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2016高考導(dǎo)航——適用于全國(guó)卷Ⅰ,,專題七 書(shū)面表達(dá),1．“五檔”作文在眼里——抓標(biāo)準(zhǔn) (1)完成了試題規(guī)定的任務(wù)； (2)覆蓋了所有內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)； (3)應(yīng)用了較多的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯； (4)具備了較強(qiáng)的語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力； (5)有效地使用了語(yǔ)句間的連接成分，使全文結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊； (6)完全達(dá)到了預(yù)期的寫(xiě)作目的。,2．“五檔”標(biāo)準(zhǔn)如何抓 (1)抓“應(yīng)用了較多的詞匯” 解讀：詞性多樣、詞匯高級(jí)、短語(yǔ)豐富。 (2)抓“應(yīng)用了較多的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)” 解讀：感嘆句、倒裝句、復(fù)合句、強(qiáng)調(diào)句、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞結(jié) 構(gòu)、with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)等。 (3)抓“有效使用連接成分” 解讀：段與段、句與句之間明晰的、合乎邏輯的順序組織與 安排，做到文意與結(jié)構(gòu)上層次分明、條理清楚。 (4)抓“完成規(guī)定的任務(wù)” 解讀：對(duì)于題干、要點(diǎn)提示、注意事項(xiàng)以及參考詞匯要做到 讀題全面，只有這樣才能確保完成規(guī)定任務(wù)。,1．力保審題過(guò)程要“全” 審題五方面:審題是高考書(shū)面表達(dá)的關(guān)鍵第一步,確保審題“全而不漏”是得高分的基本保證。審題要注意以下五個(gè)方面: (1)審文體 考生首先要根據(jù)情景提示弄清要求寫(xiě)哪種體裁的文章，是記敘文、說(shuō)明文、應(yīng)用文，還是議論文。動(dòng)筆之前認(rèn)真審題并確定寫(xiě)作體裁是至關(guān)重要的。,(3)審人稱 審人稱，即弄清書(shū)面表達(dá)要求用哪種人稱寫(xiě)作。其中有主要人稱和次要人稱，這一點(diǎn)要引起考生足夠的重視，因?yàn)樘热羧朔Q不對(duì)，評(píng)卷時(shí)閱卷老師就會(huì)扣掉相應(yīng)的分?jǐn)?shù)。 (4)審時(shí)態(tài) 審時(shí)態(tài)，即根據(jù)所給材料信息確定短文的基本時(shí)態(tài)?？忌欢ㄒ匾晻r(shí)態(tài)，因?yàn)槿绻麜r(shí)態(tài)方面的錯(cuò)誤過(guò)多，評(píng)卷時(shí)閱卷老師就會(huì)扣除3～5分。 (5)審要點(diǎn) 表達(dá)出全部要點(diǎn)是得分的基本保證，如果漏掉要點(diǎn),得分檔次就會(huì)被降低，因此考生要細(xì)審題,定要點(diǎn),巧構(gòu)思，列提綱。,(2)精準(zhǔn)規(guī)避三類錯(cuò)誤 ①錯(cuò)在各類詞匯 A．拼寫(xiě)錯(cuò)誤 a．誤：We got struck in the traffic jam so we were late for the meeting. 改正：struck改為stuck B．變化錯(cuò)誤 b．誤：People throwed cans，paper，bags and so on into the river water. 改正：throwed改為threw c．誤：The book presents us a lot of useful informations. 改正：informations改為information,C．詞性錯(cuò)誤 d．誤：During my summer vacation，I spent half a month in the country and played very happy. 改正：happy改為happily e．誤：Doing a part－time job always effects study. 改正：effects改為affects ②錯(cuò)在語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu) A．時(shí)態(tài)錯(cuò)誤 a．誤：In the morning，we had bicycled in the suburbs to plant trees. 改正：had_bicycled改為bicycled,B．語(yǔ)態(tài)錯(cuò)誤 b．誤：Children who raise in poor families can generally deal with problems more effectively in their adult years. 改正：raise改為are raised C．主謂一致錯(cuò)誤 c．誤：My hobby is widespread，which include drawing，collecting stamps and so on. 改正：include改為includes,D．比較級(jí)使用錯(cuò)誤 d．誤：With the development of transportation，the world seems to be getting more and more smaller. 改正：more and more smaller改為smaller and smaller E．非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞使用錯(cuò)誤 e．誤：Comparing with other countries，the country pays little attention to the pollution. 改正：Comparing改為Compared,F．平行錯(cuò)誤 f．誤：Then I put my book under my desk，opening it and started looking for the answer. 改正：opening改為opened ③錯(cuò)在漢式思維 A．純漢語(yǔ)式思維和漢語(yǔ)式語(yǔ)序 a．誤：At this school studying，I really very happy. 改正：Studying in this school，I am really happy.,B．句子成分殘缺 b．誤：There are many students don’t support the project. 改正：There are many students who don’t support the project. c．誤：On the other hand，dogs are our best friends，bring us a lot of fun. 改正：On the other hand，dogs are our best friends，which bring us a lot of fun. C．句子成分贅余 d．誤：On one day，he went to the cinema. 改正：One day，he went to the cinema.,1．運(yùn)用三大原則，體現(xiàn)美不勝收 (1)新穎性原則 寫(xiě)作時(shí)恰當(dāng)?shù)皿w地使用高中學(xué)過(guò)的，別人可能想不到的詞 匯，會(huì)給閱卷人耳目一新的感覺(jué)。但是需注意：既要避免使用俗詞，又要避開(kāi)冷僻詞匯。 (2014高考江西卷)In the coming three years，our school life will be difficult. →In the coming three years，our school life will be challenging.,(2)短語(yǔ)優(yōu)先原則 多使用詞組、習(xí)語(yǔ)來(lái)代替一些單詞，以增加文采。 (2014高考江西卷)Developing a good habit is also important. →Developing a good habit is also of importance. (3)避免重復(fù)原則 盡量避免過(guò)多地使用某一個(gè)單詞，必要時(shí)選擇使用其他恰當(dāng)?shù)耐x詞或詞組來(lái)代替。 I like reading while my brother likes watching football matches. →I like reading while my brother enjoys watching football matches.,2．頻變句型結(jié)構(gòu)，增加得分亮點(diǎn) (1)肯定不如雙否好 對(duì)于考生來(lái)說(shuō)，只要稍加注意，在文章中運(yùn)用雙重否定的句子可以給自己的書(shū)面表達(dá)加分。 (2014高考重慶卷)We can imagine what life would be like with phones. →We can’t imagine what life would be like without phones. (2)陳述不如倒裝妙 倒裝是一種最簡(jiǎn)單易行的使句子呈現(xiàn)亮點(diǎn)的方法，它能使文章內(nèi)容突出，富有節(jié)奏。 ①The library lies in the center of our school. The library is between the garden and the teaching building.,→In the center of our school lies the library，which is between the garden and the teaching building. ②(2014高考福建卷)I was so excited that I couldn’t wait to try my hand at riding it. →So excited was I that I couldn’t wait to try my hand at riding it.,(3)主動(dòng)不如被動(dòng)巧 使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)符合英語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣,如果書(shū)面表達(dá)中有一兩個(gè)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)句子，就會(huì)呈現(xiàn)出句型的變化,使整篇文章句型豐富。 One day，when we learned the new word “eccentric” in class，the teacher asked us to make a sentence with it. →One day，when we learned the new word “eccentric” in class，we were asked to make a sentence with it.,(4)簡(jiǎn)單不如并列、復(fù)合強(qiáng) 有時(shí)為了使句子連貫性更強(qiáng)，表達(dá)更貼切、自然，我們?cè)趦蓚€(gè)或多個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句之間加上and，for，or，not only.but also等連詞，使其成為并列句；有時(shí)根據(jù)上下句之間的關(guān)系，在兩個(gè)或多個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句之間加上when，as，where，because等從屬連詞，使簡(jiǎn)單句變成復(fù)合句。 (2015高考安徽卷)I would really like to interview him. He is the first Chinese to go to space. He is one of the greatest astronauts in the world.,→I would really like to interview him because he is not only the first Chinese to go to space but also one of the greatest astronauts in the world. (5)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不能少 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞包括動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞三種。巧用非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，使書(shū)面表達(dá)句式豐富多彩，增加高分亮點(diǎn)。 ①(2015高考福建卷)In the picture，we can see a boy in worn clothes.He is sitting at a shabby wooden table with a pile of books on it.,→In the picture，we can see a boy in worn clothes，sitting at a shabby wooden table with a pile of books on it. ②He is going to write a book.The book is based on this experience. →He is going to write a book based on this experience. (6)篇章結(jié)構(gòu)巧連貫 在英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作中，要做到篇章結(jié)構(gòu)連貫，除在內(nèi)容的組織安排上要注意前后的邏輯關(guān)系外，有時(shí)還需要恰當(dāng)使用能承上啟下的關(guān)聯(lián)詞語(yǔ)。,(2015高考北京卷)First，he showed us the basic steps and skills of making dough figurines.We stood around him and watched attentively.Then we started to have a try ourselves.The old man walked around and helped us patiently.Finally，we put the figurines we made on the table and took pictures with the old craftsman.,1．