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(一)通讀全文，了解大意 既然是利用短文在語境中考語法,那么,我們在解題前一定要快速瀏覽短文,了解全文大意。這一步非常重要。,(二)分析語境，試填答案 讀懂短文之后，要結(jié)合短文所提供的特定的語境(也就是上下文)去填空。具體注意以下幾點(diǎn)： 1.從句子結(jié)構(gòu)的完整性去分析思考空格所缺單詞在句中作何種句子成分，從而推斷出它的詞性，如缺主語或賓語，填詞應(yīng)為代詞。 2.根據(jù)句子意義的完整性，去確定填一個表示什么意義的代詞、冠詞或介詞等。 3.根據(jù)句子與句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系來確定具體要填哪個關(guān)聯(lián)詞。具體方法見“解題思路大全”。,(三)重讀全文，解決難題 在大部分空格填好后，再仔細(xì)推敲難題，此時難題也就不再難了。 (四)復(fù)原短文，檢查核對 所有空格填好后，將答案放入原文，把整篇文章從頭至尾再復(fù)讀一遍進(jìn)行核查。,解答語法填空的基本功是懂得句子的結(jié)構(gòu)分析,準(zhǔn)確理解句子意思,善于把握上下句之間的邏輯關(guān)系。以下按命題形式和考點(diǎn)類型的不同探討解題思路和解題技巧。 (一)純空格題的解題技巧 是指“在空格處填入一個適當(dāng)?shù)脑~”這類題。自2007年以來，除2013年要求考生填疑問副詞why外，這類題通常只考代詞、冠詞、關(guān)聯(lián)詞和介詞。那么什么情況下填代詞？何時填冠詞？何時填關(guān)聯(lián)詞？何時填介詞呢？,1.(2009)… although her father smoked a pipe only once in a while，she knew that this was a present which was bound to please _____.,him 及物動詞please(使……高興)后缺賓語，應(yīng)填代詞；由語境和常識可知，給父親買禮物，應(yīng)是使父親高興，故填賓格人稱代詞him。,him,2. (2009) Jane was walking round the department store. She remembered how difficult ___was to choose a suitable Christmas present for her father.,it 動詞was的前面顯然缺主語，應(yīng)填代詞；由句式結(jié)構(gòu)可知，填it，在賓語從句中作形式主語，真正的主語是to choose…。,it,3.(2008) It is said that a short-tempered man in the Song Dynasty(960—1279)was very anxious to help his rice crop grow up quickly. He was thinking about ____day and night.,it 介詞about后缺賓語，應(yīng)填代詞；由句意或前后邏輯可知，應(yīng)填it，指代前文中的(how) to help his crop grow up quickly。,it,4. (2007) I wanted to reward the old woman for the trouble I had caused ____ .,her 因(that) I had caused是定語從句，先行詞是trouble， 代表先行詞的關(guān)系代詞that在從句中作賓語，被省略了；由搭配cause sb. trouble(=cause trouble for sb.給某人造成麻煩)可知，填賓語人稱代詞her，指代the old woman。,her,當(dāng)句子缺主語或賓語時，填_______。 因?yàn)槌洚?dāng)主語或賓語的應(yīng)是名詞或代詞，而在語法填空的純空格中一般不要求考生填名詞，所以只要句子缺主語或賓語，就該填代詞。此時，要根據(jù)前后語境，看該空格是指人還是事物，指男還是指女，是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)。除人稱代詞外，也有可能是填不定代詞（如2011年第25題）等。還有可能是填作形式主語或形式賓語的 ____ (如第2題),替代后面作真正的主語或賓語的不定式、動名詞或從句。,歸納總結(jié)：,it,代詞,1.(2009) Besides, shopping at this time of the year was not ___ pleasant experience：people stepped on your feet,a 句中experience意為“經(jīng)歷”，是可數(shù)名詞；作表語的名詞experience前應(yīng)填限定詞；由冒號之后的內(nèi)容可知，一年的這個時候去購物并不是一次愉快的經(jīng)歷，表示“一次”用不定冠詞，故填a。,a,2. (2008) It is said that a short-tempered man in the Song Dynasty(960—1279)was very anxious to help ____ rice crop grow up quickly.,his 在作賓語的名詞前, 應(yīng)當(dāng)填限定詞; 由句意和常識可知, 這個急性子人急于使“他自己的”禾苗長得快，故填形容詞性物主代詞his。,his,3.