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,語法精講系列,講座三 定語從句,,[考點一] 關(guān)系代詞引導的定語從句 關(guān)系代詞的具體用法如下表所示：,1.who，whom，that這些詞代替的先行詞是表示人的名詞或代詞，在從句中可作主語、賓語等，其中whom只能作賓語。 Ellen was a painter of birds and of nature，who，for some reason，had withdrawn from all human society. 埃倫是一個畫鳥類和自然的畫家，出于某種原因，他已退出了所有的社會活動。,2．which，that所代替的先行詞是表示事物的名詞或代詞，在從句中可作主語、賓語等。 You'll find taxis waiting at the bus station which you can hire to reach your host family. 在公共汽車站你會發(fā)現(xiàn)有出租車在那里等，你可以租(一輛)去主人家里。 The old town has narrow streets and small houses that are built close to each other. 這座古老的城鎮(zhèn)街道狹窄，小房子挨得很近。,3．先行詞指人或物且在定語從句中作定語，用whose或of whom/of which。如： This is the scientist whose achievements are well known. ＝This is the scientist，the achievements of whom are well known. ＝This is the scientist，of whom the achievements are well known. 這就是那位成就卓著的科學家。 This is the house whose window broke last night. ＝This is the house，the window of which broke last night. ＝This is the house，of which the window broke last night. (注意等號后兩個定語從句中的定冠詞) 這就是昨晚窗戶被打壞的那所房子。,4．which引導非限制性定語從句時，先行詞可以是一個詞，也可是個句子。如： He was late again，which made the teacher very unhappy.(先行詞為一句話) 他又遲到了，這使得老師很不高興。 5．關(guān)系代詞as也可引導非限制性定語從句，先行詞為句子，as在從句中作主語、賓語。如： As we know，China is a developing country. 我們知道，中國是個發(fā)展中國家。 As is known to us all，China is in the east of Asia. 眾所周知，中國在亞洲的東部。,[考點二] 關(guān)系副詞引導的定語從句 關(guān)系副詞的具體用法如下表所示：,1.關(guān)系副詞when，where，why的先行詞是表示時間、地點或理由的名詞，在從句中作狀語。 The girl arranged to have piano lessons at the training centre with her sister where she would stay for an hour. 小女孩準備在培訓中心與她的妹妹一起上鋼琴課，在那里她可以待一小時。 The reason why I don't trust him is that he often tells lies. 我不信任他的原因是他常常撒謊。 I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.(when＝on which) 我還記得第一次來北京的那一天。,2．關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞的選用依據(jù)： 當先行詞是表示時間、地點、原因的名詞時，一定要分析從句的句子結(jié)構(gòu)。如果從句中缺少時間、地點或原因狀語，則用關(guān)系副詞；如果缺少主語、賓語、表語或定語，則用關(guān)系代詞。 This is the factory where she used to work. 這是她以前工作過的那家工廠。 This is the factory that/which I visited last year. 這是我去年參觀的那家工廠。,特別注意：(1)當先行詞為一些表示抽象地點的名詞，如：point，situation，case，stage等，如果引導詞在從句中作狀語，常用關(guān)系副詞where引導定語從句；如果不作狀語，則用關(guān)系代詞that/which。 He has reached a point where he doesn't work for money. 他已經(jīng)到了不用為錢而工作的境界。 (2)先行詞為occasions，當“時機”講時，用關(guān)系副詞when；當“場合”講時，用關(guān)系副詞where。 Occasions are quite rare when I have the time to spend a day with my kids. 我有時間陪我的孩子們一天的機會很少。,[考點三] “介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”引導的定語從句 使用“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)時要注意以下幾個問題： 1．介詞的選擇 介詞的選擇通常依據(jù)定語從句中動詞短語的習慣搭配、介詞與先行詞的搭配或句子的意義來確定。 Is this the car for which you paid a high price? 這是你花高價買的車嗎？(根據(jù)從句謂語pay的搭配確定) In the dark street，there wasn't a single person，to whom she could turn for help. 在黑暗的街道上，她沒有一個可以求助的人。(根據(jù)turn to的短語搭配確定),[特別提示] 有些含有介詞的固定動詞短語不可拆開，介詞仍放在動詞的后面。 This is the little boy that you have been looking for. 這就是你一直尋找的那個小男孩。,2．關(guān)系代詞的選擇 介詞后作賓語的關(guān)系代詞一般來講有兩個：指人時只能用whom，指物時只能用which。當然關(guān)系代詞作定語時也可用whose。 The train on which Tom travelled to Canada was very fast. 湯姆到加拿大時乘坐的火車速度非?？臁?He is the man from whose house the picture was stolen. 他就是那個家里的畫被偷的人。,3．“復合介詞短語＋關(guān)系代詞”引導的定語從句常與先行詞用逗號分開，定語從句常用倒裝語序。 He lived in a big house，in front of which stood a big tall tree. 他住在一個大房子里，房子前面有一棵大樹。 4．of＋which/whom表示所屬關(guān)系。(表所屬關(guān)系也可用whose) She showed the visitors around the museum，the construction of which had taken more than three years. 她帶著游客參觀這座博物館——花了三年多才建成的建筑。,