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1、 什么叫句子成分呢？句子的組成成分叫句子成分。在句子中，詞與詞之間有一定的組合關(guān)系，按照不同的關(guān)系，可以把句子分為不同的組成成分。句子成分由詞或詞組充當(dāng)?，F(xiàn)代漢語里一般的句子成分有六種，即主語、謂語、賓語、定語、狀語和補(bǔ)語。英語的基本成分有七種：主語（subject）、謂語（predicate）、表語（predicative）、賓語（object）、定語（attribute）、狀語(adverbial) 和補(bǔ)語（complement）。英語句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)可以歸納成五種基本句型及其擴(kuò)大、組合、省略或倒裝。掌握這五種基本句型，是掌握各種英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)。英語五種基本句型列式如下：一： （主謂）二

2、： （主系表）三： （主謂賓）四： （主謂間賓直賓） 五： （主謂賓賓補(bǔ)） 基本句型 一： （主謂）主語：可以作主語的成分有名詞（如boy），主格代詞（如you），動(dòng)詞不定式，動(dòng)名詞等。主語一般在句首。注意名詞單數(shù)形式常和冠詞不分家！ 謂語：謂語由動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成，是英語時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)變化的主角，一般在主語之后。不及物動(dòng)詞（vi.）沒有賓語，形成主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，如：We come. 此句型的句子有一個(gè)共同特點(diǎn)，即句子的謂語動(dòng)詞都能表達(dá)完整的意思。這類動(dòng)詞叫做不及物動(dòng)詞，后面可以跟副詞、介詞短語、狀語從句等。 （不及物動(dòng)詞） 1. The sun was shining. 太陽在照耀著。2. The moon r

3、ose. 月亮升起了。3. The universe remains. 宇宙長(zhǎng)存。4. We all breathe, eat, and drink. 我們大家都呼吸、吃和喝。5. Who cares? 管它呢？ 6. What he said does not matter. 他所講的沒有什么關(guān)系。 7. They talked for half an hour. 他們談了半個(gè)小時(shí)。 8. The pen writes smoothly 這支筆書寫流利。 基本句型 二： （主系表）此句型的句子有一個(gè)共同的特點(diǎn)：句子謂語動(dòng)詞都不能表達(dá)一個(gè)完整的意思，必須加上一個(gè)表明主語身份或狀態(tài)的表語構(gòu)成復(fù)合

4、謂語，才能表達(dá)完整的意思。這類動(dòng)詞叫做連系動(dòng)詞。系動(dòng)詞分兩類：be, look, keep, seem等屬一類，表示情況；get, grow, become, turn等屬另一類，表示變化。be 本身沒有什么意義,只起連系主語和表語的作用。其它系動(dòng)詞仍保持其部分詞義。感官動(dòng)詞多可用作聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞：look well/面色好,sound nice/聽起來不錯(cuò),feel good/感覺好，smell bad/難聞 （是系動(dòng)詞） 1. This is an English-Chinese dictionary. 這是本英漢辭典。2. The dinner smells good. 午餐的氣味很好。3.

5、He fell in love. 他墮入了情網(wǎng)。 4. Everything looks different. 一切看來都不同了。5. He is growing tall and strong. 他長(zhǎng)得又高又壯6. The troubleis that they are short of money. 麻煩的是他們?nèi)鄙馘X。7. Our well has gone dry. 我們井干枯了。 8. His face turned red. 他的臉紅了。 There be 結(jié)構(gòu)： There be 表示存在有。這里的there沒有實(shí)際意義，不可與副詞there那里混淆。 此結(jié)構(gòu)后跟名詞，表示（存在

6、）有某事物 試比較：There is a boy there.（那兒有一個(gè)男孩。）/前一個(gè)there無實(shí)意，后一個(gè)there為副詞那里。 基本句型 三： （主謂賓）此句型句子的共同特點(diǎn)是：謂語動(dòng)詞都具有實(shí)義，都是主語產(chǎn)生的動(dòng)作，但不能表達(dá)完整的意思，必須跟有一個(gè)賓語，即動(dòng)作的承受者，才能使意思完整。這類動(dòng)詞叫做及物動(dòng)詞。賓語位于及物動(dòng)詞之后，一般同主語構(gòu)成一樣，不同的是構(gòu)成賓語的代詞必須是代詞賓格，如：me，him，them等 （及物動(dòng)詞） 1. Who knows the answer? 誰知道答案？ 2. She smiled her thanks. 她微笑表示感謝。3. He has r

7、efused to help them. 他拒絕幫他們。4. He enjoys reading. 他喜歡看書。5. They ate what was left over. 他們吃了剩飯。6. He said Good morning. 他說：早上好！7. I want to have a cup of tea. 我想喝杯茶。 8. He admits that he was mistaken. 他承認(rèn)犯了錯(cuò)誤。 基本句型 四： （主謂間賓直賓）有些及物動(dòng)詞可以有兩個(gè)賓語，如：give給，pass遞，bring帶，show顯示。這兩個(gè)賓語通常一個(gè)指人，為間接賓語；一個(gè)指物，為直接賓語。間接賓

