2019-2020年高三英語 總復(fù)習(xí)語法專項(xiàng)教案.doc
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2019-2020年高三英語 總復(fù)習(xí)語法專項(xiàng)教案 1. 名詞的數(shù): 不可數(shù)名詞 1) 抽象名詞、物質(zhì)名詞、專有名詞是不可數(shù)名詞 注意:不可數(shù)名詞表示個(gè)體時(shí),需用量詞 a piece of advice/furniture/information/news/wood an article of clothing /furniture a bar of chocolate/soap a loaf of bread five head of cattle/sheep 2)以-ics結(jié)尾的表示學(xué)科的名詞,動(dòng)詞一般用作單數(shù),如mathematics, physics, statistics 3)某些以-s結(jié)尾的專有名詞常用作單數(shù)the United States, the United Nations 2.可數(shù)名詞 1).單復(fù)相同:deer, fish, sheep , works(工廠),means, species(種類),以及由漢語音譯表示度量衡、幣值等單位的名詞如yuan,jiao, fen, mu 2).表示“某國人”的名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式: a. 直接加s. Russian—Russians, German—Germans, American—Americans b. 以man和woman結(jié)尾的復(fù)合名詞變–man為 –men, Englishman—Englishmen, Frenchwoman—Frenchwomen (一) c. 單復(fù)相同: Swiss(瑞士人), Chinese, Japanese 3).復(fù)合名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式: a.以“可數(shù)名詞+介詞短語”構(gòu)成的復(fù)合名詞,在名詞后面加-s: daughter(s)-in-law, looker(s)-on旁觀者,passer(s)-by過路人 b.以“動(dòng)詞或過去分詞+副詞”構(gòu)成的復(fù)合名詞, 詞尾加s: grown-up(s), breakdowns(故障) c. man和woman作為性別標(biāo)志修飾的名詞,兩者都變復(fù)數(shù) man servant --- men servants, woman doctor --- women doctors d.以可數(shù)名詞結(jié)尾的復(fù)合名詞,直接加-s, store-keepers, boy-friends, tooth-brushes. 4).一些物質(zhì)名詞以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn),表示不同類別 silks(各種絲綢), teas(各種茶葉) 5).有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式表示特別的意義 Customs海關(guān) drinks飲料, sands沙灘, hairs幾根頭發(fā), papers報(bào)紙,manners禮貌, spirits情緒 (二)專有名詞。是個(gè)人、國家、地方、組織、機(jī)構(gòu)等所有專有的名稱。例Asia China. (三)所有格 1.s所有格的特殊表示形式有: a. 用于表示時(shí)間、距離、價(jià)格、重量等的名詞后,如: today’s newspaper, five minutes’ walk/drive, five pounds’ weight, b. 用于表示國家、世界、城市等地方的名詞后。如: the earth’s planet, the word’s population, China’s industry, New York’s parks 2. 表示無生命的所有關(guān)系,用of+名詞 Eg: the window of the room, the gate of the school 3.雙重所有格:在表示所屬物的名詞前有冠詞、數(shù)詞、不定代詞、或指示代詞時(shí),常用“of +名詞’s”的形式表示所有關(guān)系。Of]后面的名詞一般都表示人,不能表示物。公式為: a, an, this, that +名詞+of +名詞性物主代詞 例如that book of Tom’s, two friends of my father’s 4. 在表示店鋪或教堂的名字或某人的家時(shí),名詞所有格的后面常常不出現(xiàn)它所修飾的名詞,如:the barbers 理發(fā)店。 5. 如果兩個(gè)名詞并列,并且分別有s,則表示"分別有";只有一個(gè)s,則表示 共有。如:Johns and Marys room(兩間 John and Marys room(一間) 二 冠詞基本用法 一、 不定冠詞a, an 的用法 1.a, an 與可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)連用,表示某類事物中的任何一個(gè),表示泛指 A horse is a domestic animal. 馬是家畜。 This is a tiger, not a wolf. 這是虎不是狼。 2. 用于可數(shù)名詞前,指某個(gè)人或事物,但不具體說明何人、何物 == a certain I met an old woman in the street. A man is looking for me. 3. an, a + 可數(shù)名詞單數(shù), 與one 同源,表示“一”。 We will be back in a day or two. It is a foot long, an inch thick.. We have examinations twice a year. 4. a, an + 具體化了的抽象名詞,表示、、、、人或事。 (help,success, failure, pleasure, pity, surprise) (1) ---- Will you fetch me some water? ---- With pleasure. (2) It’s a pleasure to help others. (3)( He offer me much help.)---- He is a great help to me. (4) The meeting is a great success. 5. a, an = the same 之后加表示尺寸,年齡的名詞。 They are nearly an age. (the same age) The doors are of a size. ( the same size) 6. 有時(shí)不可數(shù)名詞前加a ,表示特殊意義 A knowledge of English is a must in international trade. 7. 不定冠詞位置 不定冠詞常位于名詞或名詞修飾語前。注意: 1) 位于下列形容詞之后: such,what,many,half, I have never seen such an animal. Many a man is fit for the job. 2)當(dāng)名詞前的形容詞被副詞as, so, too, how, however, enough修飾時(shí),不定冠詞應(yīng)放在形容詞之后: It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent. so short a time,too long a distance. 3) quite,rather與單數(shù)名詞連用,冠詞放在其后。 但當(dāng)rather,quite 前仍有形容詞,不定冠詞放其前后均可。如:quite a lot 二、定冠詞the的用法 1.上文提到過的人或事:(+ 單、復(fù)數(shù)名詞 ) He bought a house. Ive been to the house. 他買了幢房子。我去過那幢房子。 2. 特指雙方都明白的人或物: Take the medicine. 把藥吃了。 3. 指世上獨(dú)一物二的事物: the sun, the sky, the moon, the world….. the earth ,the middle, the right, the left The sun rises in the east. 4. 用在形容詞比較級(jí),最高級(jí),及形容詞only, very, same等前面: The dictionary is the better of the two. This is the most interesting novel I have ever read. Thats the very thing Ive been looking for. 那正是我要找的東西。 5. the+ 單數(shù)名詞, 表示一類人或事物,如:the dollar 美元 Who invented the telephone? The panda eats bamboo. 6. the + 普通名詞構(gòu)成的專有名詞 the Peoples Republic of China 中華人民共和國 the United States 美國 the munist Party 7. the+形容詞或分詞連用,表示一類人(謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)),表物可指一個(gè) the rich 富人; the living 生者 The young should respect the old. 8. the + 逢“十”的復(fù)數(shù)前, 表年代 In the fifties 9.用在表示樂器的名詞之前: She plays the piano. 她會(huì)彈鋼琴。 10.the + 江,河,湖,海,山脈,海峽 the Red Sea, the Indian Ocean, the Alps 11. the+序數(shù)詞,但表示“再,又一”時(shí)用a\an + N. Where do you live? I live on the second floor. 你住在哪?我住在二層。 He is the first to e. Can you read it a second time? 12.the+復(fù)數(shù)名詞,指整個(gè)群體 ,或 the+姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)名詞,表示一家人: They are the teachers of this school.(指全體教師) They are teachers of this school. (指部分教師) the Chinese 指整個(gè)中華民族 the Greens 格林一家人 (或格林夫婦) 13.定冠詞位置 定冠詞通常位于名詞或名詞修飾語前,但放在all, both,double,half,twice,three times等詞之后,名詞之前。 All the students in the class went out. 班里的所有學(xué)生都出去了。 三、不用冠詞(零冠詞) 1. 物質(zhì)名詞表示一般概念時(shí),通常不加冠詞,當(dāng)表示特定的意思時(shí),需要加定冠詞; Dense water sinks and less dense water is pushed to the surface. He likes music. 2. 泛指的復(fù)數(shù)名詞,表示一類人或事物時(shí),可不用定冠詞; They are teachers, not students. Apples, pears and grapes belong to fruit. 3.在一日三餐,學(xué)科,季節(jié)、月份、節(jié)日、 假日、日期、星期等表示時(shí)間的名詞之前,不加冠詞;但若有修飾成分可加a 或the We go to school from Monday to Friday. 