(wèn)題的步驟n Remark: the control mechanisms are thoroughly ad hoc控制機(jī)制是徹底的與時(shí)俱進(jìn) 392021-4-27 Example：The Puzzle Metaphor 402021-4-27 Example：The Puzzle Metaphorn Data within the blackboard is often structured hierarchicallyLevel 4 assemble chunksLevel 3 b

29、uild chunks of edges build chunks of skyLevel 2 collect edge piecescollect sky piecesLevel 1 Turn all pieces picture side up 412021-4-27 Hearsay IIn Complex blackboard system to deal with arbitrary speech recongition (a difficult problem):Ambiguity in segmentation（音節(jié)分割問(wèn)題）: “Marys truck” versus “Mar

30、y struck” Ambiguity in stress（重音問(wèn)題）: “disease” versus “dizzies”Ambiguity in grammar（語(yǔ)法問(wèn)題）: “The horse raced past the barn fell” Ambiguity in semantics（語(yǔ)義問(wèn)題）: “I saw the man on the hill with the binoculars” 422021-4-27 Problem Solving Strategyn Had to be incremental, opportunistic, flexible必須是增量的、機(jī)會(huì)

31、的、靈活的n Hearsay-II employed several strategies: Bottom-up (synthetic) Top-down (analytic) General hypothesize-and-test （猜測(cè)和測(cè)試）n Blackboard structure entertained many simultaneous hypotheses黑板結(jié)構(gòu)可以同時(shí)處理多種假設(shè)n Control was complex: had a monitor portion and a priority based scheduler控制很復(fù)雜：有一個(gè)監(jiān)視器，采用基于優(yōu)先級(jí)的調(diào)度

32、 432021-4-27 Hearsay II Structure 442021-4-27 Lecture Summaryn Repositories are ubiquitous in computer-based applications.倉(cāng)庫(kù)在計(jì)算機(jī)應(yīng)用中幾乎無(wú)處不在n Shared information systems in many areas show similar trends, stimulated by similar technological and business pressures.信息共享系統(tǒng)在很多領(lǐng)域有相似的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)，因?yàn)橛邢嗨频募夹g(shù)和商業(yè)壓力的激勵(lì)n Blackboards are specialized types of repositories for dealing with “messy” information processing domains where the control strategy must be opportunistic.黑板是一種特別的倉(cāng)庫(kù)，主要用于需要對(duì)凌亂的信息進(jìn)行處理的領(lǐng)域，其控制策略必須是機(jī)會(huì)主義的