(2007)…the head of the village was tying up his horse to my car to pull it to ___ small town some 20 kilometres away where there was a garage.,a 作賓語的名詞small town前應(yīng)填限定語；由句意可知，此處指將車?yán)诫x那里大約有20公里遠(yuǎn)的“一個小鎮(zhèn)”去修，表示“一個”，用不定冠詞，small以輔音開頭，故填a。,a,4.(2007) I had noticed three hens running free in my hostess’s courtyard and that night one of them ended up in a dish on my table. ___________ villagers brought me goat’s cheese and honey.,Other/Some 作主語的名詞villagers前應(yīng)填限定詞；相對招呼“我”在她家吃住的那個old peasant woman，拿goat’s cheese and honey來同“我”飲酒聊天的應(yīng)是“其他的(Other)” 村民，或者理解為“有些(Some)”村民。,Other/Some,歸納總結(jié)：,在作主語、____語或 ____語的名詞或“形容詞+名詞”前，填限定詞。 限定詞是指冠詞、形容詞性物主代詞，或可以作定語的不定代詞等。此時，要根據(jù)句子的意思來確定空格的語境意義，由此來判斷具體填什么詞。如表示特指，大體相當(dāng)于“這、這些、那、那些”時用___________；表示“一(個，本,座……)”時用不定冠詞a或an；表示“某人的”，用__________________；表示“一些”用some，表示“另一個”用another，表示“其他的”用other等。,形容詞性物主代詞,賓,表,定冠詞the,1. (2009) She found some good quality pipes ____ sale.,on 名詞sale在句中不作主語，也不作動詞的賓語，就應(yīng)是作介詞的賓語，空格處應(yīng)填介詞；因表示“出售”的on sale是固定搭配，故填on。,on,2. (2009) When Jane got home，with her small but well-chosen present in her bag， her parents were already ___ table having supper.,at 名詞(table)在句中不作主語，也不作動詞的賓語, 就應(yīng)是作介詞的賓語; 由having supper可知，填at；因?yàn)閍t table表示“在餐桌邊，在進(jìn)餐”，也是習(xí)慣搭配。,at,3. (2008) Chinese proverbs are rich and they are still widely used in Chinese people’s daily life. __________ these proverbs there are often interesting stories.,Behind/In 因名詞these proverbs在句中不是作主語，也不是作動詞的賓語，應(yīng)當(dāng)是作介詞的賓語，即空格處應(yīng)填介詞；由表示存在的句型可知，應(yīng)當(dāng)是指在某個地方或某個時間存在, 此處應(yīng)是指“在中國的這些成語故事的背后 / 里面”常常有有趣的故事，故填介詞Behind或In。注意，在句首，要大寫首字母。,Behind/In,4. (2008) He was very tired __________ doing this for a whole day, but he felt very happy.,after/from 因動名詞短語doing this不是作主語，也不是作動詞的賓語，應(yīng)是作介詞的賓語，即空格處應(yīng)填介詞；又因“他感到很累”應(yīng)是“在他做了一整天事之后”，表示“在……之后”，用介詞after；另外be tired from doing(因做某事而累)是固定搭配，故也可填from。,after/from,5. (2007) I realized that the villagers who had gathered around me were arguing as to who should have the honour of receiving me ___ a guest in their house.,as 因名詞a guest在句中不作主語，也不作動詞的賓語，可推斷是作介詞的賓語, 應(yīng)填一個介詞; 又由句意“把我當(dāng)作客人來接待(receive sb. as…)”，可知填介詞as。,as,6. (2007) When the time came for me to say goodbye to my friends in the village， I wanted to reward the old woman _____ the trouble I had caused her.,for 因名詞the trouble在句中不作主語，也不作動詞的賓語，應(yīng)當(dāng)是作介詞的賓語；表示“因……而酬謝 / 報答某人”是reward sb. for sth.，故填for。,for,歸納總結(jié)：,當(dāng)空格后的名詞、代詞或動名詞不是作主語、表語，也不是作動詞的____語時，填 ___ 詞。 因?yàn)槊~和代詞最典型的用法是作主語或賓語，既然不作主語和動詞的賓語，就應(yīng)是作介詞的賓語了，所以要填介詞。具體填什么介詞，由介詞與該名詞的搭配及其意義(如上述題1～3)來決定，也可能是由動詞或謂語與介詞的句式搭配(如上述4～6題)來決定。