我們從星期一到星期五都上課。 When do you have dinner? We had a rich dinner yesterday. The winter of xx was special. 4.當(dāng)可數(shù)名詞抽象化了,不加冠詞 by bus,by train,by plane, by ship be in prison \ school go to college , be at table, in class , in place of ,in office 5. 在稱呼或表示官銜,職位的名詞在句中作表語,補(bǔ)語,同位語時(shí)不加冠詞; He was made president for the second time. Mr. Pattis, head of the department, discovered Mr, King’s secret. The guards took the American to General Lee. 士兵們把這個(gè)美國人送到李將軍那里。 6.在一日三餐、球類運(yùn)動(dòng)和棋類運(yùn)動(dòng)的名稱前,不加冠詞。 如:have breakfast,play chess 7.單數(shù)名詞,相對(duì)應(yīng)使用時(shí) shoulder to shoulder,face to face, year by year, from west to east 四、冠詞與形容詞+名詞結(jié)構(gòu) 如兩個(gè)形容詞都有冠詞,表示兩個(gè)不同東西,如后一個(gè)形容詞無冠詞,則指一物。 He raises a black and a white cat. 他養(yǎng)了一只黑貓和一只白貓。 The black and the white cats are hers. 這只黑貓和白貓都是他的。 He raises a black and white cat. 他養(yǎng)了一只花貓。 三 代詞 一、人稱代詞是表示“我、你、他、她、它、我們、你們、他”的詞。人稱代詞有人稱、數(shù)和格的變化,見下表: 數(shù) 單數(shù) 復(fù)數(shù) 格 主格 賓格 主格 賓格 第一人稱 I me we us 第二人稱 you you you you 第三人稱 he him they them she her they them it it they them a.在簡(jiǎn)短對(duì)話中,當(dāng)人稱代詞單獨(dú)使用或在not 后,多用賓語。 ---- I like English. --我喜歡英語。 ---- Me too. --我也喜歡。 b.在表示比較的非正式的文體中,常用賓格代替主格。 但如果比較狀語的謂語保留,則主語只能用主格。 He is taller than I/me. He is taller than I am. 二、 物主代詞表示所有關(guān)系的代詞,也可叫做代詞所有格。物主代詞分形容性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞二種,其人物和數(shù)的變化見下表。 數(shù) 單數(shù) 復(fù)數(shù) 人稱 第一 第二 第三 第一 第二 第三 人稱 人稱 人稱 人稱 人稱 人稱 形容詞性 my your his/her/its our your their 物主代詞 名詞性 mine yours his/hers/ its ours yours theirs 物主代詞 三、 指示代詞表示"那個(gè)"、"這個(gè)"、"這些"、"那些"等指示概念的代詞。指示代詞有this,that,these,those等。 四、 表示"我自己"、"你自己"、"他自己"、"我們自己"、"你們自己"和"他們自己"等的代詞,叫做反身代詞。 如: She was talking to herself. 她自言自語。 五、 不指明代替任何特定名詞的代詞叫做不定代詞?!〔欢ù~有 all , both, every, each, either, neither, more, little, few, much, many, another, other, some, any , one, no 以及some, something, anything, everything, somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, nothing , nobody, no one, none, everybody, everyone.等。這些不定代詞大都可以代替名詞和形容詞,在句中作主語、賓語、表語和定語, 但none和由some,any,no等構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞只能作主語、賓語或表語;every和no只能作定語。 1.all 都,指三者以上。 all 的主謂一致:all指代人時(shí)時(shí)謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式,指代物時(shí)謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。All are here.大家都到齊了。 All goes well. 一切進(jìn)展得很好。 all 通常不與可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)連用,如:不說 all the book,而說 the whole book。 但all可與表時(shí)間的可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)連用,如 all day,all night, all the year; 但習(xí)慣上不說 all hour,all century。 all還可以與一些特殊的單數(shù)名詞連用,如 all China, all the city, all my life, all the way 2. both 都,指兩者。 a. both 與復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞連用,但 both… and…可與單數(shù)名詞連用。 