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William Shakespeare (1564-1616),,154 sonnets十四行詩(shī),2 long poems,37 plays,,Tragedies,Comedies,History plays,Tragi-comedies,Shakespeare’s Works,HIS TRAGEDIES,among the most powerful studies of human nature in all literature appropriately as the greatest achievements of his dramatic artistry his unforgettable tragic characters, such as Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth,Four Great Tragedies,Hamlet(1601) 哈姆雷特 Othello(1604) 奧賽羅 King Lear(1605) 李爾王 Macbeth(1606) 麥克白,HIS COMEDIES,His comedies celebrate human social life even as they expose human folly（stupid） . By means that are sometimes humiliating（degrade）, even painful, characters learn greater wisdom and emerge with a clearer view of reality. Tragedies begin happily and end in misery. Comedies, on the other hand, begin in misery and end happily.,Well-known Comedies,The Merchant of Venice 威尼斯商人 A Midsummer Night’s Dream 仲夏夜之夢(mèng) Twelfth Night 第十二夜 As You Like It 皆大歡喜 All’s Well That Ends Well 終成眷屬 Much Ado about Nothing 無(wú)事生非,Histories,2 Henry VI 3 Henry VI 1 Henry VI Richard III Richard II,King John 1 Henry IV 2 Henry IV Henry V Henry VIII,His History Plays,History plays（sometimes known as chronicle plays ）----a highly popular form of drama in Shakespeare’s time.,Shakespeare’s Poetry,Poetry Venus and Adonis The Rape of Lucrece Sonnets,`A Lovers Complaint The Passionate Pilgrim The Phoenix and The Turtle,Shakespeare wrote in “Early Modern English.” EME was not very different from “Modern English,”,Shakespeare’s Language,A mix of old and very new Rural and urban words/images Understandable by the lowest peasant and the highest noble,Shakespeare’s Language,Thou=you(主格）,Thy=your（物主代詞）,Thee=you（賓格）,,Warming-up,Match the meaning with the quotation and the play.,“Words, words, only words, no matter from the heart”,Meaning: Empty words, not real thoughts or ideas from the heart.,,Troilus and Cressida,,空話,空話,只是空話,沒(méi)有一點(diǎn)發(fā)自內(nèi)心.,Romeo, Romeo, why are you Romeo ? Deny your father, and refuse your name…,,,羅密歐,羅密歐,你為什么是羅密歐?否定你的父親放棄你的姓氏.,Romeo and Juliet,,Version In modern English,“Neither a borrower nor a lender be”,Meaning: It is best not to lend (money) to others and not to borrow from others. When we lend sth, we risk losing both the thing we lend and the friendship with the other person.,,Hamlet,,,別借債,莫放債.,Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown.,,,Meaning: A person who has great responsibility, such as a king, is constantly worried and therefore doesn’t sleep soundly.,頭戴王冠,寢食不安.,“To be or not to be: that is the question”,Meaning: That is a question whether to live on in this world or to die, that is, to take action or to do nothing.,Hamlet,,生存還是毀滅,這是個(gè)問(wèn)題.,William Shakespeare – All the worlds a Stage (from As You Like It) ),All the worlds a stage, And all the men and women merely players: They have their exits and their entrances; And one man in his time plays many parts, His acts being seven ages. 全世界是個(gè)舞臺(tái)，男男女女只是演員而已，他們都有其退場(chǎng)和登場(chǎng)，人生在世扮演著多種角色，它的表演有七個(gè)時(shí)期。,“Life’s but a walking shadow; a poor player, That struts and frets his hour upon the stage, And is heard of no more: it is a tale Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, Signifying nothing.” - Macbeth Act V; s.5,人生不過(guò)是一個(gè)行走的影子，一個(gè)在舞臺(tái)上指手劃腳的笨拙的憐人，登場(chǎng)片刻，便在無(wú)聲無(wú)息中悄然退去，這是一個(gè)愚人所講的故事，充滿了喧嘩和騷動(dòng)，卻一無(wú)所指?！尔溈税住?Influence,Shakespeare’s work has made a lasting impression on later theatre and literature. His writing is widely regarded as one of the three main sources of the English literature, while the other two are Greek and Roman myths and the Bible. In Shakespeare’s day, English grammar and spelling were less standardised than they are now, and his use of language helped shape modern English.,Ben Jonson dedicated（devoted） a poem in praise of Shakespeare,我的莎士比亞，起來(lái)吧。