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1、Logical Fallacies 錯(cuò) 誤 的 推 理 11-1BS 彭 秀 秀 Eight Types of FallacyDicto simpliciter 絕對(duì)判斷Hasty generalization 草率結(jié)論P(yáng)ost hoc 牽強(qiáng)附會(huì) Contradictory premises 矛盾前提Ad misericordiam 文不對(duì)題False analogy 錯(cuò)誤類比Hypothesis contrary to fact 與事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)Poisoning the well 井下放毒 Dicto simpliciter 絕對(duì)判斷Exercise is good， so everybo

2、dy should exercise.No! Dicto simpliciter 絕對(duì)判斷Exercise is good， so everybody should exercise.No! It means an argument based on an unqualified generalization. 即將普遍規(guī)則運(yùn)用于有特殊情況發(fā)生的個(gè)別情形之中。 Hasty generalization 草率結(jié)論Fred, the Australian, stole my wallet. Thus, all Australians are thieves.No! Hasty generaliza

3、tion 草率結(jié)論Fred, the Australian, stole my wallet. Thus, all Australians are thieves.No! It applies a special case to general rule.由個(gè)別情形來推斷普遍規(guī)則. Post hoc 牽強(qiáng)附會(huì)McDonalds and KFC offer foods with little nutrition, and thus we cannot expect any fast food restaurant to provide us with nutritious foods.No! P

4、ost hoc 牽強(qiáng)附會(huì)McDonalds and KFC offer foods with little nutrition, and thus we cannot expect any fast food restaurant to provide us with nutritious foods.No! The cause has no connection with the result. 原因和結(jié)果沒有必然聯(lián)系 He decided to give up all his decisions.No! Contradictory premises 矛盾前提When the premise

5、s of an argument contradicteach other, there can be no argument. 當(dāng)論證的前提相互矛盾時(shí)，這立論便不能成立。 We hope youll accept our recommendations. We spent the last three months working extra time on it. No! The answer has no connection with the question.Ad misericordiam 文不對(duì)題 Young children are like flowers-flowers s

6、hould stay away from terrible weather to grow, so children need to get rid of everything negative.No! Making an analogy between different things.False analogy 錯(cuò)誤類比 No!rawing any supportable conclusion from a hyperthesis that is not ture.Hypothesis contrary to fact 與事實(shí)相反的假設(shè) . Poisoning the well 井下放毒M

7、y opponent is a notorious liar. You cant believe a word that he is going to say.No! . Poisoning the well 井下放毒My opponent is a notorious liar. You cant believe a word that he is going to say.No!Poisoning the Well, or speaking “against the man” rather than the issue , in which the premises may only make a personal attack on a person who holds some thesis, instead of offering grounds showing why what he says is false. Thank you!Thank you!Thank you!Thank you!