b. both, all 都可作同位語。其位置在行為動(dòng)詞前, be 動(dòng)詞之后。如果助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面的實(shí)義動(dòng)詞省 去,則位于助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞之前。 3. neither 兩者都不 a. neither作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。 b.作定語與單數(shù)名詞連用,但neither… nor 用作并列連詞,可與復(fù)數(shù)名詞 連用。其謂語采用就近原則。 c. 可用于下列句型,避免重復(fù)。 She cant sing,neither can he. 4.none 1) none作主語,多與of 構(gòu)成短語 none of。 在答語中,none可單獨(dú)使 用,用來回答how many /how much 的問題?! ? Are there any pictures on the wall? None. 2) none作主語,謂語動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)。 5.some 一些 1) 可與復(fù)數(shù)名詞及不可數(shù)名詞連用。 2) 當(dāng)作 "某一"解時(shí),也可與單數(shù)名詞連用。(= a certain) You will be sorry for this some day. 總有一天,你會(huì)后悔這件事的。 A certain (some) person has seen you break the rule. 某些人不同意你的看法。 3) 疑問句中:說話人認(rèn)為對(duì)方的答案會(huì)是肯定的,或期望得到肯定回答時(shí)。 如:Would you like some coffee? 6.any 一些 1).any 多用于否定句、疑問句和條件狀語從句中。 2).當(dāng)句中含有任何的意思時(shí),any可用于肯定句。any +可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)形式 Here are three novels. You may read any. 這有三本小說,你可任讀一本。 7.代詞比較辯異 one,that 和it 1). one表示泛指,用來替代前面提到的可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)形式,替代的是同名異 物,泛指,相當(dāng)于a +n.。特指時(shí)必需加定冠詞。Ones必須和形容詞連用。如 果替代的名詞前無形容詞,則用some, any,而不 用ones。 Have you bought any rulers? Yes,I ve bought some. He took down the old pictures and put up some new ones. 2).that和it 表示特指。that與所指名詞為同類,但不是同一個(gè),而 It 特指上文提到的同名同物,不能帶任何修飾語。 I lost my pen. I can’t find it anywhere. I cant find my hat. I think I must buy one. (不特定一個(gè)) 我找不到我的帽子了。我想我該去買一頂。 The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought. (同類但不同一個(gè)) 你買的那頂帽子比我買的大。 I cant find my hat. I don t know where I put it. ( 同一物) 我找不到我的帽子。我不知道我把它放在哪了。 8.one/another/the other 1).one… the other 一定范圍內(nèi)兩人(物),一個(gè)用one,另一個(gè)用the other。 2).some… the others有三個(gè)以上,一定范圍內(nèi),除去一部分人/物,剩余的全部用the others 3).one… another,another… 泛指另一個(gè)用 another。 4).some… others,others…泛指別的人或物時(shí),用others.指當(dāng)在一定范圍內(nèi),除去一部分后,剩余部分但不是全部時(shí),用others。 others = other people/things the others = the rest 剩余的全部,特指 9.a(chǎn)nyone 和 any one anyone僅指人,any one既可指人,也可指物。 10.no one 和none none 后跟of短語,既可指人又可指物,而no one只單獨(dú)使用,只指人。 None of you could lift it. 你們中沒有人可舉起它。 ---- Did any one call me up just now? -- 剛才有人打電話給我嗎? ---- No one. --沒有。 11.every 和each 1) every 強(qiáng)調(diào)全體的概念, each強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體概念。 Every student in our school works hard. 我們學(xué)校的學(xué)生都很用功。 Each student may have one book.. 每個(gè)學(xué)生都可有一本書。 2) every 指三個(gè)以上的人或物(含三個(gè)),each指兩個(gè)以上的人或物 (含兩個(gè))。 3) every 只作形容詞用,不可單獨(dú)使用。each可作代詞或形容詞。 Every student has to take one. Each boy has to take one. Each of the boys has to take one. 4) every 與not 連用,表示部分否定; each 和not連用表示全部否定。 