8、語一般位于直接賓語之前。 一般的順序?yàn)椋簞?dòng)詞 + 間接賓語 + 直接賓語。如：Give me a cup of tea,please.強(qiáng)調(diào)間接賓語順序?yàn)椋簞?dòng)詞 + 直接賓語 +介詞+ 間接賓語。如：Show this house to Mr.Smith. （及物） （多指人） （多指物） 1. She ordered herself a new dress. 她給自己定了一套新衣裳。2. She cooked her husband a delicious meal. 她給丈夫煮了一頓美餐。3. He brought you a dictionary. 他給你帶來了一本字典。4. He den

9、ies her nothing. 他對(duì)她什么都不拒絕。5. I showed him my pictures. 我給他看我的照片6. I gave my car a wash. 我洗了我的汽車。7. I told him that the bus was late. 我告訴他汽車晚點(diǎn)了。 8. He showed me how to run the machine. 他教我開機(jī)器。 基本句型 五： （主謂賓賓補(bǔ)）此句型的句子的共同特點(diǎn)是：動(dòng)詞雖然是及物動(dòng)詞，但是只跟一個(gè)賓語還不能表達(dá)完整的意思，必須加上一個(gè)補(bǔ)充成分來補(bǔ)足賓語，才能使意思完整。賓語補(bǔ)足語：位于賓語之后對(duì)賓語作出說明的成分。賓語與

10、其補(bǔ)足語有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，它們一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語。名詞/代詞賓格 + 名詞The war made him a soldier./戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)使他成為一名戰(zhàn)士.名詞/代詞賓格 + 形容詞New methods make the job easy./新方法使這項(xiàng)工作變得輕松. 名詞/代詞賓格 + 介詞短語I often find him at work./我經(jīng)常發(fā)現(xiàn)他在工作. 名詞/代詞賓格 + 動(dòng)詞不定式The teacher ask the students to close the windows./老師讓學(xué)生們關(guān)上窗戶. 名詞/代詞賓格 + 分詞I saw a cat running acros

11、s the road./我看見一只貓跑過了馬路. （及物） （賓語） （賓補(bǔ)） 1. They appointed him manager. 他們?nèi)蚊?dāng)經(jīng)理。2. They painted the door green. 他們把門漆成綠色3. This set them thinking. 這使得他們要細(xì)想一想。4. They found the house deserted. 他們發(fā)現(xiàn)那房子無人居住。5. What makes him think so? 他怎么會(huì)這樣想？6. We saw him out. 我們送他出去7. He asked me to come back soon. 他

12、要我早點(diǎn)回來。8. I saw them getting on the bus. 我看見他們上了那輛公共汽車。 但常用的英語句子并不都象基本句型這樣簡(jiǎn)短，這些句子除了基本句型的成分不變外，通常是在這些成分的前面或后面增加一些修飾語（modifier）而加以擴(kuò)大。這些修飾語可以是單詞（主要是形容詞、副詞和數(shù)詞），也可以是各種類型的短語（主要是介詞短語、不定式短語和分詞短語）。我們稱之為：定語、狀語一、 定語：定語是對(duì)名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語或句子，漢語中常用的表示。定語通常位于被修飾的成分前。若修飾some,any,every,no構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞時(shí)，（如：something、no

13、thing）；或不定式、分詞短語作定語、從句作定語時(shí)，則定語通常置后。副詞用作定語時(shí)須放在名詞之后。 形容詞作定語： The little boy needs a blue pen.(little修飾名詞boy；blue修飾名詞pen.）/小男孩需要一支蘭色的鋼筆。 Tom is a handsome boy./Tom是個(gè)英俊的男孩。 There is a good boy./有個(gè)乖男孩。數(shù)詞作定語相當(dāng)于形容詞： Two boys need two pens./兩個(gè)男孩需要兩支鋼筆。 The two boys are students./這兩個(gè)男孩是學(xué)生。 There are two boys

14、 in the room./房間里有兩個(gè)男孩。 代詞或名詞所有格作定語： His boy needs Toms pen./他的男孩需要Tom的鋼筆。 His name is Tom./他的名字是湯姆。 介詞短語作定語： The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours./教室里的男孩需要你的一支鋼筆。 The boy in blue is Tom./穿蘭色衣服的孩子是湯姆。 There are two boys of 9,and three of 10./有兩個(gè)9歲的，三個(gè)10歲的男孩。 名詞作定語： The boy needs a ball pen.

