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2019-2020年高中英語 Unit 2 Sailing the oceans單元學案 新人教版選修9 Part One: Teaching Design Period 1: A sample lesson plan for reading (SAILING THE OCEANS) Aims To help students read about sailing the oceans To help students learn about the predicate Procedures ■Warming up by leaning about navigator What is a navigator? A navigator is the person onboard a ship responsible for the navigation of the vessel. On aircraft, the position may also be referred to as a flight officer. The navigators responsibilities include planning the journey, advising the captain (or pilot) while en route, and ensuring that hazards or obstacles are avoided. What is exploration? Exploration is the act of searching or traveling for the purpose of discovery, e.g. of unknown regions, including space (space exploration), or oil, gas, coal, ores, water (also known as prospecting), or information. Exploration has existed as long as human beings, but its peak is seen as being during the Age of Exploration when European navigators travelled around the world. In scientific research, exploration is one of three purposes of research (the other two being description and explanation). Exploration is the attempt to develop an initial, rough understanding of some phenomenon. ■Warming up by talking about Zheng Hes Seven Voyages In July 11, 1405, the eunuch Zheng He of the Ming Dynasty royal court set out on his first overseas voyage. In the following 28 years, this navigator proceeded to carry out six more voyages, acpanied by a huge entourage of nearly 30,000 people. By traveling throughout Southeast Asia, and around the Indian Ocean to the Red Sea and East Africa, he also landed at over thirty different nations. He was the earliest largest scale navigation in world history, ing more than half a century earlier than Columbusfamous exploits... ■Warming up by looking and listening Hello, class. Do you know this man? Yes, he is Marco Polo. Marco Polo (1254-1324), is probably the most famous Westerner traveled on the Silk Road. He excelled all the other travelers in his determination, his writing, and his influence. His journey through Asia lasted 24 years. He reached further than any of his predecessors, beyond Mongolia to China. He became a confidant of Kublai Khan (1214-1294). He traveled the whole of China and returned to tell the tale, which became the greatest travelogue. I. Pre-reading What are navigational instruments? ●Navigational instruments were built in the age of exploration to guide the explorers to their destinations. ●navigational instrument - an instrument used for navigating ◇ artificial horizon, flight indicator, gyro horizon - a navigational instrument based on a gyroscope; provides an artificial horizon for the pilot ◇ pass - navigational instrument for finding directions ◇ depth finder - navigational instrument used to measure the depth of a body of water (as by ultrasound or radar) ◇ inclinometer - an instrument showing the angle that an aircraft makes with the horizon ◇ instrument - a device that requires skill for proper use ◇ asdic, echo sounder, sonar - a measuring instrument that sends out an acoustic pulse in water and measures distances in terms of the time for the echo of the pulse to return; sonar is an acronym for sound navigation ranging; asdic is an acronym for anti-submarine detection investigation mittee II. Reading for forms Read the text SAILING THE OCEANS on page 12 to: cut/ the sentence into thought groups, blacken the predicative, darken the connectives and underline all the useful expressions. SAILING THE OCEANS We may well wonder/ how seamen explored the oceans/ before latitude /and longitude made it possible /to plot a ships position/ on a map．The voyages of travelers/ before the 17th century /show that /they were not at the mercy of the sea /even though they did not have modern navigational aids．