“起”好開(kāi)頭 (1)常用開(kāi)頭詞匯 First，I think everyone needs friends and is eager to get friendship. Nowadays/Recently，people in many big cities are complaining about the heavy traffic. To begin with，smoking should be banned in public areas. Generally speaking，the more you practice，the more skillfully you can write in English.,(2)常用開(kāi)頭句式 As the proverb says/As the saying goes，“Where there is a will，there is a way.” As can be seen from the table，nearly everyone owns one mobile phone in China. There is no denying that successful business lies in a healthy body and mind. It is well known that an elephant is a very kind and gentle animal. I’m excited to learn that we are going to start a magazine.,(3)滿分作文選粹 (2015高考湖南卷)As a student，I can tell you that there is nothing better than being praised by my teacher before my classmates. (2014高考天津卷)I’m glad to hear that you will come to our school as an exchange student. (2014高考湖南卷)As is known to all, shoes play an important role in our life，for it can protect our feet from being hurt.,2．“承”好上下 (1)常用順承詞匯 Secondly，we should get up early to memorize idioms and useful expressions. Obviously，a good learning habit can help us to speed up to reach our destinations. What’s more，good books can help us to develop good characters. I lost my way in the forest and to make matters worse/what is worse，it became dark. In addition，we shouldn’t neglect that everyone wants a friendly and peaceful society. Meanwhile/At the same time，I will regard it as my duty to keep our environment clean.,(2)常用順承句式 Take Beijing for example，it is one of the oldest cities in the world. What is more serious is that we don’t cherish wildlife. As far as I am concerned，they stand for love，friendship and unity. (3)滿分作文選粹 (2015高考陜西卷)Besides，I have such a good command of English that I am elected as assistant to my English teacher. (2014高考重慶卷)Moreover，it seems that he always thinks more of himself than of others. (2015高考江蘇卷)What’s worse，some drivers.do not think it vital to obey traffic rules.,3．“轉(zhuǎn)”好過(guò)渡 (1)常用轉(zhuǎn)折過(guò)渡詞匯 But unfortunately，I mind my own business without considering my parents. However，not until the match was over did we realize that we became the losers. On the other hand，online shopping also has many disadvantages. On the contrary，the volunteers always claim that they are tired of the life on earth. Contrary to what I had originally said，the trip turned out to be fun.,(2)滿分作文選粹 (2014高考湖南卷)However，what amazes you most is the following new function. (2014高考北京卷)But now，because my left foot was injured，I cannot go with you as planned.,4．“合”好結(jié)尾 (1)常用結(jié)尾詞匯 All in all，traveling is the best choice to recharge ourselves and get ready for the new challenges. In conclusion，a good citizen should observe traffic regulations. In a word，success is important，and so is failure，because it’s the mother of success. To sum up，environmental protection is of great importance，which can make us live more comfortably and healthily. On the whole，I find a bike more enjoyable than a motorcycle.,(2)常用結(jié)尾句式 I’d appreciate it if you could deliver them as soon as possible. It is high time that we did something to prevent the environment from being polluted. Only with combined efforts can we expect our hometown to take on a new look in the near future. We can，therefore，come to the conclusion that nothing is so precious as peace in the world. I’m sure that I still have a long way to go to achieve my dream.No matter how difficult it is, I will have it come true.,(3)滿分作文選粹 (2014高考江蘇卷)In short，not only has the inclusion poisoned Chinese，it may also bring about distance between the Chinese people. (2014高考全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)In a word，my life will be much richer and more colorful. (2014高考浙江卷)I’ll be glad if you can consider my recommendation.,A (2015高考全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)假定你是李華，你校英文報(bào)“外國(guó)文 化”欄目擬刊登介紹美國(guó)節(jié)日風(fēng)俗和中學(xué)生生活的短文。 請(qǐng)給美國(guó)朋友彼得寫(xiě)信約稿，要點(diǎn)如下： 1．欄目介紹； 2．稿件內(nèi)容； 3．稿件長(zhǎng)度：約400詞； 4．交稿日期：6月28日前。,注意：1.詞數(shù)100左右。 2．可以適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)，以使行文連貫； 3．開(kāi)頭語(yǔ)已為你寫(xiě)好。 