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定語(yǔ)從句,知識(shí)梳理,限制性定語(yǔ)從句與非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,This is the house (which) we bought last month. 這是我們上個(gè)月買(mǎi)的那幢房子。 The house, which we bought last month, is very nice. 這幢房子很漂亮, 是我們上個(gè)月買(mǎi)的。 The man (whom/that/who) I met in the street was a driver. 我在街上碰到的那個(gè)人是個(gè)司機(jī)。 His mother, who loved him very much, died in 1998. 他的母親很愛(ài)他, 但在1998年去世了。,注意: ① 專(zhuān)有名詞具有“獨(dú)一無(wú)二”的含義, 通常只能由非限制性定語(yǔ)從句修飾。 Lu Xun, who died in 1936, was a famous writer in China. 魯迅于1936年去世, 是中國(guó)一位著名的作家。 ② 既可以作為限制性定語(yǔ)從句又可作為非限制性定語(yǔ)從句, 注意意義上的差別。 There are 20 students in this class who are from the northeast of China. 在這個(gè)班里, 有20名來(lái)自中國(guó)東北的學(xué)生。 There are 20 students in this class, who are from the northeast of China. 這個(gè)班有20名學(xué)生, 他們來(lái)自中國(guó)的東北。,(一) 關(guān)系代詞,關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞,that,(二) 關(guān)系副詞,注意: ① 在口語(yǔ)和非正式場(chǎng)合, when, where和why或相當(dāng)于關(guān)系副詞的“介詞＋which”結(jié)構(gòu)可用that來(lái)代替并可省略。 Do you know anywhere (that) I can get a drink?你知道在哪兒我能喝杯酒嗎？,② why或that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句, 先行詞是reason, 且reason又作主句主語(yǔ)時(shí), 表語(yǔ)從句不能用because引導(dǎo), 而要用that引導(dǎo)。其句型為：The reason why.is that.或The reason that.is that.。 The reason why he was late for school was that he was injured in the traffic accident on his way to school. 他上學(xué)遲到的原因是他在上學(xué)路上的交通事故中受傷了。 The reason that he explained at the meeting was that he had to look after his mother in hospital. 他在會(huì)上解釋的原因是他不得不去照顧他住院的母親。,③ “地點(diǎn)模糊”的先行詞后跟where引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。當(dāng)先行詞為point, situation, conditions, case, position, stage, scene, spot, activity, family, job等表示某人/物所處的情況、發(fā)展的階段或表達(dá)某事的某個(gè)方面時(shí), 用where引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句, where相當(dāng)于from which, under which等, 表示“在這種情況下”, “從……中”等。 We’re just trying to reach a point where both sides will sit down together and talk. 我們只是盡力想能達(dá)到雙方共同坐下來(lái)商談的地步。,(三) 關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞的選擇依據(jù) 1. 考慮代替先行詞的關(guān)系詞在從句中充當(dāng)?shù)恼Z(yǔ)法成分, 如果關(guān)系詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ), 就用關(guān)系代詞；如果關(guān)系詞在從句中作狀語(yǔ), 就用關(guān)系副詞。,The house,Have you asked her for the reason,needs repairing.,他住的房子需要修理。,,where he lives which/that he lives in,你是否問(wèn)過(guò)她缺席的原因？,,that/which my explain her absence? why she was absent?,2. 辨別先行詞表示的是人、物、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)還是原因。 I don’t like the man who always speaks ill of others. 我不喜歡總是說(shuō)他人壞話(huà)的人。 I will never forget the days when we worked together. 我永遠(yuǎn)也忘不了我們?cè)谝黄鸸ぷ鞯娜兆印?3. 判斷從句是限制性還是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。 A dictionary is a book that gives the meanings of words. 詞典是解釋詞語(yǔ)意思的書(shū)。 A dictionary is a book, which gives the meanings of words. 詞典是一本書(shū), 它給出詞語(yǔ)的意思。,4. 判斷關(guān)系詞在從句中作賓語(yǔ)還是作狀語(yǔ), 取決于定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。 This is the point where I disagree. 這就是我不同意的地方。(disagree為不及物動(dòng)詞, 故關(guān)系詞用where。) This is the point (which/that) I disagree with. 這就是我不同意的地方。(從句缺少介詞with的賓語(yǔ), 用that/which引導(dǎo), 也可以省略),1. 只用that不用which引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的情況。 (1) 先行詞前有序數(shù)詞或形容詞用最高級(jí)修飾，或先行詞本身就是序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)時(shí)，用that不用which。 The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. This is the best film that I ever seen.,先行詞,(2) 先行詞是不定代詞all, little, few, much, something, anything, everything, none, nothing, some等時(shí), 用that不用which。 Have you taken down everything that Mr Li said? 李老師講的你都記下來(lái)了嗎？ There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world. 對(duì)他來(lái)說(shuō)似乎世界上沒(méi)有什么不可能的事。 All that can be done has been done. 所有能做的都做了。,(3) 先行詞被all, every, no, some, any, little, much, one of, the only, the very, the right, the last, few, just等修飾時(shí), 用that不用which。 