So/ how did they navigate so well? Read these pages/ from an encyclopedia． Page l： Using nature to help Keeping alongside the coastline This seems to have been the first /and most useful form of exploration /which carried the minimum amount of risk． Using celestial bodies North Star At the North Pole /the North Star is at its highest position /in the sky, but at the equator /it is along the horizon．So /acplished navigators were able to use it /to plot their positions． Sun On a clear day /especially during the summer/ the sailors could use the sun /overhead /at midday to navigate by．They can use the height of the sun /to work out their latitude． Clouds Sea captains observed the clouds /over islands. There is a special cloud formation /which indicates /there is land/ close by. Using wildlife Seaweed Sailors often saw seaweed/ in the sea /and could tell /by the colour /and smell/ how long it had been there．If it was flesh /and smelled strongly，then /the ship was close to land． Birds Sea birds could be used to show the way/ to land /when it was nowhere to be seen．In the evening /nesting birds return to land /and their nests．So /seamen could follow the birds /to land /even if they were offshore/ and in the open sea． Using the weather Fog Fog gathers at sea /as well as over streams /or rivers．Seamen used it /to help identify the position of a stream /or river /when they were close to land． Winds Wise seamen used the winds/ to direct their sailing．They could accelerate the speed，but they could also be dangerous．So /the Vikings would observe the winds /before /and during their outward /or return journeys． Using the sea Certain tides/ and currents could be used /by skillful sailors /to carry ships/ to their destination. These skills helped sailors/ explore the seas/ and discover new lands．They increased their ability/ to navigate new seas/ when they used instruments． page 2: Using navigational instruments to help Finding longitude There was no secure method of measuring longitude /until the 17th century/ when the British solved this theoretical problem．Nobody knew that /the earth moved westwards/ 15 degrees/ every hour, but sailors did know an approximate method of calculating longitude /using speed /and time．An early method of measuring speed/ involved throwing a knotted rope/ tied to a log /over the side of the ship．The rope was tied to a log /which was then/ thrown into the sea．As the ship advanced through the water /the knots were counted/ as they passed through a seaman’s hands．The number of knots/ that were counted /during a fixed period of time/ gave the speed of the ship/ in nautical miles /per hour．Later, when seamen began to use the pass /in the 12th century /they could calculate longitude /using plicated mathematical tables．The pass has a special magnetic pointer /which always indicates the North Pole，so/ it is used to help find the direction /that the ship needs to go．In this way /the ship could set a straight course /even in the middle of the ocean． Finding latitude The Bearing Circle It was the first instrument /to measure the suns position．A seaman would measure the sun’s shadow/ and pare it /with the height of the sun/ at midday．Then/ he could tell if he was sailing on his correct/ rather than a random course. The Astrolabe The astrolabe, quadrant/ and sextant are all connected. They are developments /of one another．The earliest，the astrolabe，was a special all-in-one tool /for telling the position of the ship/ in relation to the sun/ and various stars /which covered the whole sky．This gave the seamen /the local time /and allowed them /to find their latitude/ at sea．However, it was awkward/ to use /as one of the points of reference/ was the moving ship itself． The Quadrant This was a more precise/ and simplified version of the astrolabe．It measured how high stars were above the horizon /using a quarter circle/ rather than the full circle of the astrolabe．It was easier to handle /because it was more portable．Its shorting was that it still used the moving ship /as one of the fixed points of reference．