Dear Peter， I’d like to ask you to write an article for our school’s English newspaper.____________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________,[審題謀篇] 1．審文體：應(yīng)用文，屬于提綱式作文 2．審格式：書(shū)信 3．審人稱：以第三人稱為主，第二人稱為輔 4．審時(shí)態(tài)：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 5．審要點(diǎn)：注意要點(diǎn)要齊全，包括欄目介紹、稿件內(nèi)容、 稿件長(zhǎng)度和交稿日期；寫(xiě)作時(shí)注意恰當(dāng)?shù)厥褂勉暯釉~和過(guò)渡 詞，以使文章行文連貫、流暢。,,[滿分作文] Dear Peter， I’d like to ask you to write an article for our school’s English newspaper. The“Foreign Cultures”section in our newspaper is very popular among us students.It carries articles written by foreign friends about the cultures of their home countries. Would you please write something about the culture in your part of the United States？And we would especially welcome articles about how Americans spend their holidays and festivals，and the life of American high school students.You,can write anything relevant so long as it’s interesting and informative.400 words would be fine.Could we have your article before June 28? I’m looking forward to hearing from you. Yours， Li Hua,,[能力拓展] 完成下列學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù) 1．句式升級(jí)： 你可以寫(xiě)有關(guān)的東西，只要它有趣并能使人增進(jìn)知識(shí)。 低級(jí)：You can write anything relevant，and it’s interesting and informative. 高級(jí)：You can write anything relevant _______________ it’s interesting and informative.,as long as,2．句型轉(zhuǎn)換： The “Foreign Cultures”section in our newspaper is very popular among us students. →The“Foreign Cultures”section in our newspaper __________________ (receive用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)) us students， ________(非限制性定語(yǔ)從句) has a positive effect on our learning lives.,is well received by,which,B (2015高考全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)假定你是李華，計(jì)劃和同學(xué)去敬老院(nursing home)陪老人們過(guò)重陽(yáng)節(jié)(the Double Ninth Festival)。請(qǐng)給外教露西寫(xiě)封郵件，邀她一同前往，內(nèi)容 包括： 1．出發(fā)及返回時(shí)間； 2．活動(dòng)：包餃子、表演節(jié)目等。,注意： 1．詞數(shù)100左右； 2．可以適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)，以使行文連貫； 3．結(jié)語(yǔ)已為你寫(xiě)好。 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Looking forward to your reply. Yours， Li Hua,[審題謀篇] 1．審文體：應(yīng)用文，屬于提綱式作文 2．審格式：電子郵件 3．審人稱：第一人稱 4．審時(shí)態(tài)：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般將來(lái)時(shí) 5．審要點(diǎn)： (1)出發(fā)及返回時(shí)間；(2)在敬老院的活動(dòng)：包餃子、表演節(jié) 目等。,[滿分作文] Dear Lucy， I’d like to invite you to join us for a visit to the nearby nursing home next Saturday for the Double Ninth Festival.It is the day for the elderly in our culture.We’ll go and make dumplings and cakes with the elderly people there.We’ll also spend some fun time together singing，dancing and playing games，which we hope will make them happy.We should be back around 4 o’clock in the afternoon.If you are able to,come with us，please let us know and we’ll wait for you at the school gate at 9 in the morning. Looking forward to your reply． Yours， Li Hua,[能力拓展] 完成下列學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)(句式升級(jí)) 1．我們將在一起唱歌、跳舞、玩游戲度過(guò)美好的時(shí)刻，我們希望這會(huì)使他們高興。 低級(jí)：We’ll also spend some fun time together. We’ll sing，dance and play games. We hope it will make them happy. 高級(jí):We’ll also spend some fun time together singing,dancing ___________ playing games，___________ we hope will make them happy.,and,which,2．如果你能與我們一起來(lái)，請(qǐng)告知我們；我們將在上午9點(diǎn)在校門口等你。 低級(jí)：Are you able to come with us? Please let us know. We’ll wait for you at the school gate at 9 in the morning. 高級(jí)：___________ you are able to come with us，please let us know ___________ we’ll wait for you at the school gate at 9 in the morning.,If,and,C (2014高考全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)假定你是李華，計(jì)劃暑假期間去英國(guó)學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)，為期六周。