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1、Roy H. Campbell (rhccs.uiuc.edu) Active SpacesRoy H. Campbellrhccs.uiuc.eduComputer Science DepartmentUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Roy H. Campbell (rhccs.uiuc.edu)Mark Weiser Roy H. Campbell (rhccs.uiuc.edu) Introductionn A standard definition for an Active Space does not exist, but it

2、 is evolving.n There are different approaches regarding functionality required and implementation details. Roy H. Campbell (rhccs.uiuc.edu) Overviewn Georgia Tech, Microsoft:n Emerging perspectivesn University of Illinois:n Scalen Software Infrastructuren Berkeley, M.I.T., Washington: n Comparison R

3、oy H. Campbell (rhccs.uiuc.edu) Active Spaces Propertiesn Some common requirements:n Location Detectionn Contextual Modeln Autonomous and Responsive Behaviorn Correlation of Heterogeneous Input n Interaction Mechanism Roy H. Campbell (rhccs.uiuc.edu) Example ImplementationsClassroom 2000. Georgia Te

4、chn Goal: Preservation and augmentation of electronic notes taken by students and teachers.n Attach and synchronize audio, video and annotations to class notes Roy H. Campbell (rhccs.uiuc.edu) n The architectural scheme must be able to evolve with time. n Scheme phases:n Preproduction: Automate task

5、s to begin class Liven Capture: Record and timestamp all events associated to class.n Postproduction: Support development of interfaces to integrate and associate related streams. n Access: Provide a universal access method (WEB)Example ImplementationsClassroom 2000. Georgia Tech Roy H. Campbell (rh

6、ccs.uiuc.edu) n First implementation:n Useful as an experimentation prototype.n Equipment and software not good enough.n Lessons learned were applied to the next implementation.Example ImplementationsClassroom 2000. Georgia Tech Roy H. Campbell (rhccs.uiuc.edu) n Living Laboratoryn Completely equipp

7、ed classroom that hosted several coursesn Improved software that allowed better media integration.n Software infrastructure did not require as much attention from users as in previous implementation (invisibility required by ubiquitous computing)Example ImplementationsClassroom 2000. Georgia Tech Ro

8、y H. Campbell (rhccs.uiuc.edu) n Their conclusions:n There should be a motivating application.n Built system should address some notion of scale:n Physical space covered.n Number of individuals involved.n Number and variety of devices supported. n Amount of time over which the application is run.n S

9、ystem must be subjected to real and everyday usage before being subject of authentic evaluation.Example ImplementationsClassroom 2000. Georgia Tech Roy H. Campbell (rhccs.uiuc.edu) n Focuses on physical home and work environments.n Computing must be as natural as lightingExample Implementations Easy

10、Living. Microsoft Roy H. Campbell (rhccs.uiuc.edu) n People are the central entities of the Active Space.n Main characteristics of their intelligent environment:n Self-awarenessn Casual accessn ExtensibilityExample Implementations EasyLiving. Microsoft Roy H. Campbell (rhccs.uiuc.edu) n Self-awarene

11、ss:“EasyLiving spaces must be aware of their own activity and contents to allow appropriate responses to the movement of people and their requests”n Requirements:n Geometryn People within space n Peoples actions and preferencesn Resources availableExample Implementations EasyLiving. Microsoft Roy H.

12、 Campbell (rhccs.uiuc.edu) n Casual Access“Users should not be required to go to a special place to interact with the computer. Nor should they be required to wear special devices or markers to have the computer know where they are”n The computer is everywhere.Example Implementations EasyLiving. Mic

13、rosoft Roy H. Campbell (rhccs.uiuc.edu) n Extensibility:“EasyLiving capabilities should grow automatically as new hardware is added”Example Implementations EasyLiving. Microsoft Roy H. Campbell (rhccs.uiuc.edu) n Design issues:n Sensing and Modeling: video camerasn User interfaces: new approaches, m