As the ship rose /and plunged /in the waves，it was extremely difficult /to be accurate /with any reading． The sextant The sextant was the updated version /of the astrolabe /and quadrant/ which reduced the tendency/ to make mistakes．It proved to be the most accurate /and reliable of these early navigational instruments．It works by measuring the angle /between two fixed objects /outside the ship/ using two mirrors．This made the calculations more precise /and easier to do． III. Copying useful expressions and making sentences You are going to copy in your notebook all the useful expressions and make sentences of your own with them. sail the oceans, explore the oceans, plot a ships position on a map, the voyages of travelers, before the 17th century, at the mercy of…, have modern navigational aids, read these pages from an encyclopedia use nature to help, keep alongside the coastline, seem to have been…, the first and most useful form of exploration, carry the minimum amount of risk use celestial bodies, North Star, at the North Pole, at its highest position in the sky, at the equator, along the horizon, acplished navigators, be able to use…to plot their positions, on a clear day, during the summer, use the sun overhead at midday to navigate by, use the height of the sun to work out their latitude, observe the clouds over islands, a special cloud formation, land close by use wildlife, see seaweed in the sea, tell…by the colour and smell, flesh and smelled strongly，close to land, use sea birds to show the way to land, in the evening, nesting birds, return to land and their nests, follow the birds to land, in the open sea use weather, gather at sea, as well as over streams or rivers, identify the position of a stream or river, close to land, use the winds to direct one’s sailing, accelerate the speed, observe the winds, before and during one’s outward or return journeys． use the sea, carry ships to their destination, explore the seas, discover new lands, increase their ability to navigate new seas, use instruments use navigational instruments to help…, find longitude, secure method of measuring longitude, solve this theoretical problem, move westwards, 15 degrees every hour, method of calculating longitude, use speed and time, method of measuring speed, tie to…, over the side of the ship, throw…into…, advance through the water, pass through…, during a fixed period of time, give the speed of…, in nautical miles per hour, use the pass, use plicated mathematical tables, have a special magnetic pointer, indicate the North Pole, find the direction, in this way, set a straight course, in the middle of the ocean． find latitude, the Bearing Circle, measure the suns position, measure the sun’s shadow, pare…with…, the height of the sun at midday, sail on…, rather than a random course a special all-in-one tool for telling the position of the ship, in relation to…, give sb the local time, find one’s latitude at sea, use as one of the points of reference, a more precise and simplified version of the astrolabe, above the horizon, use a quarter circle, use the moving ship as one of the fixed points of reference, plunge in the waves，the updated version of the astrolabe and quadrant, reduce the tendency, make mistakes, the most accurate and reliable of these early navigational instruments, work by measuring the angle IV. Transforming information Next you are going to read the text again to plete the chart below. SAILING THE OCEANS ■Using nature to help keeping alongside the coastline ■Using navigational instruments to help ●Using celestial bodies: North Star; Sun; Clouds ●finding longitude ●Using wildlife: Seaweed; Birds ●Finding latitude: The Bearing Circle; The Astrolabe; The Quadrant; The sextant ●Using the weather: Fog; Winds ●Using the sea V. Closing down by reading more about sailing the oceans Sailing the oceans For thousands of years, people have been sailing across the oceans and around the world. Knowledge of ocean currents and wind patterns has allowed people to reliably reach their destinations even