All the guests that were invited to her wedding were important people. 所有應(yīng)邀來(lái)參加她婚禮的客人都是重要人物。 This is the very dictionary that I want to buy. 這正是我要買(mǎi)的詞典。 Give me any books that you would recommend. 給我你要推薦的書(shū)。,(4) 先行詞既有人又有物, 兼顧兩者, 用that不用which。 They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school. 他們談?wù)撝麄兯苡浧鸬脑谛r(shí)的人和事。 (5) 主句是以who或which開(kāi)頭的疑問(wèn)句時(shí), 用that不用which。 Who is the man that is standing by the gate? 站在門(mén)口的那個(gè)人是誰(shuí)？ Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? 哪件T恤衫最合我的身？,(6) 當(dāng)先行詞在主句中作表語(yǔ), 而且關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中也作表語(yǔ)時(shí), 用that不用which。 Shenzhen is no longer the city that it used to be. 深圳不再是過(guò)去的樣子了。,(7) 主句是there be句型時(shí), 修飾主語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)從句用that不用which。 There is a seat in the corner that is still free. 在那個(gè)角落還有一個(gè)座位空著。 (8) 有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí), 一個(gè)從句的關(guān)系代詞已用which, 另一個(gè)要用that。 The country built up a factory which produces things that have never been seen before. 這個(gè)國(guó)家建立了一個(gè)生產(chǎn)以前從未見(jiàn)到過(guò)的東西的工廠(chǎng)。,(9) 用作關(guān)系副詞, 修飾表示時(shí)間的名詞, 如day, time, moment等代替when時(shí), 用that不用which。 It happened on the day that (when) he was born. 這事碰巧發(fā)生在他出生的那天。,2. 只用which不用that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的情況 (1) 關(guān)系代詞前有介詞時(shí), 用which不用that。 The chair on which she sat is made of wood. 她坐的那把椅子是用木頭做的。 (2) 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí), 用which不用that。 Football, which is a very interesting game, is played all over the world. 足球, 一項(xiàng)非常有趣的運(yùn)動(dòng), 在全世界流行。,(3) 先行詞后面有插入語(yǔ)時(shí), 用which不用that。 Here is the English grammar book which, as I've told you, will help you improve your English. 這就是我告訴過(guò)你的那本英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法書(shū), 它能幫你提高英語(yǔ)水平。 (4) 先行詞本身就是that時(shí), 用which不用that。 What’s that which flashed in the sky just now? 剛才在天空中一閃而過(guò)的是什么？,(5) 代表主句中謂語(yǔ)的整體概念時(shí), 用which不用that。 He can swim in the sea, which I can’t. 他能在大海里游泳, 我不能(在大海里游泳)。 (6) 代表整個(gè)主句時(shí), 用which不用that。 He broke my cup, which made me angry. 他打破了我的杯子, 這使我很生氣。,3. 只用who而不用that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的情況。 (1) 先行詞是指人的不定代詞, 如: one, ones, anyone, no one, those, all, nobody, anybody, none等時(shí), 用who不用that。 People all like those who have good manners. 人們都喜歡那些有禮貌的人。 (2) 在there be句型中, 多用who指代人。 There are some people who want to have holidays in Hainan. 有一些想去海南度假的人。,(3) 當(dāng)先行詞指特定的人時(shí), 關(guān)系代詞多用who, 不指特定的人時(shí), 多用that。 The aunt who came to see us last week is my father’s younger sister. 上周來(lái)看我們的姑姑是我父親的妹妹。 (4) 在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 用who不用that。 Professor Wang, who is over sixty, still works hard day and night. 王教授已年過(guò)六旬, 依然夜以繼日努力工作著。,(5) 當(dāng)先行詞有較長(zhǎng)的后置定語(yǔ)或在被分割的定語(yǔ)從句中時(shí), 用who不用that。 Professor Smith is coming soon who will give us a talk on how to learn English. 史密斯教授不久就要來(lái)給我們作一場(chǎng)關(guān)于如何學(xué)英語(yǔ)的講座。,4. of whom, of which與whose的用法解析。 (1) whose的用法 ① whose引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句, 后應(yīng)緊跟名詞, 構(gòu)成名詞短語(yǔ)。 The boy, whose father is an engineer, studies very hard. 那位小男孩學(xué)習(xí)很努力, 他的父親是位工程師。 ② whose引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí), 先行詞既可指人, 也可指物。 The bicycle, whose brake was damaged, has now been repaired. 那輛自行車(chē)的閘壞了, 現(xiàn)在已修好了。,③ whose在定語(yǔ)從句中與它所修飾的名詞一起可作介詞賓語(yǔ), 可以與介詞一起放在先行詞與從句之間。在whose引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中, 可用of which代替whose, 但詞序不同, 即“whose＋名詞＝the＋名詞＋of＋which”；而用of whom代替時(shí)只能指人, 有時(shí)可以與whose互換。 The boss, in whose factory Mary's father once worked, is kind to her. 老板對(duì)瑪麗很好, 瑪麗的父親曾經(jīng)在他的工廠(chǎng)工作過(guò)。 He lives in the room whose window (the window of which) faces south. 他住在窗戶(hù)朝南的房間里。,(2) 下列情況只用of which或of whom, 而不用whose引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。 ① 定語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)是some, many, few, little, much, most等詞時(shí), 用of which/whom, 不用whose。 Here are the questions, some of which I thought difficult for you. 就是這些問(wèn)題, 我認(rèn)為其中一些對(duì)你來(lái)說(shuō)有難度。 Present at the meeting were almost experts on DNA, most of whom came from the USA. 出席會(huì)議的大多是DNA專(zhuān)家, 其中大部分來(lái)自美國(guó)。,② 定語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)是all, both, neither, each, none等詞時(shí), 用of which/whom, 不用whose。 He has two sons, both of whom are doctors. 他有兩個(gè)兒子, 都是醫(yī)生。 I bought him two pieces of clothing, neither of which he likes. 我給他買(mǎi)了兩件衣服, 他一件也不喜歡。 ③ 定語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)是表示數(shù)量的詞時(shí), 用of which/ whom, 不用whose。 Here are many books, two of which he borrowed. 這兒有許多書(shū), 他借走了兩本。,5. as與which引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別 as與which都可以代指主句中的一部分或整個(gè)句子的內(nèi)容, 有時(shí)可以互換。 He married her, as/which was natural. 很自然地, 他和她結(jié)婚了。 as的特殊用法： (1) as引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句可以放在句首, 而which則不能。 As is known to us all, China is developing rapidly. 眾所周知, 中國(guó)發(fā)展迅速。,(2) as表示“正如, 正像”, 而which無(wú)此意。 此時(shí), as從句中常有know, expect, happen, point out, plan, suggest等單詞或短語(yǔ)。 He came back home late, as we expected. 正如我們所料, 他回家晚了。 注意: as引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句常見(jiàn)句式有： as is known to all(眾所周知), as is often the case(經(jīng)常是這個(gè)情形), as is mentioned above(如上所述), as is announced(如宣布的那樣)。,(3) 當(dāng)先行詞被the same, such修飾時(shí), 定語(yǔ)從句需用as引導(dǎo)。 It is such a difficult problem as none of us can work out. 這么難的一道題, 我們沒(méi)人做得出。 He wears the same coat as I do. 他穿著跟我一樣的外套。,注意: 當(dāng)先行詞被the same修飾時(shí), that也可引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句, 但意義有所不同。the same.as指同樣或同類(lèi)的事物；the same.that指同一個(gè)事物。 This is the same watch as I lost. 這塊表與我丟的那塊一樣。(不是同一塊表) This is the same watch that I lost. 這就是我丟的那塊表。(是同一塊表),定語(yǔ)從句的用法較為復(fù)雜，高考除了單獨(dú)考查定語(yǔ)從句知識(shí)外，還常常結(jié)合句式結(jié)構(gòu)、時(shí)態(tài)等來(lái)綜合考查。縱觀(guān)近幾年各地高考試題，不難發(fā)現(xiàn)其考點(diǎn)主要包括： 1. 考查關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的區(qū)分。如: that, which和where, when的區(qū)分; that, which和why的區(qū)分等。,考點(diǎn)歸納,2. 考查whose的使用。whose可以指代人或物, 在定語(yǔ)從句中作定語(yǔ), 后跟名詞。指物時(shí), whose＋名詞＝名詞＋ of which ＝ of which＋名詞。如： The classroom whose door/the door of which/of which the door is broken is on the second floor.,3. 考查as/which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。尤其要重視which，as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句和it，what引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)分。 4. 考查定語(yǔ)從句中的主謂一致現(xiàn)象。如： I, who am your close friend, will try my best to help you whenever you are in trouble. 5. 考查“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句?！敖樵~＋關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，關(guān)系代詞指人時(shí)用whom，指物時(shí)用which，不能用that。關(guān)系代詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)也可用whose。如： The teacher in front of whose house stands a tall tree is very patient with his students.,同時(shí)還要重視“復(fù)雜介詞或代詞”出現(xiàn)時(shí)與并列句的區(qū)別。如： He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him. (定語(yǔ)從句) He loved his parents deeply and both of them are very kind to him. (并列句) 此外，“介詞＋which ＋名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，也是一個(gè)較為特殊的結(jié)構(gòu)。如： He was very ill, in which case(＝and in this case) we sent him to hospital first.,6. 考查一些特殊的先行詞。如: 當(dāng)situation, point, case, activity, scene及period, festival, occasion等出現(xiàn)時(shí), 要注意具體情況具體分析; 作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)時(shí), 用關(guān)系代詞that/which; 作狀語(yǔ)時(shí), 用關(guān)系副詞where/when或“介詞＋which”, 表示在某種特定的情形下。,7. 考查定語(yǔ)從句、強(qiáng)調(diào)句、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句等的區(qū)別。