,介,賓,1. (2012) ____he thought he could escape attention by sitting at the back, he was wrong.,If 因he thought…與he was wrong是兩個句子，且兩者之間沒有關(guān)聯(lián)詞，必定是填關(guān)聯(lián)詞；根據(jù)兩句之間的邏輯關(guān)系，應(yīng)填表示條件的If。意為“要是他想坐后排可以逃避老師注意，那他就錯了”。,If,2. (2011) My friends walked me to the bus stop and waited with me _____ the bus arrived.,until 空格前后都是句子且這兩個句子之間沒有關(guān)聯(lián)詞，應(yīng)填關(guān)聯(lián)詞；由兩句之間的邏輯關(guān)系可知，是“等到車來”，表示“直到”用until，引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句。,until,3. (2011) Behind him were other people to _______ he was trying to talk，…,whom 空格前后都是句子且這兩個句子之間沒有關(guān)聯(lián)詞，應(yīng)填關(guān)聯(lián)詞；后面一句應(yīng)當(dāng)這樣理解he was trying to talk to the people, 可見, 后面一句是定語從句，先行詞是people, 直接在介詞后應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞whom引導(dǎo)定語從句。,whom,4. (2009) Jane paused in front of a counter _____ some attractive ties were on display.,where 因空格前后都是句子，且這兩句之間沒有關(guān)聯(lián)詞，必定是填關(guān)聯(lián)詞；由句意和邏輯可知，“陳列引人注目的領(lǐng)帶”應(yīng)是在“柜臺”里，因此，a counter是先行詞，其后是定語從句，要填的詞在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語，故填關(guān)系副詞where。,where,5. (2008) One day， he came up with an idea _____ he would pluck up all of his crop a few inches.,that 空格前后都是句子且這兩個句子之間沒有關(guān)聯(lián)詞，應(yīng)填關(guān)聯(lián)詞；由前后的意義關(guān)系可知, 空格后是同位語從句, 說明idea的具體內(nèi)容；名詞性從句的結(jié)構(gòu)和意義已非常完整，故用that引導(dǎo)。,that,6.(2008)He was very tired after doing this for a whole day，____ he felt very happy since the crop did “grow” higher.,but 空格前后都是句子且這兩句之間沒有關(guān)聯(lián)詞，應(yīng)填關(guān)聯(lián)詞；又因后句的he felt very happy與前句的He was very tired是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，故填but。,but,歸納總結(jié)：,當(dāng)空格前后都是句子(一個主謂關(guān)系算一個句子)，且這兩個句子之間沒有關(guān)聯(lián)詞時（兩句之間是逗號或無標(biāo)點(diǎn)），填________；若并列的兩個或幾個單詞或短語之間沒有連詞，填表示聯(lián)合、選擇、轉(zhuǎn)折等意義的并列連詞。 具體填哪個關(guān)聯(lián)詞，由兩個或幾個單詞、短語或句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系來決定。若是句子與句子之間，還要分析整個句子的結(jié)構(gòu)，分清主句與從句，弄清從句在整個句子中作何種成分，確定從句類型(在整個句子中作主語、賓語、表語、同位語就是________從句；,名詞性,關(guān)聯(lián)詞,作定語叫定語從句；表示時間、地點(diǎn)、原因、條件、結(jié)果等的從句叫______從句)，以及引導(dǎo)該類從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞的使用特點(diǎn)(如引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞一定是代表先行詞并在從句中作句子成分的；引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞，that沒有任何意思也不作任何句子成分，即句子結(jié)構(gòu)和意思完整時即填_______，而if或whether有“是否”之意但不作句子成分，who， whom， which, when， where， how等則有意思也作句子成分)來決定。,that,狀語,1.(2010茂名二模)Listen to these words from Darwin P. Kingsley：“You have powers you never dreamed of. You can do things you never thought you ______ do. There are no limitations in what you can do except the limitations of your own mind.”,could 因空格后的do是原形，而thought是一般過去時，所以空格處應(yīng)當(dāng)是填情態(tài)助動詞；又由前面You can do things和后文的you can do可以提到啟示，此處也填can，只不過用其過去式(由thought可知)，故填could。