Every man is not honest. 并非每個(gè)人都誠實(shí)。 Each man is not honest. 這兒每個(gè)人都不誠實(shí)。 六.疑問代詞 有who,whom,whose,what和which等。在句子中用來構(gòu)成特殊疑問句。疑問代詞都可用作連接代詞,引導(dǎo)名詞性從句(主語從句、賓語從句和表語從句) 四 It的用法 1.作代詞,代替前面出現(xiàn)的可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)(復(fù)數(shù)用they/them)注意與one 的區(qū)別。 ____Where is my book? ____It’s on the desk. 2.用以代替指示代詞。 ____What’s this/that? ____It’s a flag. 3.指環(huán)境、情況等。 It was quite noisy at the moment. Tom’s mother kept telling him that he should work harder,but it didn’t help. 4.指某個(gè)人或小孩。 ____Who is the man walking there? ____It must be Mr. Li. It’s a lovely baby. 5.指時(shí)間、天氣、距離、季節(jié)。 It often rains in summer. ____Do you have the time? ____Oh,it’s seven thirty. It’s five kilometers from the office to my home. 6.作形式賓語/主語。當(dāng)不定式、動(dòng)名詞、從句作主語或賓語時(shí),用it 作形式賓語/主語。 It’s not a good habit to stay up late. It’s no use crying over spilt milk. It’s a pity that you didn’t read the book. I found it interesting to study English. He made it clear that he was not interested in this subject. 注意以下形式賓語: I like it in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright. I hate it when people talk with their mouths full. 7.用于強(qiáng)調(diào)句It is/was +被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that/who+… It was in 1975 that I worked in a factory. It is English that Professor Lin teaches us. It is Professor Lin that/who teaches us English. 五 數(shù)詞 表示數(shù)目多少或順序多少的詞叫數(shù)詞,數(shù)詞分為基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞。表示數(shù)目多少的數(shù)詞叫基數(shù)詞;表示順序的數(shù)詞叫序數(shù)詞。 一、基數(shù)詞 1基數(shù)詞寫法和讀法: 345 three hundred and forty-five; 2.倍數(shù)表示法 a. 主語+謂語+倍數(shù)(或分?jǐn)?shù))+ as + adj. + as I have three times as many as you. 我有你三倍那么多。 b. 主語+謂語+倍數(shù)(分?jǐn)?shù))+ the size (amount,length…) of… The earth is 49 times the size of the moon. 地球是月球的49倍。 c. 主語+謂語+倍數(shù)(分?jǐn)?shù))+ 形容詞(副詞)比較級(jí)+ than… The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year. 今年比去年糧食產(chǎn)量增加8%。 d. 還可以用by+倍數(shù),表示增加多少倍 The production of grain has been increased by four times this year. 今年糧食產(chǎn)量增加了4倍。 3. 當(dāng)數(shù)詞前出現(xiàn) a, two…或many, several 等詞時(shí),數(shù)詞不加-s; 但是如果表示不確切數(shù)目時(shí),數(shù)詞需加-s,后邊加of短語。 但是如果名此前出現(xiàn)the, these, those 等詞時(shí),在表示確切]數(shù)目的數(shù)詞后可加of,此時(shí)多表示部分與整體關(guān)系。 Two dozen of these eggs Three score of the student in our grade 4. 表示“在幾十年代”用“in the 逢十的數(shù)詞復(fù)數(shù)”。例如 In the 1990s/1990’s 二.序數(shù)詞 1.序數(shù)詞一般由基數(shù)詞后加-th構(gòu)成,,前面一般加the。 2. 以y結(jié)尾的基數(shù)詞構(gòu)成序數(shù)詞時(shí),先把y改成i,再加eth 3.不規(guī)則序數(shù)詞有以下幾個(gè): first, second, third, fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth 三.分?jǐn)?shù) 分?jǐn)?shù)構(gòu)成:分子用基數(shù)詞,分母用序數(shù)詞。