14、igrationn PrivacyExample Implementations EasyLiving. Microsoft Roy H. Campbell (rhccs.uiuc.edu) n Design issues:n Architecture for extensibilityCentralServer RoomServerRoomServer DeviceDeviceDeviceDeviceExample Implementations EasyLiving. Microsoft Roy H. Campbell (rhccs.uiuc.edu) The future of comp

15、uting is n implicit n to sense and affect its surroundingsn interconnected and mobile n nimble and adaptive Active Spaces UIUC Roy H. Campbell (rhccs.uiuc.edu) Vision: Pervasive Computingn Anywhere/anytime collaborationn “Real world” environmentsn augmented with information spacesn Mobility and ubiq

16、uityn Applications like design and prototyping Roy H. Campbell (rhccs.uiuc.edu) Implicit Computingn Featuresn embedded in every day devicesn mobile and interconnectedn pervasive throughout the environmentn coupled to information sourcesn active, modifying their environmentn Analogy n telephone (impl

17、icit)n telegraph (explicit) Roy H. Campbell (rhccs.uiuc.edu) Research Visionn Distributed, multimodal collaborationn situated and mobilen varying resourcesn bandwidth, computing, power, and display capabilitiesn varying collaboration intensities n focused, interested, and ambientn dynamic reconfigur

18、ation and adaptationn resources and modalities Roy H. Campbell (rhccs.uiuc.edu) Intelligent Spacesn Smart roomsn intelligent offices domiciles of mobile usersn conference and seminar rooms multiway collaborationn Virtual environmentsn smart device prototyping and information space introspectionn Lon

19、e rangers n local, high-bandwidth mobile collaboratorsn Road warriorsn remote, low-bandwidth mobile collaboratorsn Prototyping laboratoriesn smart device stereolithographic fabrication Roy H. Campbell (rhccs.uiuc.edu) Research Visionn Three software pillarsn dynamic, interoperable software framework

20、sn multimodal, adaptive networkingn controls for adaptive managementn Hardware testbeds n smart rooms and virtual environmentsn mobile users and devicesn device prototypingn development infrastructure Roy H. Campbell (rhccs.uiuc.edu) Smart Roomsn Componentsn intelligent physical objects (“rocks”)n a

21、mbient condition sensorsn user, object, and location identifiersn X10 automation sensors and controls n lighting, power, temperature controlsn commercial speech toolsn limited vocabulary voice commandsn voice acknowledgmentsn tracking camerasn distributed collaboration and localization DARPA CPOF Ro

22、y H. Campbell (rhccs.uiuc.edu) Smart Roomsn Components (continued)n smart white boardsn “brain storming” and digital ink capturen multiple displaysn conference LCD displays n high-resolution flat panelsn multiway conferences and digital video n digital video encodersn MPEG and HDTV multicastn multim

23、odal networksn infrared, spread spectrum radio, Ethernet, and ATM Roy H. Campbell (rhccs.uiuc.edu) Lone Rangersn Rationalen continuous connectivityn local, mobile collaboratorsn “drop in” for smart room collaborationsn Components n wearable computers with wireless networksn multimedia workstations/P

24、Cs Roy H. Campbell (rhccs.uiuc.edu) Road Warriorsn Rationalen wide-area mobile collaboratorsn low bandwidth connectivityn Componentsn personal digital assistants (PDAs) n Palm Pilotn palmtop computersn Toshiba Libretto and/or Windows CE systemsn two-way pagersn RIM/Bellsouth or Motorola ReFLEX PageW

25、riter Roy H. Campbell (rhccs.uiuc.edu) Virtual Environmentsn Componentsn drafting table ImmersaDesksn gaze tracking hardwaren tactile data glovesn Continuing EVL collaborationn virtual environment software n ImmersaDesk prototypesn Wallsn 30 ft x 9ft 10 x 3 CPUs/displays Roy H. Campbell (rhccs.uiuc.

