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專項九 情態(tài)動詞和虛擬語氣,一、情態(tài)動詞的基本用法 1．表能力can(could) (1)能……、會……(表示能力) ①(2013·江西卷)When I was a child, I ________ watch TV whenever I wanted to. 答案 could [句意：當我還是個孩子的時候，我什么時候想看電視就可以看。根據(jù)題干中的whenever I wanted to可知，此空應填could，表示一般的能力，指想做就能做到。],Part,規(guī)律印證 考 點 落 實 ， 步 步 為 “ 贏 ”,[邊 做 邊 悟],②(2013·湖南卷)He ________ sleep, although he tried to, when he got on such a hunt for an idea until he had caught it. 答案 couldn't [句意：盡管他想睡，但仍睡不著，(因為)當時他拼命想著一個主意，一直到想出來為止他才睡去。此處couldn't表示“不可能”，符合句意。] 注意：be able to強調(diào)經(jīng)過努力、克服困難等完成某事；was/were able to表示過去經(jīng)過努力成功地做成了某事；could表示原來具備某種能力，現(xiàn)在沒有這種能力了。,(2)能夠……、可以……(表示可能、許可) —May I use your telephone? ―Yes，you can. 注意：此時，can可以表示理論上的或邏輯上的，或偶爾發(fā)生的事情，或一時的事情或特有的事情。 It can be windy on the top of the mountain./ She can be forgettable sometimes./ Tigers can be dangerous.,(3)能不能……，要不要……。(用于疑問句，表示客氣的請求、提議) Can you give me a lift to the station? Can't you lend me 10 dollars？請你借給我10美元吧？ ③I'm going to Europe on vacation together with John if I ________ find the money. 答案 can [句意：如果我能弄到錢，我就和John一起去歐洲度假。結合前后部分的內(nèi)容可知，此處表示的是能力。故用can“能，會”。 ],2．表請求、建議、命令、允許、允諾、禁止、義務、責任 ④The new law states that people ________ drive after drinking alcohol. 答案 mustn't [句意：新法律聲明人們不準酒后駕車。mustn't“不準”，表示禁止。] ⑤One of our rules is that every student ________ wear school uniform while at school. 答案 shall [句意：我們的一條規(guī)定是學生在校時都必須要穿校服。shall用于第二、三人稱，表示說話人給對方命令、警告、允諾或威脅。],⑥D(zhuǎn)octors say that exercise is important for health, but it ________ be regular exercise. 答案 must [句意：醫(yī)生說，鍛煉對于健康很重要，但是必須是有規(guī)律的鍛煉。情態(tài)動詞must表示“必須”，符合語意。] ⑦What do you mean, there are only ten tickets？There ________ be twelve. 答案 should [句意：你說的是什么意思？只有10張票嗎？本來應該有12張票的。情態(tài)動詞should表示“應該”，符合句意。],3．表必要性 ⑧I ________ use a clock to wake me up because at six o'clock each morning the train comes by my house. 答案 needn't [句意：我不需要用鬧鐘叫我起床，因為每天早上六點都會有一列火車經(jīng)過我家門口。應選“不需要”，即needn't。] ⑨—Shall I inform him of the change of the schedule right now? —I am afraid you ________ , in case he comes late for the meeting. 答案 must [依據(jù) in case he comes late for the meeting 可知，這里用 must 表示“必須”，強調(diào)提醒時間安排的變化的“必要性”。],4．表意愿、決心 will/would可與各種人稱連用，表示主語的意志或決心。will表示意愿時其否定形式won't通常用于有生命體，但有時也用于無生命體，這時把無生命體擬人化了。 ⑩(2013·新課標全國卷Ⅰ)The door ________ open, no matter how hard she pushed. 答案 wouldn't [句意：無論她怎么努力去推，這扇門就是打不開。情態(tài)動詞will表示事物的傾向和特性，意為“總是，會”。因后半句用的是一般過去時，因此空處應用will的過去式would。],?Days later, my brother called to say he was all right, but ________ say where he was. 答案 wouldn't [句意：幾天后，我哥哥打電話說他一切都好，但不愿意說他在哪兒。],二、情態(tài)動詞表推測 1．情態(tài)動詞表推測的三種句式 (1)在肯定句中一般用must (一定)，may(可能)，might/could(也許，或許)。 ①(2013·重慶卷)—What are you doing this Saturday? —I'm not sure, but I ________ go to the Rolling Stones concert. 答案 might [由答語中的“I'm not sure”可知，答話人對自己的安排還不能確定，因此用might，表示“可能，或許”。],②(北京卷)—Good morning.I've got an appointment with Miss Smith in the Personnel Department. —Ah, good morning.You ________ be Mrs.Peters. 答案 must [第一句說明和史密斯女士約定，所以秘書判斷一定是……。