分子大于1時(shí),分母的序數(shù)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。 六 形容詞和副詞 一、形容詞及其用法 1. 形容詞修飾名詞,說明事物或人的性質(zhì)或特征。通常,可將形容詞分成性質(zhì)形容詞和敘述形容詞兩類,其位置不一定都放在名詞前 1) 直接說明事物的性質(zhì)或特征的形容詞是性質(zhì)形容詞,它有級(jí)的變化,可以用程度副詞修飾,在句中可作定語、表語和補(bǔ)語。 2) 敘述形容詞只能作表語,所以又稱為表語形容詞。這類形容詞沒有級(jí)的變化,也不可用程度副詞修飾。 這類詞還有: well,unwell,ill,faint,afraid,alike,alive,alone,asleep,awake 等。 3)形容詞作定語修飾名詞時(shí),要放在名詞的前邊。但是如果形容詞修飾以-thing為字尾的詞語時(shí),要放在這些詞之后,例如:something nice 2. 以-ly結(jié)尾的形容詞 1) 大部分形容詞加-ly可構(gòu)成副詞。但 friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively, ugly,brotherly,仍為形容詞。 改錯(cuò):(錯(cuò)) She sang lovely.(錯(cuò)) He spoke to me very friendly. (對(duì)) Her singing was lovely.(對(duì)) He spoke to me in a very friendly way. 2)有些以-ly 結(jié)尾既為形容詞,也為副詞。 daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early The Times is a daily paper. The Times is published daily. 3. 用形容詞表示類別和整體 1) 某些形容詞加上定冠詞可以泛指一類人,與謂語動(dòng)詞的復(fù)數(shù)連接。如:the dead,the living,the rich,the poor,the blind,the hungry The poor are losing hope. 2) 有關(guān)國家和民族的形容詞加上定冠詞指這個(gè)民族的整體,與動(dòng)詞的復(fù)數(shù)連用。 the British,the English,the French,the Chinese. The English have wonderful sense of humor. 4多個(gè)形容詞修飾名詞的順序 多個(gè)形容詞修飾名詞時(shí),其順序?yàn)椋? 限定詞--數(shù)詞--描繪詞--(大小,長(zhǎng)短,形狀,新舊,顏色) --出處--材料性質(zhì),類別--名詞 a small round table,a famous German medical school,an expensive Japanese sports car 典型例題: ---- How was your recent visit to Qingdao? ---- It was great. We visited some friends,and spent the ___days at the seaside. A. few last sunny B. last few sunny C. last sunny few D. few sunny last 答案:B。本題考查多個(gè)形容詞的排序問題。一般與被修飾形容詞關(guān)系密切的形容詞靠近名詞;如果幾個(gè)形容詞的重要性差不多,音節(jié)少的形容詞在前,音節(jié)多的在后,在不能確定時(shí),可參照下表: 限定詞+數(shù)量詞(序數(shù)詞在前,基數(shù)詞在后)+性狀形容詞+大小、長(zhǎng)短、高低等形體+ those + three + beautiful + large + square 新舊+顏色+國籍+材料+名詞 old + brown + wood + table 二、 副詞及其基本用法 副詞主要用來修飾動(dòng)詞,形容詞,副詞或其他結(jié)構(gòu)。 1、副詞的位置: 1) 在動(dòng)詞之前。 2) 在be動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞之后?!? 3) 多個(gè)助動(dòng)詞時(shí),副詞一般放在第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞后。 2、副詞的排列順序: 1) 時(shí)間,地點(diǎn)副詞,小單位的在前,大單位在后。 2) 方式副詞,短的在前,長(zhǎng)的在后,并用and或but等連詞連接。 Please write slowly and carefully. 3) 多個(gè)不同副詞排列:程度+地點(diǎn)+方式+時(shí)間副詞 注意:副詞enough要放在形容詞的后面,形容詞enough放在名詞前后都可。 I dont know him well enough. There is enough food for everyone to eat. There is food enough for everyone to eat. 3、 兼有兩種形式的副詞 close,closely;wide,widely;deep,deeply;high,highly.-ly形式的副詞表抽象含義,而另一形式表具體含義。His eyes were wide open. English is widely used. He held his head high. He was highly praised. 三、形容詞與副詞的比較級(jí) 大多數(shù)形容詞(性質(zhì)形容詞)和副詞有比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的變化,即原級(jí)、比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)。 