26、edu) Prototyping Laboratoryn Rationalen prototyping of smart space objectsn physical/virtual interconnectionn Componentsn stereolithographic prototyping systemn object scanner Roy H. Campbell (rhccs.uiuc.edu) Challenge: Interoperable Component Architecturen Scalablen Flexiblen Pervasiven Dynamic and

27、 adaptiven Mobile n Visual and aural Roy H. Campbell (rhccs.uiuc.edu) Challenge: Quality of Servicen Spectrum of networks and computersn Wealth of multimedia and requirementsn Dynamic requirements and resources Roy H. Campbell (rhccs.uiuc.edu) Challenge: Active Space Analysis and Controln Modality t

28、ransductionn Heterogeneous devicesn Information access metaphors Roy H. Campbell (rhccs.uiuc.edu) n An Active Space (AS) is a framework which models and manages physical environments as well as its contentsn Space implies that a principle use of the AS framework is to manage physical spaces, such as

29、 campuses, buildings, meeting rooms, cities, offices, cars, buses, trains, etcDefinitions Active Spaces. UIUC Roy H. Campbell (rhccs.uiuc.edu) n Active notes that the framework is intended to support reactive and customized behavior.n Key properties identified so far for Active Spaces:n Export an ad

30、aptable interaction model, that allows interacting with the active spaces n Provide a contextual model n Reflective and autonomousn Have an associated physical counterpart. Properties Active Spaces. UIUC Roy H. Campbell (rhccs.uiuc.edu) n Key properties identified so far for Active Spaces:n Contain

31、entities with a well defined behavior that can be dynamically created and modified. n Provide a concept of inside and outside. n Define protocols to interact with other active spaces. n Autonomous, contextual and can trigger events spontaneouslyProperties Active Spaces. UIUC Roy H. Campbell (rhccs.u

32、iuc.edu) n Key Technical Requirements:n Dynamic Behaviorn Reflectionn Adaptabilityn Component Based InfrastructureKey Technical Requirements Active Spaces. UIUC Roy H. Campbell (rhccs.uiuc.edu) Example Implementations Active Spaces. UIUCARCHITECTURAL REQUIREMENTS Roy H. Campbell (rhccs.uiuc.edu) n W

33、e provide a generic infrastructure that allows implementing different scenarios.n Every particular scenario defines the nature of the entities contained in the AS as well as the behavior of the particular AS.n The great diversity of Active Space scenarios makes it impossible to define a single Activ

34、e Space that covers all semantic requirements.Implementation Active Spaces. UIUC Roy H. Campbell (rhccs.uiuc.edu) Future Example of Interactionn Smart room configures itself as user entersn PDA configures itself for roomn User OS manages accessible room resources in collaboration with room OS n Vide

35、o transferred from smart room HDTV display to palm top as user leavesn User accesses smart room from remote facilities n User environment follows user movements Roy H. Campbell (rhccs.uiuc.edu) 2Kn User-oriented, network-centric OSn built from componentsn Based on reflective distributed objectsn Tar

36、gets ubiquitous computing/smart spacesn Supports mobility and persistence n leveraging CORBA, DCOM, Java RMI services and protocolsn Embedding legacy applications and systems Roy H. Campbell (rhccs.uiuc.edu) Distributed Objectsn Reflectiven naming, location, protocol, and implementationn Dynamicn de

37、pendency model, programmable reconfigurationn Self-Aware n self-monitoring, self-configuring, and dependency awaren Standardizedn Object Request Broker (ORB), OMG, Java RMI, or DCOM Roy H. Campbell (rhccs.uiuc.edu) Env.Service ProfileServiceQoS NamingService Roy H. Campbell (rhccs.uiuc.edu) Componen

38、tsn Componentized ORBs: dynamic TAOn concurrency control and thread models n resource allocation and schedulersn Microkernel support for ORBs: Off+ n Corbarized device drivers: video, X10n Corbarized distributed OS: 2Kn LegORB: 8Kbytes, Palmshell, remote video n Proxy server: Palm video filtern Pers