我不想把你 安置在喬叟、斯賓塞的身旁，或者叫波蒙特 躺過(guò)去一點(diǎn)，給你讓出些地方。 即使沒(méi)有墓，你也是一塊豐碑， 你仍然活著，只要你的書還在， 只要我們會(huì)讀書，我們會(huì)說(shuō)出贊詞?！?自豪吧，我的不列顛，你拿的出一個(gè)人， 歐洲所有劇壇都向他致敬。 他不只屬于一個(gè)時(shí)代，而是屬于永遠(yuǎn)。,The Cost of a Show,1 shilling to stand 2 shillings to sit in the balcony 1 shilling was 10% of their weekly income,Actors,Only men and boys Young boys whose voices had not changed play women’s roles Would have been considered indecent for a woman to appear on stage Costumes were often the company’s most valuable asset Costumes were made by the company, bought in London, or donated by courtiers,The Globe Theater,The evidence suggests that it was a three-storey, open-air amphitheatre approximately 100 feet (30 m) in diameter that could house up to 3,000 spectators.,The Globe Theatre – Shakespeare’s Most Successful Financial Venture,,Called the “Wooden O” because of its eight sided shape.,Stayed in business because of the favor of the royalty of the time,-- Soft you now! The fair Ophelia! Nymph, in thy (your) orisons Be all my sins rememberd. ---Hamlet,且慢！美麗的奧菲利婭！——女神，在你的祈禱之中，不要忘記替我懺悔我的罪孽。,Hamlet,The Prince of Denmark, the title character, and the protagonist. About thirty years old at the start of the play, the son of Queen Gertrude and the late King Hamlet, the nephew of the present king, Claudius.,Hamlet’s soliloquy,For such a figure as Hamlet, soliloquy is a natural medium, a necessary release of his anguish; and some of his questioning monologues possess surpassing power and insight, which have survived centuries of being torn from their context.,How many soliloquies does Hamlet deliver?,Hamlet has seven major soliloquies: “O that this too too sullied flesh would melt“ (1.2.129-159) “O all you host of heaven! O earth! what else?“ (1.5.92-111) “O what a rogue and peasant slave am I!“ (2.2.549-607) “To be, or not to be, that is the question“ (3.1.56-89) “Tis now the very witching time of night“ (3.3.380-392) “Now might I do it pat, now a is a-praying“ (3.3.73-96) “How all occasions do inform against me“ (4.4.32-66),,To be, or not to be: that is the question: Whether ’tis nobler in the mind to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune Or to take arms against a sea of troubles, And by opposing end them?—To die,—to sleep,— No more; and by a sleep to say we end The heartache, and the thousand natural shocks That flesh is heir to,—’tis a consummation Devoutly to be wish’d. To die,—to sleep;—,Hamlet’s soliloquy,生存還是毀滅，這是一個(gè)值得考慮的問(wèn)題；默然忍受命運(yùn)的暴虐的毒箭，或是挺身反抗人世的無(wú)涯的苦難，通過(guò)斗爭(zhēng)把它們掃清，這兩種行為，哪一種更高貴？死了；睡著了；什么都完了；要是在這一種睡眠之中，我們心頭的創(chuàng)痛，以及其他無(wú)數(shù)血肉之軀所不能避免的打擊，都可以從此消失，那正是我們求之不得的結(jié)局。,,To sleep: perchance to dream:—ay, there’s the rub; For in that sleep of death what dreams may come, When we have shuffled off this mortal coil, Must give us pause: there’s the respect That makes calamity of so long life; For who would bear the whips and scorns of time, The oppressor’s wrong, the proud man’s contumely, The pangs of despis’d love, the law’s delay, The insolence of office, and the spurns That patient merit of the unworthy takes, When he himself might his quietus make With a bare bodkin?.,睡著了也許還會(huì)做夢(mèng)；嗯，阻礙就在這兒：因?yàn)楫?dāng)我們擺脫了這一具朽腐的皮囊以后，在那死的睡眠里，究竟將要做些什么夢(mèng)，那不能不使我們躊躇顧慮。人們甘心久困于患難之中，也就是為了這個(gè)緣故；誰(shuí)愿意忍受人世的鞭撻和譏嘲、壓迫者的凌辱、傲慢者的冷眼、被輕蔑的愛情的慘痛、法律的遷延、官吏的橫暴和費(fèi)盡辛勤所換來(lái)的小人的鄙視，要是他只要一柄小小的刀子，就可以清算他自己的一生。,With a bare bodkin? who would these fardels bear, To grunt and sweat under a weary life, But that the dread of something after death,— The undiscover’d country, from whose bourn No traveller returns,—puzzles the will, And makes us rather bear those ills we have Than fly to others that we know not of? 