句意是“你能做你(以前)從未想到過你能做的事”。,could,did 因謂語動詞happen是原形，而前后語境的謂語動詞都是過去式，時態(tài)不一致，所以此處應(yīng)填情態(tài)動詞或助動詞；由句意“我解釋說，雖然我沒有帶現(xiàn)金，但我的確恰好有一張新毯子”，故填助動詞did，對謂語動詞進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)。,2.(2010茂名一模)I explained that while I didn’t carry any cash, I _____ happen to have a new blanket, and asked him if he could use it. He was thrilled.,did,3.(2009茂名二模) What’s amazing is that Pluto _________ understand everything dad says. Their communication is as near to being perfect as possible…Each seems to know what the other needs at any time. Never once ______ I heard anyone shout at Pluto or even raise their voices.,因主語是第三人稱單數(shù)，而前一空后是卻是動詞原形，根據(jù)語境是一般現(xiàn)在時，可見此空必定填情態(tài)動詞can(能夠)，或者填助動詞does(真的, 的確), 強(qiáng)調(diào)understand。后一空, 該句以否定詞never開頭, 用部分倒裝; 又由語境和never可知，謂語動詞應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時，故填have。,can/does,have,4.(2007肇慶二模) Once when I returned from a Saturday baseball game，___ was Steve who took the time to ask me what happened.,由句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，填it構(gòu)成強(qiáng)調(diào)句型。,it,5. (2014肇慶期末)In fact, micro blog itself is of little harm. It is your attitude towards it ______ matters. We should take the advantages and avoid some bad effects.,與前面的it is構(gòu)成強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)。,that,歸納總結(jié)：,(1)若句子結(jié)構(gòu)較完整，空格后的謂語動詞是原形，特別是與上下文時態(tài)不一致或主謂不一致時，很可能是填______動詞，或強(qiáng)調(diào)______的do，does， did，或構(gòu)成部分倒裝的助動詞do，does，did等(如上述1～2題)。 (2)還要注意有可能是部分倒裝，填助動詞have，has，had與主語后的過去分詞以構(gòu)成完成時(如上述第3題)。(3)填it或that，以構(gòu)成it is/was…that/who…這個強(qiáng)調(diào)句型(如上述4～5題)。,謂語,情態(tài),（二）有提示詞題的解題技巧 是指“使用括號中詞語的正確形式填空”這類題，自2007年以來的高考題只考查了謂語動詞的時態(tài)和被動語態(tài)、非謂語動詞、形容詞和副詞的比較級、詞類轉(zhuǎn)化等四種情況。 邊做邊悟：請做下面一組題高考題（“高考真題研練”有的題盡量不再重復(fù)），每做一題都要思考是如何一步一步做出來的，并將解題的思維過程寫出來。做完這一組題后，總結(jié)一下這類題的解題方法。,1. (2012) He walked in as if he ________ (buy) the school. And the word quickly got around that he was from New York City.,在主格人稱代詞he后，顯然是作謂語；又因他不可能是買下了這個學(xué)校，故應(yīng)用虛擬語氣，與過去事實(shí)相反，故填had bought。,had bought,2. (2009)…people stepped on your feet or ________(push) you with their elbows(肘部)， hurrying ahead to get to a bargain.,因push這個動作應(yīng)是主語people發(fā)出的，又由并列連詞or可知, push與stepped應(yīng)為并列謂語；因stepped是一般過去式, push也應(yīng)是一般過去時，故填pushed。,pushed,3.(2009)“Your father has at last decided to stop smoking，” Jane ____________ (inform).,因inform在主語Jane后作謂語，Jane與inform是被動關(guān)系，又是一般過去時，所以用一般過去時的被動語態(tài)，故填was informed。