must在此表示推測，意為“一定”，符合語境。 ],(2)否定句中用can't/couldn't(不可能), may not/might not(可能不)。 (福建高考)It is usually warm in my hometown in March, but it can be rather cold sometimes. 我的家鄉(xiāng)在三月份通常很暖和，但有時候也會相當冷。 ③(2013·安徽卷)It ________ be the vocabulary that caused you the problem in the exercise because you know a lot of words. 答案 couldn't [句意：你練習題中的問題不可能是詞匯量的原因，因為你掌握了大量的詞匯。],(3)疑問句中用can/could (能)。 ④It ________ be the postman at the door.It's only six o'clock. 答案 can't [句意：門口不可能是郵遞員，(現(xiàn)在)才六點鐘。 對現(xiàn)在的否定推測，由It's only six o'clock.分析可知應用can't(不可能)。] Mr.Bush is on time for everything.How can it be that he was late for the meeting? 布什先生做什么事情都很準時，他怎么可能開會遲到呢？ 注意：以上三種句式中情態(tài)動詞的語氣按程度都是依次遞減的。might, could并非may, can的過去式，而表示語氣較為委婉或可能性較小。,2.情態(tài)動詞表推測的過去時態(tài) ⑤(2013·遼寧卷)Harry is feeling uncomfortable.He ________ too much at the party last night. 答案 must have drunk [根據(jù)空后面的last night可知，哈利喝酒一事是過去的事情，結合語境可知此處表示對過去的事情的肯定推測，應該用must have done結構。] ⑥(2013·四川卷)—Why are your eyes so red? You ________ have slept well last night. —Yeah, I stayed up late writing a report. 答案 can't [句意：“你的眼睛為什么這么紅？昨晚你不可能睡好覺。”“是的，我熬夜寫了一篇報告?！眂an't have done表示對過去事情的推測，表示“不可能做過某事”。],三、虛擬語氣 1．在虛擬條件句中的應用 ①(2013·重慶卷)—It rained cats and dogs this morning.I'm glad we took an umbrella. —Yeah, we would have got wet all over if we ________(have not)． 答案 hadn't [此處表示與過去事實相反的虛擬，故從句謂語動詞用had done形式。從句補充完整為“if we hadn't taken an umbrella”。],②(2013·福建卷)—Do you think George has passed the driving test? —No.If so, he ________ (drive) his car to our college yesterday. 答案 would have driven [句意：“你認為喬治通過駕照考試了嗎？”“沒有。如果通過的話，昨天他就會開車來我們大學了?！苯Y合語境可知，此處是對過去事實相反的虛擬，主句應用would/should/might/could have done結構。],2．混合條件句 有時條件句的動作與主句動作發(fā)生的時間不一致，這時動詞的形式應根據(jù)它們各自表示的時間加以調(diào)整。 ③(2013·北京卷)If we ________ (book) a table earlier, we wouldn't be standing here in a queue. 答案 had booked [句意：如果我們早點兒預訂了餐桌，(現(xiàn)在)就不必在這兒站著排隊等候了。本句是混合虛擬語氣，從句是對過去情況的假設，主句是對現(xiàn)在情況的虛擬，故從句用過去完成時。],④(2013·天津卷)If he had spent more time practising speaking English before, he ________ (be) able to speak it much better now. 答案 would be [句意：如果他以前花費更多的時間練習英語口語的話，他現(xiàn)在就能說得更好。此題考查混合條件句中的虛擬語氣，根據(jù)語境和時間狀語可知，從句是對過去情況的虛擬，主句是對現(xiàn)在情況的虛擬。],3．含蓄條件句 (1)有時假設的情況不用條件從句表達，而是用but for，without等介詞(短語)或上下文來表示條件。 But for your help，it would have caused a serious loss. 要不是你的幫助，那將會導致巨大的損失。 Without electricity(＝If there were no electricity)，life would be quite different today. 如果沒有電，今天的生活就會完全不同。,(2)用連詞otherwise，or等暗示后文與前面的情況相反，從而引出后文的虛擬語氣。 I was busy that day.Otherwise I would have gone there with them.(If I hadn't been busy that day，I would have gone there with them.)我那天很忙，否則，我就和他們一起去那兒了。 (3)虛擬條件通過but暗示出來，模式為“虛擬情況＋but＋真實情況”。,4．名詞性從句中的虛擬語氣 (1)在名詞性從句中，常用來表示命令、建議、要求、愿望等的詞后賓語從句和同位語從句中用虛擬語氣，形式為：(should)＋動詞原形。 ⑤(2013·浙江卷)Eye doctors recommend that a child's first eye exam ________ (be) at the age of six months old. 答案 be [此處考查的是recommend后面賓語從句中的虛擬語氣，根據(jù)語法規(guī)則可知，從句中謂語動詞應用“should＋動詞原形”，其中should可以省略。],(2)wish后面所跟賓語從句中的虛擬語氣。 ⑥(北京卷)—Where are the children? The dinner's going to be completely ruined. —I wish they ________ (be not) always late. 