15、/男孩需要一支圓珠筆。 There is only one ball pen in the pencil box./這鉛筆盒里只有一支圓珠筆。 副詞作定語： The boy there needs a pen./那兒的男孩需要一支鋼筆。 The best boy here is Tom./這里最棒的男孩是Tom。 不定式作定語： The boy to write this letter needs a pen./寫這封信的男孩需要一支鋼筆。 There is nothing to do today./今天無事要做。 分詞（短語）作定語： The smiling boy needs a pen

16、bought by his mother./那個(gè)微笑的男孩需要一支他媽媽買的鋼筆。 The pen bought by her is made in China./她買的筆是中國產(chǎn)的。 There are five boys left./有五個(gè)留下的男孩。 定語從句： The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday./那個(gè)在閱讀的男孩需要你昨天買的鋼筆。 The boy you will know is Tom./你將認(rèn)識(shí)的男孩叫湯姆。 There are five boys who will play the g

17、ame./參加游戲的男孩有五個(gè)。 二、狀語：狀語修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或全句，說明方式、因果、條件、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、讓步、方向、程度、目的等。狀語在句子中的位置很靈活，常見情況為：通常在句子基本結(jié)構(gòu)之后，強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)放在句首；修飾形容詞或副詞時(shí)，通常位于被修飾的詞之前；表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、目的的狀語一般位于句子兩頭，強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)放在句首，地點(diǎn)狀語一般須在時(shí)間狀語之前；一些表示不確定時(shí)間（如：often）或程度（如：almost）的副詞狀語通常位于be動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞之后，動(dòng)詞之前。 有時(shí)狀語在句中的某個(gè)位置會(huì)引起歧義，應(yīng)注意，如：The boy calls the girl in the classroom

18、.一般理解成男孩喊教室里的女孩（此時(shí)in the classroom為girl的定語），也可以理解為男孩在教室里喊女孩（此時(shí)in the classroom為地點(diǎn)狀語），最好寫作In the classroom,the boy calls the girl. 副詞（短語）作狀語： The boy needs a pen very much./男孩非常需要一支鋼筆。（程度狀語） The boy needs very much the pen bought by his mother./男孩非常需要他母親買的那支鋼筆。（賓語較長(zhǎng)則狀語前置） The boy really needs a pen./

19、男孩真的需要一支鋼筆。（程度狀語） The boy needs a pen now./Now,the boy needs a pen./The boy,now,needs a pen./男孩現(xiàn)在需要一支鋼筆。（時(shí)間狀語） 介詞短語作狀語：In the classroom,the boy needs a pen./在教室里，男孩需要一支鋼筆。（地點(diǎn)狀語） Before his mother,Tom is always a boy./在母親面前,湯姆總是一個(gè)男孩子.(條件狀語) On Sundays,there is no student in the classroom./星期天,教室里沒有學(xué)生

20、.(時(shí)間狀語) 分詞（短語）作狀語： He sits there,asking for a pen./他坐在那兒要一支筆。（表示伴隨狀態(tài)） Having to finish his homework,the boy needs a pen./因?yàn)椴坏貌煌瓿勺鳂I(yè)，男孩需要一支筆。（原因狀語） Frightened,he sits there soundlessly./（因?yàn)椋┦芰梭@嚇，他無聲地坐在那兒。（原因狀語） 不定式作狀語： The boy needs a pen to do his homework./男孩需要一支筆寫家庭作業(yè)。（目的狀語） To make his dream come

21、true,Tom becomes very interested in business./為實(shí)現(xiàn)夢(mèng)想,湯姆變得對(duì)商業(yè)很有興趣. 名詞作狀語 ： Come this way!/走這條路！（方向狀語） 狀語從句：時(shí)間狀語從句、地點(diǎn)狀語從句、原因狀語從句、結(jié)果狀語從句、目的狀語從句、比較狀語從句、讓步狀語從句、條件狀語從句 三、同位語：同位語是在名詞或代詞之后并列名詞或代詞對(duì)前者加以說明的成分，近乎于后置定語。如： We students should study hard. / (students是we的同位語，都是指同一批學(xué)生） We all are students. / (all是we的同

22、位語，都指同樣的我們） 四、獨(dú)立成分：有時(shí)句子中會(huì)有一些與句子沒有語法聯(lián)系的成分，稱為句子獨(dú)立成分(注意：區(qū)別于分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu))。感嘆詞：oh,hello,aha,ah,等?？隙ㄔ~yes否定詞no稱呼語：稱呼人的用語。插入語：一些句中插入的 I think , I believe,等。如: The story,I think,has never come to the end./我相信,這個(gè)故事還遠(yuǎn)沒結(jié)束.情態(tài)詞,表示說話人的語氣（多作為修飾全句的狀語）:perhaps也許,maybe大概,acturely實(shí)際上,certainly當(dāng)然，等。 五、分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)：分詞作狀語時(shí)其邏輯主語與句子的主語