39、istent store & name server: nameORB Roy H. Campbell (rhccs.uiuc.edu) Features Demonstratedn Configurable ORBs and reflectionn Programming with dependency objectsn Self-awareness in ORBsn LegORB a thin ORBn PalmMPEG video proxies for modalityn X10 ORBs ubiquityn The 2K environment mobile users n Secu

40、rity UIUC Tiny Sesame Roy H. Campbell (rhccs.uiuc.edu) Automatic ConfigurationPrerequisitesn Specifies component needsn HW resourcesn HW capacity n software services requiredn Helps implement WYNIWYG n Video client examplen PC with MPEG decoder cardn 50% of 200 MHz processor requiredn CORBA video se

41、rver Roy H. Campbell (rhccs.uiuc.edu) Automatic ConfigurationDynamic DependenceCOMPONENTHOOKS CLIENT SHookedComponents CLIENTSdepends on depends onComponentConfigurator associated with each relevant component Roy H. Campbell (rhccs.uiuc.edu) DynamicTAO: Dynamically Configurable CORBA ORBn Reflective

42、 ORBn architecturally self-awaren dynamic component (un)loadingn Reconfiguration of n ORB enginen CORBA applications Roy H. Campbell (rhccs.uiuc.edu) Configuration Agent Application of dynamic TAOn A video distribution networkn code distribution, group reconfiguration, state inspectionn Configure gr

43、aph of networkn Agents multicast update n dynamic TAO dependencies synchronize updaten Future: keep servers and clients running as permitted by dependencies Roy H. Campbell (rhccs.uiuc.edu) Client ServerORB MonitorUser Query Interface UsersStorage Server Context Monitoring Roy H. Campbell (rhccs.uiu

44、c.edu) PalmPilot Integration in 2KEnvironmentService ProfileServerEnvironment ImplementationRepository Camera 2K Camera Device Driver1 234 56 7 System BootstrappingSystem Utilization Roy H. Campbell (rhccs.uiuc.edu) Streaming Video to Palm PilotVideo ProxyMPEG Stream Compressed Bitmap Stream n Palm

45、Pilot n lacks processing power to decode MPEGn Video proxy n transforms MPEG streamsn reduces n frame rate, color depth, sizen sends compressed bitmaps Roy H. Campbell (rhccs.uiuc.edu) QoS Componentsn Trading servicen QoS method providers and QoS methodsn transcoders and filtersn Exported service(s)

46、 n QoS proxy resource coordinatorn Resource brokers n DSRT and communication objects Roy H. Campbell (rhccs.uiuc.edu) 2K QoS Framework QoS Proxy QoS Proxyclient serverTrading Service QoS MethodProviderExportexportimport RBRBimport23 144 6/119 8 7 75/12 Net conditionComm. object 1013 RBRB RBRB : Reso

47、urce Broker RB : Resource BrokerDiscovered service(s)Net condition Comm. objectRB Roy H. Campbell (rhccs.uiuc.edu) Security: Active Capabilitiesn Mobile security agentsn Secure bootstrapping process n minimal core security servicesn Active capabilities n application specific access controln Interope

48、rable security policiesn CORBA compliant n security services and APIs Roy H. Campbell (rhccs.uiuc.edu) Policy Classesn DAC - Discretionary Access Controln Double DACn NDAC - Non .n DONDAC, domain-oriented .n MAC formed from customized NDACn DSP Device Specific Policies n DANDAC, device aware . Roy H

49、. Campbell (rhccs.uiuc.edu) Active Capability/CertificatesNetwork TransportDynamic Policies BOASecurity MechanismsApplication ClientORB Stub Active Capability/CertificatesApplication ServerSecurity Components Roy H. Campbell (rhccs.uiuc.edu) Roy H. Campbell (rhccs.uiuc.edu) Comparisonsn Berkeleyn M.