下面的廣告引起了你的注意，請(qǐng)給該校寫(xiě)封信，詢問(wèn)有關(guān)情況(箭頭所指內(nèi)容)。,注意：1.詞數(shù)100左右。 2．可以適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)，以使行文連貫。 3．參考詞匯：住宿—accommodation Dear Sir/Madam， ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Yours faithfully， Li Hua,[審題謀篇] 1．審文體：應(yīng)用文，圖表類作文 2．審格式：書(shū)信 3．審人稱：第一人稱 4．審時(shí)態(tài)：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)為主 5．審要點(diǎn)： (1)說(shuō)明寫(xiě)信的目的； (2)開(kāi)課時(shí)間和每周上課時(shí)間； (3)班級(jí)大??； (4)收費(fèi)情況； (5)住宿類型。,[滿分作文] Dear Sir/Madam， I am a student in China and I plan to go to Britain to attend a summer school during the vacation.I’ve seen your ad，and I’d like to know something more about your six－week English course.First，when will the course start and how many class hours are there per week？Besides，I wish there would not be too many students in a class.I’d also like to know how much I have to pay for the course and whether accommodation is included.Would there be host family or university dormitory? I am looking forward to your early reply. Yours faithfully， Li Hua,[能力拓展] 完成下列學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)(句式升級(jí)) 句式升級(jí) 1．如果我能夠了解更多有關(guān)你們六周的英語(yǔ)課程的信息的話，我會(huì)不勝感激。 低級(jí)：If I can know something more about your six－week English course，I will be very thankful. 高級(jí)：I’d_______________ (v.＋it＋賓語(yǔ)從句) I could know something more about your six－week English course.,appreciate it if,2．而且，我希望在一個(gè)班中不會(huì)有太多的學(xué)生，這是我所關(guān)注的事情。 低級(jí)：And I hope there won’t be too many students in a class.This is the thing that I’m concerned about. 高級(jí)：____________，I___________ there would not be too many students in a class，___________ is my___________．,In addition,wish that,which,concern,D (2014高考全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)一家英語(yǔ)報(bào)社向中學(xué)生征文，主題是 “十年后的我”。請(qǐng)根據(jù)下列要點(diǎn)和你的暢想完成短文。 1．家庭； 2．工作； 3．業(yè)余生活。,注意：1.詞數(shù)100左右； 2．可以適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)，以使行文連貫； 3．開(kāi)頭語(yǔ)已為你寫(xiě)好。 I often imagine what my life will be like in the future. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________,[審題謀篇] 1．審文體：半開(kāi)放作文 2．審格式：無(wú)固定格式 3．審人稱：第一人稱 4．審時(shí)態(tài)：一般將來(lái)時(shí)為主 5．審要點(diǎn)：(1)未來(lái)家族； (2)未來(lái)工作； (3)未來(lái)業(yè)余工作。,[滿分作文] I often imagine what my life will be like in the future．I think my life will be very different in ten years.I will be twenty－eight years old by then.I will have my own family，probably with a lovely child.I hope I’ll work in a computer company as a program designer.I’ll enjoy my work and get along well with my colleagues.I’ll do a good job in whatever I do.In my free time，I’ll continue to take regular exercise，such as swimming，running and various ball games.On my holidays，I’ll travel around the world.In a word，my life will be much richer and more colorful.,[能力拓展] 完成下列學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù) 1．按要求寫(xiě)出下面句子 ①我認(rèn)為十年后我的生活將和現(xiàn)在大不相同。 I think my life will_______________________ that of today in ten years. ②我將喜歡我的工作并和我的同事友好相處。 I will enjoy my work and___________________ my colleagues. ③無(wú)論我做什么，我都會(huì)做得很好。 I will_____________________ in anything that I do.,be very different from,get along well with,do a good job,④在我的業(yè)余時(shí)間，我將經(jīng)常鍛煉身體。 In my spare time，I will____________________． 2．按提示將上面句式升級(jí) ⑤用what引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句改寫(xiě)句① _______________________________________________________________________ ⑥用讓步狀語(yǔ)從句改寫(xiě)句③ ____________________________________________________,take regular exercise,I think my life will be different from what it is today in ten years.,I will do a good job in whatever I do.,