答案 weren't [根據(jù)問句句意“孩子們現(xiàn)在在哪里？” 可知wish 后的賓語從句應用動詞的過去式，表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反的愿望。],5．其他句型中的虛擬語氣 (1)would rather 句型中的虛擬語氣表示愿望，意為“寧愿，但愿”。 (江蘇高考) 喬治將要談論關于他的國家的地理情況，但是我寧愿他更多地談它的文化(方面的情況)。 George is going to talk about the geography of his country, but I'd rather he focused more on its culture.,(2)在句型“It is (high/about)time.”后面也可跟虛擬語氣，從句中常用過去式。有時也用“should＋動詞原形”，意為“該是……的時候了”。 ⑦Jack is a great talker.It's high time that he ________ (do) something instead of just talking. 答案 did [在句型 “It's high time that.”中， 從句中的謂語動詞用一般過去時或should do。],(3)if only 引導的感嘆句中的虛擬語氣 在“if only”引導的感嘆句中，要求用虛擬語氣，表示愿望。用過去時或“would/could＋動詞原形”表示與現(xiàn)在或未來事實相反的愿望；用過去完成時表示與過去事實相反的愿望。 If only I had not been ill last week! 要是上周我沒病該多好??！,1．【誤】 The streets are all dry；it mustn't have rained last night. 【正】 The streets are all dry；it can't have rained last night. 解析 對某一事實的否定推測不能用mustn't，而要用 can't 或 couldn't 表示“不可能”。,[考 點 警 示],2．【誤】 I didn't see Mary at the meeting yesterday.She might be ill，I guess. 【正】 I didn't see Mary at the meeting yesterday.She might have been ill，I guess. 解析 猜測的事情發(fā)生在昨天，因此要用“情態(tài)動詞 ＋ have done ”的形式。當動詞是 be 時，很容易忽略它的時態(tài)意義，要特別留意。,3．【誤】 He must be very friendly at times. 【正】 He can be very friendly at times. 解析 句意：他有時會很友好?？芍颂幉⒎菍ΜF(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)進行推測 ，而是一種理論上的可能性，因此用 can 。 4．【誤】 I can't find my keys.I may/might forget them on the playground yesterday. 【正】 I can't find my keys.I may/might have left them on the playground yesterday. 解析 表示對過去情況的推測，通常用 must/may/might have done sth 。另外，表示“把……落在某地”應用動詞leave 。,5．【誤】 The fire spread through the hotel quickly，but everyone could get out. 【正】 The fire spread through the hotel quickly，but everyone was able to get out. 解析 表示成功地做到了某事，肯定句中通常用 be able to do sth 。 6．【誤】 Will I open the window for you? 【正】 Shall I open the window for you? 解析 shall 與第一、第三人稱連用，表示征求意見或請求指示，這時不可用will 。will通常與第二人稱連用，即 Will you.?,7．【誤】 The plant is dead.Maybe I should give more water. 【正】 The plant is dead.Maybe I should have given more water. 解析 根據(jù)第一句可知，植物已經(jīng)死亡，所以應該是自責：本應該多澆些水的。要用 should have done 形式表示“本應該做……而未做”。,8．【誤】 Hadn't they saved us, we would have been drowned in the stormy river. 【正】 Had they not saved us, we would have been drowned in the stormy river. 【正】 If they had not saved us，we would have been drowned in the stormy river. 解析 當條件中含有 were，had，should 等時，可省略if，從而把 were，had ，should 提到主語之前。若條件句為否定句，則只把were，had，should 提前，not 仍放在主語之后。,情態(tài)動詞的偏義用法 ①(2013·天津卷)No one ________ be more generous；he has a heart of gold. 答案 could [句意：沒有人比他更慷慨；他有一顆金子般的心。could“可能”，用在否定句中表示推測。] ②I ________ thank you too much for all your help to my son while we were away from home. 答案 can't [句意：當我們不在家時，你對我兒子的幫助，我對你怎樣感謝也不過分。can't.too much 表示“怎樣……也不過分”。],[易 錯 防 范],③— ________ you interrupt now? Can't you see I'm on the phone? —Sorry sir, but it's urgent. 答案 Must [句意：“你偏要現(xiàn)在打擾我嗎？難道你沒有看到我正在打電話嗎？”“對不起，先生，但是情況太緊急了。”must表示“偏要，硬要”。],