如： The news that he had passed the exam pleased him and his family. (同位語(yǔ)從句) The news (that) he told me this morning is not interesting. (定語(yǔ)從句) It was 1914 when the war broke out. (時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句) It was in 1914 that the war broke out. (強(qiáng)調(diào)句),從A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，選出可以填入 空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。 Students should involve themselves in community activities _____ they can gain experience for growth. A. who B. when C. which D. where,D,2. We’ll reach the sales targets in a month _____ we set at the beginning of the year. A. which B. where C. when D. what 3. The exact year _____ Angela and her family spent together in China was 2008. A. when B. where C. why D. which,A,A,4. I borrowed the book Sherlock Holmes from the library last week, _____ my classmates recommended to me. A. who B. which C. when D. where 5. English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, _____ uses it differently. A. all of which B. each of which C. all of them D. each of them,B,B,6. Among the many dangers _____ sailors have to face, probably the greatest of all is fog. A. which B. what C. where D. when,A,鞏固練習(xí),I. 用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系詞填空。 1. Julian worked in a company, ________ is named after his grandfather, who founded it. 2. I paid a visit to Brazil last year, ________ turned out to be a beautiful memory. 3. It’s the third in a sequence of three books, the first of ________ I really enjoyed. 4. No one would like to accept the blame for something ________ was someone else’s fault.,which,which,which,that,5. We then moved to Paris, ________ we lived for six years. 6. The boy ________ I spoke to a moment ago is the son of my employer. 7. These people, ________ identities will be kept secret, will be paid $40 a day. 8. My sisters, ________ photos I showed you yesterday, will come to see us this evening. 9. Are we living in an age ________ everyone is encouraged to share their ideas on blogs?,where,who(m),whose,whose,when,10. Laura was always helping her brother with his physics after school, ________, of course, made her parents very happy. 11. In old days, some schools wouldn’t admit the boys ________ families were poor. 12. The price of any product is linked to a complicated system of prices ________ everything depends on everything else.,which,whose,where,II. 用適當(dāng)?shù)摹敖樵~+關(guān)系詞”填空。 1. It isn’t a subject ________ I devote a great deal of thought. 2. The woman ___________ Mike told me last Friday proved to be a cheat. 3. The man wrote a letter of thanks to the cleaner, ____________ help he couldn’t have found his lost money. 4. I’ve seen many films, ________ Titanic is the most wonderful and shocking one.,to which,about whom,without whose,of which,5. This is the original novel ________ the world-famous film is based. 6. Her elder daughter, ________ she placed the greatest trust, failed to match her expectations. 7. Robert set up a KTV bar in the Fifth Street, ________ he invited all his friends. 8. The Bird’s Nest has a huge stage ________ Jackie Chan and Song Zuying have ever given their concerts.,on which,in whom,to which,on which,III. 根據(jù)括號(hào)內(nèi)的漢語(yǔ)提示用定語(yǔ)從句補(bǔ)全下列句子。 1. An angry crowd surrounded the buses, _____________ (其中的大部分) were already full. 2. —How do you like the film Examination 1977, Mr. Li? —It brings the hours back to me ____________________________ (我被迫去養(yǎng)豬的時(shí)候) in a faraway village.,most of which,when I was forced to raise pigs,3. In my hometown, there is a mysterious lake, _________________________________ (湖的深度從來(lái)都沒(méi)有被測(cè)量過(guò)). 4. At Mr. Black’s, they chatted for an hour or so, ________________ (這段時(shí)間內(nèi)) not even a coffee was offered. 5. The Smiths will move into their new house next month, ________________ (到那個(gè)時(shí)候) it will be completely finished.,whose depth has never been measured,during which time,by which time,6. In the end, several people climbed up the hill, ________________ (在山頂上) they picnicked.,on whose top,