誰(shuí)愿意負(fù)著這樣的重?fù)?dān)，在煩勞的生命的壓迫下呻吟流汗，倘不是因?yàn)閼峙虏豢芍乃篮?，懼怕那從?lái)不曾有一個(gè)旅人回來(lái)過(guò)的神秘之國(guó)，是它迷惑了我們的意志，使我們寧愿忍受目前的磨折，不敢向我們所不知道的痛苦飛去？,Thus conscience does make cowards of us all; And thus the native hue of resolution Is sicklied o’er with the pale cast of thought; And enterprises of great pith and moment, With this regard, their currents turn awry, And lose the name of action.,這樣，重重的顧慮使我們?nèi)兂闪伺撤?，決心的赤熱的光彩，被審慎的思維蓋上了一層灰色，偉大的事業(yè)在這一種考慮之下，也會(huì)逆流而退，失去了行動(dòng)的意義。,Hamlet’s soliloquy,Main Idea: This is an internal philosophical debate on the advantages and disadvantages of existence, and whether it is one‘s right to end his or her own life. It presents a most logical and powerful examination of the theme of the moral legitimacy（lawfulness ） of suicide in an unbearably painful world.,,To be, or not to be: that is the question:,the key sentence dilemma of trying to determine the meaning of life and death,,suffer the life passively,to end one’s sufferings actively?,To be,To live and not to take action,Not to be,To take action and die,,,,,,Which is nobler ?,,To be----to live suffer the life passively the whips and scorns of time the oppressor’s wrong pangs of despis’d love the law’s delay insolence of office …,Not to be ----to die seek to end one’s sufferings actively bring himself peace with a knife –easy! But--Unknown dreams in the death-sleep Nobody comes back from the unknown land to tell about their afterlife,“the dread of something after death” makes people submit to the suffering of their lives rather than go to another state of existence which might be even more miserable.,,Pains already known,,Hamlet’s theme,Treachery（betrayal ）,revenge,incest,moral corruption,Hamlet’s character,melancholy, bitter, and cynical, full of hatred for his uncle’s scheming and disgust for his mother’s sexuality. A reflective and thoughtful young man who has studied at the University of Wittenberg, often indecisive and hesitant, but at other times prone to rash and impulsive acts.,Romeo and Juliet,,,Romeo and Juliet,Though a tragedy, there is no tinge (hint) of pessimism in the play. It is a song of youth and true love.,Setting of Romeo and Juliet,The play is mainly set in the thirteenth or fourteenth century in Italy in Verona. Much of the action takes place in Juliets house. The Capulets and the Montagues, the main families of the play, are from noble lineage（家族） and wealth; they dress well, live in fancy surroundings, and are served by many attendants. The plays basic setting, therefore, is rich and elegant.,Quotes from Romeo and Juliet,What’s in a name? That which we call a rose By any other word would smell as sweet. (2.2.45-6), Juliet O Romeo, Romeo, wherefore art thou Romeo? (2.2.35), Juliet,,Good night, good night. Parting is such sweet sorrow, That I shall say good night till it be morrow. (2.2.197-8), Juliet See how she leans her cheek upon her hand! O that I were a glove upon that hand, That I might touch that cheek! (2.2.23-5), Romeo,Quotes from Romeo and Juliet,Give me my Romeo, and, when he shall die, Take him and cut him out in little stars, And he will make the face of heaven so fine That all the world will be in love with night, And pay no worship to the garish(dazzling) sun. (3.2.21-5), Juliet,Quotes from Romeo and Juliet,,Shakespeares Juliet is a headstrong and intelligent character in spite of her young age,She is considered by many to be the true hero of the play, acting as a balance against the impulsive Romeo.,The play takes place over a time span of four days. Within these few days, Juliet is thrust into adulthood quickly—where she must deal with issues of life, love, passion, and even death. She experiences a timeline of emotions.,