after crossing huge expanses of open ocean. In this photograph, a sailboat uses wind and currents to move among the islands of Micronesia. Before modern navigational techniques were developed, navigators in the South Pacific relied on stick charts to indicate island locations relative to winds and currents. Today, racing sailboats is a sport, and teams test their skills by racing around the world. Navigation now relies on satellites, but knowledge of wind patterns, ocean currents, and potential obstacles in unfamiliar waters is still essential for sailing. In this investigation, youll plot a course for racing around the world in a sailboat. Youll explore some of the obstacles you might encounter on your route; then youll have the opportunity to revise your route to improve your speed. Additional Materials plete the summary of the story with one word in each blank. While sailing the _____1___we may make use of both the nature ___2___ the navigational instruments to help. By making use of the ____3___ to help, it is meant that we could either ____4____ alongside the coastline, __5___use celestial bodies like the north star, the sun and the clouds, __6___ use wildlife such as seaweed, birds, ___7__ use the weather such as fog and winds, __8___ use the sea. By using ___9__ instruments to help it is meant __10___ we could manage to sail either by finding longitude __11___by finding latitude by means of the Bearing Circle, the Astrolabe, the Quadrant __12___ the Sextant. (Key: 1.oceans 2.and 3.nature 4.keep 5.or 6.or 7.or 8.or 9.navigational 10.that 11.or 12.and ) prehension questions 1. What is the main topic of this passage? A. The voyages of the travelers before the 17th century B. How to plot a ship’s position on a map C. How did ancient men navigate so well D. Use nature to aid navigation 2. Ancient navigators use navigational instruments to help them A. find celestial bodies. B. predict the weather. C. explore the sea. D. find latitude 3. The author of the passage implies that the ancient navigators were A. hard-working. B. brave. C. intelligent. D. energetic 4. According to the passage, A. the ancient acplished navigators were able to use South Star to plot their positions． B. Sea birds could be used to show the way to land when it was nowhere to be seen． C. Wise seamen used the snows to direct their sailing． D. The sextant proved to be the most accurate and reliable of these early navigational instruments． (Key: BDCB ) Notes to the special sentences 1.So acplished navigators were able to use it to plot their positions．熟練的領(lǐng)航員就能夠用它來確定自己的位置。句中acplished是形容詞，意思是“優(yōu)秀的，熟練的”，作定語修飾其后的名詞。Acplished 的用法如下：已完成的; 已達到的： acplished facts 既成事實； 學識淵博的, 技術(shù)高超的, 有成就的： an acplished cook 廚藝精湛的廚師，Judy is acplished in English teaching. 茱蒂擅長英語教學； 有教養(yǎng)的, 優(yōu)雅的： an acplished lady 才女 2.On a clear day especially during the summer the sailors could use the sun overhead at midday to navigate by．在晴朗的日子，尤其是在夏天，水手可以使用正午頭頂?shù)奶杹硪龑?dǎo)他們航行。句中to navigate by作目的狀語，修飾謂語動詞，其中的by是介詞，它的邏輯賓語是前面的the sun。 類似的例句有： I have no topics to write about. He found some pens to write with. He is not the person to get along with. 3.Sea birds could be used to show the way to land when it was nowhere to be seen．看不到陸地的時候，可以利用海鳥來定位通向陸地的方向。句中used后面有一個停頓。to到land作目的狀語。句中when引導(dǎo)的是時間狀語從句，修飾說明主句謂語動詞。 4. The number of knots that were counted during a fixed period of time gave the speed of the ship in nautical miles per hour．一定時段得出的繩節(jié)數(shù)顯示航船的海哩時速。句中that were counted during a fixed period of time是定語從句，in nautical miles 和per hour 都是狀語。 5. Later, when seamen began to use the pass in the 12th century they could calculate longitude using plicated mathematical tables．后來到了十二世紀海員開始使用指南針的時候，他們就能夠借助復(fù)雜的數(shù)學表格計算出航行的經(jīng)度了。using plicated mathematical tables 是現(xiàn)在分詞短語作狀語，表示手段。更多例句：The boy sat in front of the farm—house cutting the branch. 那男孩坐在農(nóng)舍前，削樹枝。（伴隨） He came running back to tell me the news. 他跑回來告訴我這個消息。（方式）An old man entered, supported by a girl. 一位老人在一個女孩的攙扶下走進來。