不規(guī)則變化 原級(jí) 比較級(jí) 最高級(jí) good(好的)/ better best well(健康的) bad (壞的)/ worse worst ill(有病的) old (老的) older/elder oldest/eldest much/many(多的) more most little(少的) less least far (遠(yuǎn)的) farther/further farthest/furthest 1、 as + 形容詞或副詞原級(jí) + as 1)在否定句或疑問句中可用so… as。 He cannot run so/as fast as you. 2)當(dāng)as… as 中間有名詞時(shí)采用以下格式。 as +形容詞+ a +單數(shù)名詞 as + many/much +名詞 This is as good an example as the other is. I can carry as much paper as you can.. 3)用表示倍數(shù)的詞或其他程度副詞做修飾語時(shí),放在as的前面。 This room is twice as big as that one. Your room is the same size as mine. 2、 倍數(shù)+ as + adj. + as =倍數(shù)+ the +n + of This bridge is three times as long as that one. This bridge is three times the length of that one. 3、比較級(jí)形容詞或副詞 + than You are taller than I/me. They lights in your room are as bright as those in mine. 注意: 1)要避免重復(fù)使用比較級(jí)。 (錯(cuò)) He is more cleverer than his brother. (對(duì)) He is more clever than his brother. (對(duì)) He is cleverer than his brother. 2)要避免將主語含在比較對(duì)象中。 (錯(cuò)) China is larger that any country in Asia. (對(duì)) China is larger than any other countries in Asia. 3)要注意對(duì)應(yīng)句型,遵循前后一致的原則。 The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing. It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out. 4)要注意冠詞的使用,后有名詞的時(shí)候,前面才有可能有名詞。 比較:Which is larger, Canada or Australia? Which is the larger country, Canada or Australia? She is taller than her two sisters. She is the taller(one) of the two sisters. 4、可修飾比較級(jí)的詞 1)a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even 2)還可以用表示倍數(shù)的詞或度量名詞作修飾語。 3)以上詞(除by far,still)外,必須置于比較級(jí)形容詞或副詞的前面。 典型例題: 1) ---- Are you feeling ____? ---- Yes,Im fine now. A. any well B. any better C. quite good D. quite better 答案:B. any 可修飾比較級(jí),quite修飾原級(jí),well的比較級(jí)為better. 2)If there were no examinations, we should have ___ at school. A. the happiest time B. a more happier time C. much happiest time D. a much happier time 答案:D。 5、many,old 和 far 1) 如果后接名詞時(shí), much more +不可數(shù)名詞 many more +可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) 2) old 有兩種比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)形式: older/oldest 和elder/eldest。 elder,eldest 只用于兄弟姐妹的長(zhǎng)幼關(guān)系。 My elder brother is an engineer. Mary is the eldest of the three sisters. 3) far 有兩種比較級(jí),farther,further. 在英語中兩者都可指距離。 在美語中,farther 表示距離,further表示進(jìn)一步。 I have nothing further to say. 12 the + 最高級(jí) + 比較范圍;如果無比較的范圍,則不是最高級(jí),不加the,但如果之后有名詞,常加a 1) The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world. 形容詞最高級(jí)前通常必須用定冠詞 the,副詞最高級(jí)前可不用。 It is a most important problem. =It is a very important problem. 注意: 使用最高級(jí)要注意將主語包括在比較范圍內(nèi)。 (錯(cuò)) Tom is the tallest of his three brothers. (對(duì)) Tom is the tallest of the three brothers. 