,was informed,4. (2008) Being too anxious to help an event develop often _______ (result) in the contrary to our intention.,句中Being too anxious to help an event develop是動名詞短語作主語，result應(yīng)是謂語動詞；“急于求成，往往會事與愿違”是客觀真理，應(yīng)當(dāng)用一般現(xiàn)在時；動名詞短語作主語，謂語用第三人稱單數(shù)形式，故填results。,results,5.(2007)I was on my way to the Taiyetos Mountains. The sun was setting when my car _______ (break) down near a remote village.,在when后的分句中，my car是主語，其后的break應(yīng)為謂語動詞；由全文可知，這是敘述過去的經(jīng)歷，用一般過去式; 再說was/were doing…when…did…是一個固定句型，when后面的句子的謂語用一般過去時，表示“正在做某事，就在這個時候突然發(fā)生了另外一事”，故填broke。,broke,歸納總結(jié)：,當(dāng)句子缺少謂語動詞時，括號中的動詞就是_______動詞。 此時，要根據(jù)主語與該動詞的主動或被動關(guān)系確定用主動語態(tài)還是用_____語態(tài)；然后，根據(jù)語境確定用哪種時態(tài)；同時，還必須考慮主謂一致和虛擬語氣等。,被動,謂語,1.(2011)I noticed a man _________(sit) at the front.,已有謂語動詞noticed，且sit前沒有并列連詞，因此，sit是非謂語動詞；由固定句式notice sb. doing / do sth.(注意到某人在做 / 做了某事)可知，填sitting或sit，但我們認(rèn)為，根據(jù)文中提供的情境，不難推出，作者“注意到”時，那個人是“正坐在”作者前面的，故填sitting更準(zhǔn)確、更切實(shí)際、也更生動。,sitting/sit,2. (2010) He spit it out, ________(say) it was awful.,因句中已有謂語動詞spit了，而say前又沒有并列連詞，所以say應(yīng)為非謂語動詞；又因he與say是主動關(guān)系，故用現(xiàn)在分詞作伴隨狀語，填saying。,saying,3.(2009) She wished that he was as easy _________ (please) as her mother, who was always delighted with perfume.,因句中已有謂語was easy(系動詞加表語構(gòu)成謂語)，動詞please(使高興)應(yīng)為非謂語動詞；在形容詞后作狀語，只能用動詞不定式，故填to please。,to please,4.(2008) For example， the proverb， “plucking up a crop ________ (help) it grow”， is based on the following story.,因“幫助禾苗長”是“將禾苗拔高(plucking up a crop)”的目的，作目的狀語，通常只能用動詞不定式，故填to help。順便提提，“plucking up a crop to help it grow”是動名詞短語，作主語the proverb的同位語。,to help,5.(2007)While she was getting me ______ (settle) into a tiny but clean room， the head of the village was tying up his horse to my car…,因句中已有謂語was getting，所以settle應(yīng)為非謂語動詞；又由settle sb. into / in / on…(使某人舒服地處于某處)可知，me與settle是被動關(guān)系,要用過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)。又如：A nurse settled the old man into a chair.護(hù)士讓那位老人舒舒服服地坐在椅子上。,settled,歸納總結(jié)：,當(dāng)句中已有謂語動詞又沒有并列連詞與括號中的動詞并列，該動詞就是____________。 此時，就要根據(jù)非謂語動詞的用法確定用具體的某種形式。如作主語或賓語，就用______ (一般)或不定式形式(具體)；作目的狀語或在形容詞后作狀語，用____________; 作伴隨狀語或作定語，要根據(jù)與邏輯主語的關(guān)系，用現(xiàn)在分詞或過去分詞；有時也要根據(jù)句式搭配來確定，如see / hear / notice sb. do / doing sth.，spend… doing sth.等。,動詞不定式,非謂語動詞,動名詞,1. (2013佛山一模)The _______ (busy) time is around Spring Festival, because many people go back to their hometowns for family reunions or go traveling.,隱性最高級，前有定冠詞，表示“一年最忙的時候是春節(jié)期間”。,busiest,2.