（方式） 6. Then he could tell if he was sailing on his correct rather than a random course. 這樣他就能弄清楚他是沿正確航線而不是紊亂航線航行。Rather than 的例句還有：I think I’ll have a cold drink rather than coffee. Why didn’t you ask for help, rather than trying to do it on your own? 7.The earliest，the astrolabe，was a special all-in-one tool for telling the position of the ship in relation to the sun and various stars which covered the whole sky．最早的，那些古代的星盤，是一種單一形式的工具，用來確定船舶與太陽和太空星辰的相對位置。in relation to …是復(fù)合介詞短語，作狀語。 請看：in relation to (= concerning) this matter。 Its brain is small in relation to (= pared with) its body. Little of what he said has any relation to fact. 8.It proved to be the most accurate and reliable of these early navigational instruments．它證明是這些早期航海儀器中最準確最可靠的一種。句中proved可以看作半系動詞，后接表語。 look，turn，feel，get，bee，sound，smell，stand，go，remain等都可能用作半連系動詞。例如：He looked a perfect fool．他看上去是個十足的傻瓜。He turned traitor to his country．他背叛了祖國。I felt very hungry after a long walk．走了一段長路，我感到很餓。 Our motherland is getting stronger and stronger．我們國家變得越來越強大了。Some of the land became covered with water．一些田地覆蓋著水。The story sounds interesting．這故事聽起來很有趣。he　flowers smell sweet．花朵散發(fā)芳香。Holding the note in his hand，he stood there dumbfounded．他拿著鈔票，站在那里，目瞪口呆。They went mad．他們發(fā)狂了。He never remained satisfied with his success．他從不滿足于自己的成績。 相關(guān)高考鏈接 句首動詞命題透視 請看課文第一段最后一句：Read these pages from an encyclopedia. 句首使用了動詞。現(xiàn)在 我們來透視一下句首動詞命題的相關(guān)情況： 一、句首使用動詞原形 此類題目多通過特定句式、固定結(jié)構(gòu)考查動詞的形式。近年高考考查的重點多為動詞原形開頭的祈使句或“祈使句+and/or+陳述句”句型。 1. —What should I do with this passage? —_____ the main idea of each paragraph. （xx重慶卷） A. Finding out B. Found out C. Find out D. To find out 析：該句省略了主語，復(fù)原后整個句子應(yīng)為：You should find out the main idea of each paragraph.正確答案為C。 2. —English has a large vocabulary, hasnt it? —Yes. ______ more words and expressions and you will find it easier to read and municate. （xx上海卷） A. Know B. Knowing C. To know D. Known 析：根據(jù)題意和結(jié)構(gòu)可知，該題考查“祈使句+and+陳述句”句型，故首空應(yīng)用動詞原形。答案為A。 二、句首使用to-v短語形式 置于句首的to-v短語形式常作目的狀語，其后使用逗號隔開一個完整的句子結(jié)構(gòu)（作目的狀語的to-v短語放在句后也可以）。注意：若v-to形式表示的動作為句子的主語所承受，則需使用被動式。 ______ late in the afternoon, Bob turned off the alarm.（xx北京春季卷） A. To sleep B. Sleeping C. Sleep D. Having slept 析：從整個句子結(jié)構(gòu)上看，逗號后面沒有連詞或關(guān)系詞，可知此題考查非謂語動詞形式。結(jié)合句子語意，應(yīng)用不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作目的狀語。答案選A。 三、句首使用v-ing短語作主語的形式 v-ing短語作主語其判定方法為：該動詞短語作主語與謂語動詞直接連接，沒有逗號隔開。 _____ to sunlight for too much time will do harm to ones skin. （xx上海卷） A. Exposed B. Having exposed C. Being exposed D. After being exposed 析：分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，will do是謂語，缺少主語，要用v-ing形式作主語。expose與ones skin是動賓關(guān)系，故應(yīng)用v-ing的被動式。答案為C。 四、句首使用v-ing短語作狀語的形式 用在句首的v-ing形式作狀語常常表示原因、時間、條件或讓步，其后用逗號隔開一個完整的句子結(jié)構(gòu)，v-ing短語形式具有“進行”和“主動”意義。但當v-ing短語的邏輯主語承受其動作時要用被動式；當v-ing表示的動作發(fā)生在句子謂語動詞之前時要用完成式；否定形式是把not放在v-ing短語的前邊。 1. ____ from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world. （xx湖北卷） A. Being separated B. Having separated C. Having been separated D. To be separated 析：從結(jié)構(gòu)上看，判斷為該動詞短語作狀語；從意義上看，該動詞短語作原因狀語，需用v-ing形式；從邏輯上看，句子的主語Australia與separate的關(guān)系應(yīng)為動賓關(guān)系，即被動關(guān)系，故用被動形式；從題意上看，separate這個動作是在主句的謂語動詞has之前發(fā)生的，因此要用v-ing的完成形式。故正確答案為C。 注：置于句首的v-ing短語作狀語時，其前可加上相應(yīng)的從屬連詞when, while, if, though, although, once等，以明確所作狀語的類型。 2. Though ________ money, his parents managed to send him to university. （xx上海卷） A. lacked B. lacking of C. lacking D. lacked in 析：his parents與lack是主謂關(guān)系，要用v-ing形式作狀語，在前面加上though，使得讓步意義更加明顯。答案為C。 五、句首使用v-ed短語作狀語的形式 用在句首的v-ed形式作狀語也常常表示原因、時間、條件、讓步或背景狀態(tài)，其后也用逗號隔開一個完整的句子結(jié)構(gòu)，只是v-ed短語形式具有“被動”和“完成”意義。 1. ____ in the mountains for a week, the two students are finally saved by the local police.（xx江蘇卷） A. Having lost B. Lost C. Being lost D. Losing 析：從結(jié)構(gòu)上看，動詞短語有逗號隔開，應(yīng)為該動詞短語作狀語；此題測試詞組be lost in...的用法，它表狀態(tài)，不表動作。故答案為B。 2. ____ into use in April xx, the hotline was meant for residents reporting water and heating supply breakdowns.（xx上海卷）