2) 下列詞可修飾最高級(jí),by far, far, much, mostly, almost This hat is nearly / almost the biggest. 注意: a. very可修飾最高級(jí),但位置與much不同。 This is the very best. This is much the best. b. 序數(shù)詞通常只修飾最高級(jí)。 Africa is the second largest continent. 3) 句型轉(zhuǎn)換: Mike is the most intelligent in his class. Mike is more intelligent than any other student in his class. 4) "否定詞語+比較級(jí)","否定詞語+ so… as"結(jié)構(gòu)表示最高級(jí)含義。 Nothing is so easy as this.=Nothing is easier than this. =This is the easiest thing. 13 和more有關(guān)的詞組 1) the more… the more… 越……就越……=If......,sb…… The harder you work,the greater progress youll make. 2) more B than A 與其說A不如說B less A than B He is more lazy than slow at his work. = He is less slow than lazy at his work. 3) no +more/比較級(jí)+ than… 與……一樣不……, The officials could see no more than the Emperor. He is no cleverer than his brother. no less… than… 與……一樣…… He is no less diligent than you. 4) more than 不只是,非常 She is more than kind to us all. 5)couldn’t /can’t have done more…表最高級(jí)含義 ___ What did you think of the hotel? ___You couldn’t have found a better one. 七 句子類型 簡(jiǎn)單句 句子的分類 :結(jié)構(gòu): 并列句 復(fù)合句 句型分類:陳述句,祈使句,感嘆句,疑問句(一般疑問,特殊疑問,反問,選擇問句) (一)按使用目的可分為陳述句、疑問句、祈使句和感嘆句。 1) 陳述句(Declarative Sentences):說明一個(gè)事實(shí)或陳述一種看法。 Light travels faster than sound. 光比聲速度快。 ?。ㄕf明事實(shí)) The film is rather boring. 這部電影很乏味。 (說明看法) 2) 疑問句(Interrogative Sentences):提出問題。有以下四種: a. 一般疑問句(General Questions): Can you finish the work in time? 你能按時(shí)完成工作嗎? b. 特殊疑問句(W Questions; H Questions): Where do you live? 你住那兒? How do you know that? 你怎么知道那件事? c. 選擇疑問句(Alternative Questions): Do you want tea or coffee? 你是要茶還是要咖啡? d. 反意疑問句(Tag-Questions): He doesnt know her, does he? 他不認(rèn)識(shí)她,對(duì)不對(duì)? 反意疑問句注意事項(xiàng): 1) 陳述部分的主語是I,疑問部分要用 arent I. Im as tall as your sister,arent I? 2) 陳述部分的謂語是wish,疑問部分要用may +主語。 I wish to have a word with you, may I? 3) 陳述部分用 no, nothing, nobody, never, few, seldom, hardly, rarely, little等否定含義 的詞時(shí),疑問部分用肯定含義。但有否定前綴的按肯定對(duì)待,dislike ,unnecessary The Swede made no answer, did he / she? Some plants never blown (開花), do they ? It’s impossible, isn’t it? 4) 含有ought to 的反意疑問句,陳述部分是肯定的,疑問部分用shouldnt / oughtnt +主語。 He ought to know what to do, oughtnt he? / shouldnt he? 5) 當(dāng)陳述部分的have / has / had 作“有”講時(shí),反意疑問部分既可用have形式也可用 助動(dòng)詞do形式。不當(dāng)“有”講時(shí),反意疑問部分只能用助動(dòng)詞do。 We have to get there at eight tomorrow, dont we? 6) 陳述部分的謂語是used to 時(shí),疑問部分用didnt +主語或 usednt +主語。 He used to take pictures there, didnt he? / usednt he? 7) 陳述部分有had better + v. 疑問句部分用hadnt you? Youd better read it by yourself, hadnt you? 8) 陳述部分用must 表推測(cè)- 1.請(qǐng)仔細(xì)閱讀文檔,確保文檔完整性,對(duì)于不預(yù)覽、不比對(duì)內(nèi)容而直接下載帶來的問題本站不予受理。
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