50、I.T. n Washington Roy H. Campbell (rhccs.uiuc.edu) Berkeley: Endeavourn Funding: Darpa Exhibitionn Objective of Program: “Achieve nothing less than radically enhancing human understanding through the use of information technology, by making it dramatically more convenient for people to interact with

51、 information, devices, and other people” Roy H. Campbell (rhccs.uiuc.edu) n Research areas: n Applicationsn Information Utilityn Information Devicesn Design MethodologiesBerkeley: Endeavour Roy H. Campbell (rhccs.uiuc.edu) n Key technologies produced:n Integration of MEMS-based sensors, actuators, p

52、osition locators, communicators with imagers (cameras), displays, and hand-portable and other mobile computing devices into the system architecture of the next century.n Support for fluid software.n High-speed decision making and education/learning spaces. n Design methodologies.Berkeley: Endeavour

53、Roy H. Campbell (rhccs.uiuc.edu) n Existing infrastructure:n Interactive University Projectn Millenniumn Tertiary Disk Prototypen Wireless Network (GSM base transceiver, REFLEX two-way paging basestation, Lucent WaveLAN)n Post-PC infrastructure (IBM Workpads)Berkeley: Endeavour Roy H. Campbell (rhcc

54、s.uiuc.edu) Washington: Portolanon Funding: DARPA Expeditionn Objective of Program:n Invisible User Interfacesn Universal Connectivity n Intelligent Services Roy H. Campbell (rhccs.uiuc.edu) n Research areas: n Devices:n Intentional User Interfacesn Low-power architectures/devices/communicationn App

55、lication partitioning for low-powerWashington: Portolano Roy H. Campbell (rhccs.uiuc.edu) n Research areas: n Middlewaren Application development/deploymentn Data-centric networkingn Scalable discovery/directory servicesWashington: Portolano Roy H. Campbell (rhccs.uiuc.edu) n Research areas: n Servi

56、cesn Composable, horizontally-layered servicesn Distributed databases and data integrationn Data mining and database layeringWashington: Portolano Roy H. Campbell (rhccs.uiuc.edu) n Existing infrastructure:n Devices used in previous ParcTab experiments.Washington: Portolano Roy H. Campbell (rhccs.ui

57、uc.edu) n Key technologies produced:n Portolano infrastructure.n User and usage studies of wide deployment.n Ubiquitous large displaysn Application development environmentn Creation of a set of office application/device suitesn Modular sensor systemWashington: Portolano Roy H. Campbell (rhccs.uiuc.e

58、du) n Key technologies producedn Location sensor technologiesn Novel automatic identification technologiesn Flexible active network infrastructuresn Sensor fusionn Extended information-space management infrastructuren Making sense of complex information from distributed information sourcesWashington

59、: Portolano Roy H. Campbell (rhccs.uiuc.edu) M.I.T.: Oxygenn Funding: DARPA n Objective of Program: “Do more by doing less”n Bring new technologies into peoples lives, not vice versa.n Improve human productivity. n Offer new technology to everybody not only a fraction of people. Roy H. Campbell (rhc

60、cs.uiuc.edu) n Research areas: n Hardwaren Speech recognitionn Artificial Inteligencen Networksn OSesM.I.T.: Oxygen Roy H. Campbell (rhccs.uiuc.edu) n Key technologies produced:n Handy 21: multipurpose software configurable PDA.n Enviro 21:Stays attached to the environments around the people. n Net

61、21: Creates secure “collaborative” regions among Oxygen users.n Speech understandingn Knowledge access n Collaborationn Automationn CustomizationM.I.T.: Oxygen Roy H. Campbell (rhccs.uiuc.edu) Conclusionn An Active Space is meaningless without a well defined application.n Correlation of heterogeneous input data is required to create a software model of the active space.n Adaptation of applications based on the software model of the active space guarantees heterogeneous access to the active space.