(2010)“…The water was simply the container for an act of kindness and love. Nothing could be ________(sweet).”,在be后作表語，用形容詞，而括號中所給的sweet本身就是形容詞，因此無需詞性轉(zhuǎn)化，可想到用其比較級；由語境可知，這是省略了than the water的隱性比較級，故填sweeter。意思是“什么也不會比這水更甜”即“這水是世界上最甜的”，比較級形式與否定詞連用表示最高級含義。,sweeter,3.(2008)…h(huán)e would pluck up all of his crop a few inches. He did so the next day… he felt very happy since the crop did “grow” ________ (high).,因修飾謂語did “grow”，作狀語，用副詞，而high本身可以作副詞，無需詞類轉(zhuǎn)化，可想到用其比較級；由語境分析可知，這是省略了than before的隱性比較級，指比他pluck up之前“長”得更高了，故填higher。,higher,4.(2010惠州三模)Once a habit is formed， it is difficult， and sometimes ______ (possible), to get rid of. It is therefore very important that we pay great attention to the formation of habits.,與difficult作并列表語，需填形容詞；而possible本身是形容詞，無需作詞性轉(zhuǎn)換；但由語境不難理解句意，“某種習(xí)慣一旦形成，就很難戒掉，有時甚至戒不了”；因此，要填與possible意義相反的impossible。,impossible,歸納總結(jié)：,當(dāng)括號中所給詞是形容詞或副詞，且空格處需要的仍是形容詞或副詞時，要根據(jù)語境，理解句意，若該詞意思不變，邏輯上講得通，就很可能填該詞的 ________(或最高級)（如第1~3題）；若需要用與該詞意義相反的意思，邏輯才通順的，就要在該詞前加表示否定或相反意義的前綴（如第4題）。 注意：要善于分析語境，辨別省略了than…的隱性比較級(如上述2～3題)。,比較級,1. (2012) For some reason he sat beside Mary. Mary felt ________ (please), because there were many empty seats in the room. But she quickly realized that it wasn’t her …,在系動詞felt后作表語，用形容詞，表示“高興的”。,pleased,2. (2009) But Jane knew from past experience that her _______(choose) of ties hardly ever pleased her father.,在that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句中作主語應(yīng)當(dāng)用名詞，或者說，在形容詞性物主代詞后，一定是用名詞形式，故填choice。,choice,3.(2008)This proverb is saying we have to let things go in their ________(nature) course.,在名詞course前作定語，要用形容詞，故填natural。,natural,4.(2007)We drank together and talked ________ (merry) till far into the night.,修飾謂語動詞talked，作狀語，應(yīng)用副詞，故填merrily。,merrily,5. (2013深圳一模)Mum gave me two tickets for a film, telling me she was too busy to go together with me with the ________ (end) housework.,名詞前應(yīng)填形容詞, 又根據(jù)前文的too busy可知這里應(yīng)填endless，表示“沒完沒了的家務(wù)活”。,endless,6.In Alaska， the wolf almost __________ (appear) a few years ago， because hunters were killing hundreds of them for sport.,在句中作謂語，應(yīng)填謂語動詞；appear本身就是動詞, 無需作詞性變化; 但是根據(jù)后文可知，意思是“狼在幾年前就差不多消失了”, 故填與appear意義相反的disappear; 又由a few years ago可知，要用一般過去式。,disappeared,歸納總結(jié)：,當(dāng)空格處所需詞類與括號中所給詞的詞類不同時，就需要詞類轉(zhuǎn)化。 我們可據(jù)以下3條規(guī)則順利解題： (1)作主語或賓語用 ________形式（如第2題）。 (2)作定語、表語或補(bǔ)足語用 ________形式（如第1、3、5題）。 (3)修飾動詞、形容詞或另一副詞，作狀語，用 ______ 形式（如第4題）。,副詞,名詞,形容詞,(1) 有時不但要注意詞性轉(zhuǎn)換，而且還要考慮用表示相反意義的前綴或后綴，其邏輯意義才通順(如上述第5題)。 (2) 當(dāng)所給詞的詞性與空格處所需詞的詞性相同時，無需改變詞性，就可能是加只改變詞義但不改變詞性的前綴或后綴了(如上述第6題)。,