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1、 Chapter 2 The Development of the English Vocabulary What is the significance of the knowledge of vocabulary development ? What is the Indo-European language family? Where did the vocabulary come from? How is the vocabulary related to other languages ? What is the process of borrowing？ 2.0.1 Awarene

2、ss of culture behind the language e.g. beef, bull bookish 2.0.2 Efficiency French ; English A language family refers to a group of languages that have developed from a single ancestor.based on: phonological, morphological, and lexical correspondences that stem from the protolanguage. 2.1 The Indo-Eu

3、ropean Language Family The Indo-European Language FamilyProtolanguage(原 始 母 語 )is a term indicates an early stage of a language or language family that is not historically attested but rather reconstructed through the comparative methods.about six thousand different languages in the world (Barber,C.

4、 The English Language: A Historical Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p53, 1993. ).about 300 language families (語 系 ) on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammars . The Indo-European language Family . n The Indo-European is made up of most of the languages o

5、f Europe， the Near East， and India. n The surviving languages can be grouped into an Eastern set： Balto Slavic, Indo-lranian， Armenian and Albanian； a Western set： Celtic， Italic， Hellenic， Germanic. 2.1.2 The Indo-European Language Family Indo-European language family Western set Eastern set Celtic

6、 Balto-Slavic Italic Indo-Iranian Hellenic Armenian Germanic Albanian Hittite Anatolian Tocharian (extinct) Indo-European familyGermanic ItalicLatin RomanceNorth WestEastGothic(died) ModernGermanDutchFrisianEnglishDanishSwedishNorwegian IcelandicModernScandinavian Celtic 2.2 Three Phases of the Hist

7、orical Development Celtic - about 500 B.C. 500 A.D. Pre-English Latin -43 -410 Old English - 450 1150 (1066) Middle English - 1150 1500 Modern English -1500 remember 2.2.2 Old Englishn English / Old English was on the basis of the Anglo-Saxon dialect, blotted out the Celtic .n England : the land of

8、Angles n The Germanic invaders referred to the native Celts as Wealas (foreigners). n The Celts called the invaders Sassenachs Saxons. n the Norman Conquest: In 1066 French-speaking Norman led by William conquered the Anglo-Saxon England . The power of Harold died at the battle of Hastings .England

9、was conquered. n Language: French 2.2.3 Middle English Results: A. It brought to an insular nation a new and larger continental culture. B. It forced on England the national idea, a concept against which the Saxsons had long struggled . C. Over ten thousand French words were introduced into England:

10、 government, the church, the army, the navy, law, fashion, social life, art, medicine, and other branches of learning. Middle English D. The situation of the simultaneous existence of three language (English, Latin, and French) continued for over a century. French: people in power spoke Latin :earni

11、ng living young people learned, the churchs English :the language of an oppressed, poor and ignorant people Middle English . 2.2.4 Modern Englishn Dates: from the Caxton and the establishment of printing in England n William Caxton : born in the Weald of Kent, 1422; died at Westminster, 1491, the fi

12、rst English printer, the introducer of the art of printing into England. n Renaissance(1550-1600) is the name of the great intellectual and cultural movement of the revival of interest in classical culture that occurred in the fourteenth, fifteenth and sixteenth centuries a period which saw the tran

13、sition from the Middle Ages to modern times. n the point of view of lexis, three main features:(1) the unprecedented growth of scientific vocabulary;(2) the assertion 認(rèn) 定 of American English as a dominant突 出 的 variety of the language;(3) the emergence of other varieties known as New Englishes. n cha

14、racterized : New Englishes: refers to new varieties of the language that have become localized not only through the influence of the other languages of the regions, but also through being adapted to the life and culture of their speakers. Older Englishes： such as British and American English, these new Englishes have their origin in the colonial era. include Indian English, Philippine English, Singapore English, and African Englishes. New Englishes & Older Englishes