23、一致! 否則應(yīng)有自己的邏輯主語，構(gòu)成分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)。例：錯(cuò)句：Studying hard,your score will go up.正確：(1) Studying hard,you can make your score go up.或 (2)If you study hard,your score will go up.解析：錯(cuò)句中分詞studying沒有自帶邏輯主語，則其邏輯主語就是句子的主語，既your score . 顯然做study的應(yīng)是人，不應(yīng)是your score（分?jǐn)?shù)）. 正確句(1)更正了句子的主語,使其與分詞邏輯主語一致( 同為you );正確句(2)則使用條件分句帶出st

24、udy的主語,(不過已經(jīng)不是分詞結(jié)構(gòu)了). 分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)常省略being,having been.不過There being.的場(chǎng)合不能省略.如： Game (being) over,he went home. He stands there,book (being) in hand. 獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)還可用with、without引導(dǎo)，作狀語或定語。這種結(jié)構(gòu)不但可以用分詞，還可以用不定式、形容詞、介詞短語、副詞或名詞等。 如： With nothing to do,he fell asleep soon./無事可做，他很快就睡著了。 The teacher came in,with glasses

25、on his nose./老師進(jìn)來了，戴著一付眼鏡。（注意，此句on his nose不可省略！） 句子成分練習(xí)題( 一 ) (一). 指出下列句中主語的中心詞（4分， 4分鐘） The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom. There is an old man coming here. The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year. To do todays homework without the teachers help is ve

26、ry difficult. (二) 選出句中謂語的中心詞（10分， 10分鐘） I dont like the picture on the wall. A. dont B. like C. picture D. wall The days get longer and longer when summer comes. A. get B. longer C. days D. summer Do you usually go to school by bus? A. Do B. usually C.go D. bus There will be a meeting at the library

27、 this afternoon. A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast? A.Did B. twins C. have D. breakfast Tom didnt do his homework yesterday. A. Tom B. didnt C. do D. his homework What I want to tell you is this. A. want B. to tell C. you D. is We had b

28、etter send for a doctor. A. We B. had C. send D. doctor He is interested in music. A. is B. interested C. in D. music Whom did you give my book to? A. give B.did C. whom D. book (三) 挑出下列句中的賓語（10分，10分鐘） My brother hasnt done his homework. People all over the world speak English. You must pay good att

29、ention to your pronunciation. How many new words did you learn last class? Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill. They made him monitor of the class. Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left. You wi

30、ll find it useful after you leave school. They didnt know who Father Christmas really is. (四) 挑出下列句中的表語（5分， 5分鐘） The old man was feeling very tired. Why is he worried about Jim? The leaves have turned yellow. Soon They all became interested in the subject. She was the first to learn about it. (五) 挑出

31、下列句中的定語（6分，6分鐘） They use Mr, Mrs with the family name. What is your given name? On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3. I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor. The man downstairs was trying to sleep. I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe! (六) 挑出下列句中的賓語補(bǔ)足語（6分， 6分鐘） She likes the c

32、hildren to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. He asked her to take the boy out of school. She found it difficult to do the work. They call me Lily sometimes. I saw Mr Wang get on the bus. Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now? (七) 挑出下列句中的狀語（8分， 8分鐘） There was a

33、big smile on her face. Every night he heard the noise upstairs. He began to learn English when he was eleven. The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast. With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off. She loves the library because she loves books. I am afraid that if youve lost it,

34、you must pay for it. The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine. (八) 劃出句中的直接賓語和間接賓語（5分， 5分鐘） Please tell us a story. My father bought a new bike for me last week. Mr Li is going to teach us history next term. Here is a pen.Give it to Tom. Did he leave any message for me? 句子成分練習(xí)題( 二 )指

35、出下列句子中劃線部分的句子成分： 1.Whether well go depend on the weather . 2. Peoples standards of living are going up steadily . 3. That was how they were defeated. 4.The nursery takes good care of our children . 5.Ill return the book to you tomorrow . 6.We are sure that we shall succeed . 7.The woman with a baby

36、in her arms is his other . 8.There are many film that Id like to see. 9.Have you met the person about whom he was speaking ? 10.I have a lot of work to do . 11.Anyway I wont stop you from doing it . 12.I said it in fun . 13.We can send a car over to fetch you . 14.She had to work standing up . 15.Se

37、eing this ,some comrades became very worried . 16.Much interested , he agreed to give it a try . 17.The bus arrived ten minutes late . 18.We should serve the people heart and soul. 19.Spring coming on , the tree turned green . 20.Some farmers saw something strange in the sky . 21.We think it necessary that everyone should attend the meeting . 22.Its strange that she doesnt come today . 23.It was in the library that I come today . 24.He likes drawing at times when he isnt working . 25.We left in such a hurry that we forgot to lock the door.